nucleic acid binding

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Binding to a nucleic acid. [GOC:jl]

Nucleic acid binding is a fundamental molecular function that involves the specific interaction of proteins or other molecules with DNA, RNA, or both. This interaction is crucial for a wide range of cellular processes, including:

- **DNA replication:** Proteins like DNA polymerase and helicase bind to DNA to facilitate the copying of the genetic code.

- **DNA repair:** Enzymes like DNA ligase and exonucleases bind to damaged DNA to repair breaks and mutations.

- **Transcription:** RNA polymerase binds to DNA to initiate the synthesis of RNA, the blueprint for protein production.

- **RNA processing:** Proteins like splicing factors and ribonucleases bind to RNA to modify and process it before translation.

- **Translation:** Ribosomes, composed of RNA and proteins, bind to mRNA to translate the genetic code into protein sequences.

- **Gene regulation:** Transcription factors and other regulatory proteins bind to DNA to control the expression of genes.

- **Chromatin remodeling:** Proteins bind to DNA and histones to modify chromatin structure and regulate gene expression.

- **Viral infection:** Viral proteins often bind to host cell DNA or RNA to hijack cellular machinery for replication.

The specificity of nucleic acid binding is determined by the molecular structure of the binding site on the protein and the corresponding sequence or structure of the nucleic acid. These interactions can involve hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces.

Nucleic acid binding is essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome, regulating gene expression, and coordinating a wide range of cellular processes. Mutations or dysregulation of nucleic acid binding proteins can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.'
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Proteins (19)

Compounds (424)