cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination: used in therapy of orthostatic hypotensive disorder; combination drug consisting of ethylaminotheophylline derivatives; stimulates blood circulation;
ID Source | ID |
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PubMed CID | 5490470 |
MeSH ID | M0040164 |
Synonym |
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praxinor |
1h-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-7-(2-((2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)amino)ethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-, mixt. with 7-(2-((2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione |
cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination |
69910-62-9 |
DTXSID30990182 |
7-(2-{[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino}ethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione--7-{2-[(1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione (1/1) |
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
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" The time to 10 % increase in MAP, dosage of cafedrine/theodrenaline, volume loading, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored over time." | ( Cafedrine/theodrenaline in anaesthesia: influencing factors in restoring arterial blood pressure. Gama de Abreu, M; Heger, J; Heller, AR; Müller, MP, 2015) | 0.42 |
"045), with the cumulative intraoperative dosage also increased in the granisetron group (P=0." | ( Granisetron reduces the need for uterotonics but not sympathomimetics during cesarean delivery. Baldauf, HP; Fischer, D; Jennewein, L; Louwen, F; Raimann, FJ; Weber, CF; Zacharowski, K, 2019) | 0.51 |
Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (23.81) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 1 (4.76) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 7 (33.33) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 7 (33.33) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 1 (4.76) | 2.80 |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (11.89) All Compounds (24.57) |
Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
---|---|---|
Trials | 4 (17.39%) | 5.53% |
Reviews | 1 (4.35%) | 6.00% |
Case Studies | 2 (8.70%) | 4.05% |
Observational | 2 (8.70%) | 0.25% |
Other | 14 (60.87%) | 84.16% |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
theophylline [no description available] | 9.4 | 20 | 4 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound | |
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | phenols | |
norfenefrine norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | phenols | |
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | phenylethanolamines; tyramines | neurotransmitter |
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt | fertilizer |
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 2.69 | 2 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 7.09 | 5 | 2 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid | plant metabolite |
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | |
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
theodrenaline [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
amezinium amezinium: RN &N1 for parent cpd from 9th CI Form Index; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6252. amezinium : A pyridazinium ion that is pyridazin-1-ium which is substituted by a phenyl, amino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 4 and 6, respectively. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | aromatic ether; primary arylamine; pyridazinium ion | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypotensive agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent |
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; indazoles | |
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
cafedrine [no description available] | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | oxopurine | |
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. | 5.59 | 5 | 1 |
Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available] | 0 | 7.51 | 17 | 1 |
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. | 0 | 7.51 | 17 | 1 |
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 7.95 | 15 | 1 |
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Drooling [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. | 0 | 4.08 | 3 | 1 |
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Aortic Incompetence [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root). | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 3.42 | 1 | 1 |
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 3.42 | 1 | 1 |
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
Hypotension, Postural [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |