peiminine profile

peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Fritillaria	genus	A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members of this genus produce imperialine, a steroidal alkaloid which acts at muscarinic receptors.[MeSH]	Liliaceae	A monocot family within the order Liliales.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	167691
CHEBI ID	5886
SCHEMBL ID	5956998
MeSH ID	M0136763

Synonym
peiminine
kashmirine
verticinone
3,20-dihydroxycevan-6-one
18059-10-4
raddeanine
fritillarine
cevan-6-one, 3,20-dihydroxy-, (3beta,5alpha)-
3beta,20-dihydroxy-5alpha-cevan-6-one
zhebeinone
qub07u6vtq ,
unii-qub07u6vtq
S9148
AKOS015895686
SCHEMBL5956998
CCG-208360
CS-3732
CHEBI:5886
Q-100214
cevan-6-one, 3,20-dihydroxy-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.)-
imperialine [mi]
osnovanine
HY-N0213
AC-7988
mfcd00210542
peininine ,(s)
DTXSID80939349
Q27106924
verticinone;raddeanine
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10s,11s,14s,15s,18s,20s,23r,24s)-10,20-dihydroxy-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacosan-17-one
P2609

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Peiminine is a major biologically active component of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq that exhibits good anticancer, antiinflammatory, and anti-osteoclast effects. "	( Peiminine regulates bone-fat balance by canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in an ovariectomized rat model. Gu, H; Wei, J, 2023)	3.8
"Peiminine (PMI) is a biologically active component extracted from Fritillaria walujewii Regel."	( Peiminine serves as an adriamycin chemosensitizer in gastric cancer by modulating the EGFR/FAK pathway. Ding, M; Gu, Z; Li, T; Ma, L; Nie, Y; Tang, Q; Wang, Y, 2018)	2.64
"Peiminine is a compound isolated from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae family), which has demonstrated antitumor activities. "	( The effects and mechanism of peiminine-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Chao, X; Dong, C; Li, H; Tang, Y; Wang, B; Wang, G; Wu, J; Zhao, J, 2019)	2.25

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" extract, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated as well."	( [Simultaneous determination of peimine and peiminine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application in the pharmacokinetic study]. Chen, LH; Liu, HN; Liu, LL; Yi, WJ; Zhao, Y; Zhu, WF, 2010)	0.62
"A sensitive LC-MS-MS method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of peimine and peiminine in rat plasma after oral administration of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of peimine and peiminine in rat plasma by LC-MS-MS after oral administration of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. and Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. - Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. couple extract. Chen, L; Liu, H; Liu, L; Yan, Z; Zhang, H; Zhu, W, 2011)	0.84
"Compared with female rats, peimine and peiminine were eliminated slowly from male rat plasma, and significant gender-related differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Sex dependent pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of peimine and peiminine in rats assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, LH; Guan, YM; Guan, ZY; Liu, HN; Wang, S; Yi, WJ; Zhang, HM; Zhu, WF, 2013)	0.89
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of imperialine in rats."	( Novel LC-MS/MS method for analyzing imperialine in rat plasma: development, validation, and application to pharmacokinetics. Gong, T; Lin, Q; Song, X; Sun, X; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.39
" The analytical method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the multi-components after oral administration of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of ten bioactive constituents of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Hu, JH; Huang, W; Li, D; Li, J; Pan, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W, 2017)	0.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" could decrease C(max) and prolong MRT(0-infinity) and t1/2 of peimine remarkly with the bioavailability of peimine remained practically unchanged."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of peimine and peiminine in rat plasma by LC-MS-MS after oral administration of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. and Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. - Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. couple extract. Chen, L; Liu, H; Liu, L; Yan, Z; Zhang, H; Zhu, W, 2011)	0.62
" Oral bioavailability with a dose of 1mg/kg was 31."	( Novel LC-MS/MS method for analyzing imperialine in rat plasma: development, validation, and application to pharmacokinetics. Gong, T; Lin, Q; Song, X; Sun, X; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.39
" Bitter almond and licorice can reduce the intestinal absorption rate ofpeimine and peiminine."	( [Rat intestinal absorption trait of peimine and peiminine in Thunberg fritillary bulb extract]. Chen, LH; Guan, ZY; Liu, HN; Zhang, LH; Zhu, WF, 2013)	0.87
" The current study was conducted to develop a sustained-release tablet for imperialine both to prolong absorption time and to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( A (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer)-dispersed sustained-release tablet for imperialine to simultaneously prolong the drug release and improve the oral bioavailability. Deng, L; Fu, Y; Gong, T; Li, J; Lin, Q; Qu, M; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In the present study, male BALB/c mice received an oral dosage of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) (0."	( Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of peimine, peiminine, and forsythoside a combination on LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibition of the IL-17-NF-κB/MAPK pathway activation. Du, H; Gong, G; Liu, C; Ma, Q; Quan, ZS; Wu, Y; Zhen, D, 2022)	0.97

Class	Description
alkaloid	Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (1.54)	18.7374
1990's	12 (18.46)	18.2507
2000's	10 (15.38)	29.6817
2010's	30 (46.15)	24.3611
2020's	12 (18.46)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	69 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.17	1	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.41	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
choline [no description available]	1.99	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.42	2	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2	1
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	3.4	7	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	1.99	1	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.08	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.	7.07	1	N-substituted diamine
metacine metacine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.99	1
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	1.99	1
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.92	4	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.98	1
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	2	1	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
sinpeinine a sinpeinine A: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91; from bulb of Fritillaria pallidiflora; structure given in first source	2.43	2
verticine verticine: structure	4.44	21	alkaloid
tripitramine tripitramine: structure given in first source; preferentially binds to M2 receptors	2	1
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.03	1
loureirin b loureirin B: component of dragon's blood resin	2.15	1
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.15	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.15	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	2.41	1
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.15	1	stilbene
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.15	1
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.59	2	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.15	1	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.41	1	hydroxycinnamic acid
4',7-dihydroxyflavone 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.	2.15	1	dihydroxyflavone	metabolite
loureirin a loureirin A: a biologically active component of longxuejie, prepared from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source	2.15	1
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.41	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.15	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
beta-escin [no description available]	1.98	1
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.15	1	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.31	1
hupehenine hupehenine: commercially available antitussive and expectorant from Fritillaria hupehensis; structure in first source	2.52	2
peimisine peimisine: isolated from Fritillaria ussuriensis	3.68	9

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.31	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.31	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.31	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.41	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.88	3
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.88	3
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.41	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.6	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.6	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.6	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.69	2
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.69	2
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.69	2
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.69	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.63	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.63	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.63	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.63	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.58	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.58	2
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.31	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.86	3
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.86	3
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.17	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.17	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.17	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.08	4
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.17	1
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	7.17	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.21	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.21	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.21	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.21	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.21	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.21	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.08	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.08	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.08	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.08	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.13	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.13	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.13	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.02	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.03	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.39	2

peiminine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (31)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (65)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.85

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