Page last updated: 2024-10-24

transmission of nerve impulse

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]

The transmission of a nerve impulse, also known as an action potential, is a complex electrochemical process that allows the nervous system to communicate and transmit information throughout the body. Here's a detailed breakdown of the process:

**1. Resting Potential:**

- The neuron is in a polarized state, with a negative charge inside the cell membrane and a positive charge outside.
- This difference in charge is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which actively pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped in.
- The concentration of potassium ions is higher inside the cell, while the concentration of sodium ions is higher outside.
- This creates a resting potential of about -70 millivolts (mV).

**2. Depolarization:**

- When a neuron receives a stimulus, such as a neurotransmitter binding to its receptors, it causes the cell membrane to become more permeable to sodium ions.
- Sodium ions rush into the cell, driven by both the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient.
- This influx of positive charge causes the membrane potential to become less negative, a process known as depolarization.

**3. Threshold Potential:**

- If the depolarization reaches a critical threshold of about -55 mV, an action potential is triggered.
- This threshold is essential to ensure that only strong enough stimuli can initiate an action potential.

**4. Action Potential:**

- Once the threshold is reached, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing a large influx of sodium ions into the cell.
- This rapid influx of sodium ions causes a rapid and significant depolarization, reversing the membrane potential to a positive value, typically around +30 mV.
- This change in membrane potential is known as the action potential.

**5. Repolarization:**

- As the sodium channels close, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell.
- This outflow of positive charge brings the membrane potential back towards its negative resting value, a process known as repolarization.

**6. Hyperpolarization:**

- The potassium channels remain open slightly longer, leading to a brief period of hyperpolarization, where the membrane potential becomes even more negative than the resting potential.

**7. Refractory Period:**

- During the repolarization and hyperpolarization phases, the neuron enters a refractory period, where it is less likely to fire another action potential.
- This period ensures that action potentials travel in one direction and prevents the signal from going backward.

**8. Propagation:**

- The action potential travels down the axon, the long, thin fiber that extends from the neuron's cell body.
- The action potential does not travel down the axon as a wave, but rather as a series of new action potentials generated at each point along the axon.
- This "leapfrogging" of action potentials is facilitated by the myelination of the axon, which acts as an insulator, increasing the speed of transmission.

**9. Synaptic Transmission:**

- At the end of the axon, the action potential reaches the synapse, a junction between the neuron and another cell, such as a muscle cell, a gland, or another neuron.
- The action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that travel across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
- This binding initiates a new signal in the postsynaptic cell, either an excitatory or inhibitory signal.

**10. Integration:**

- Neurons receive input from multiple other neurons, and the overall effect on the postsynaptic neuron is determined by the summation of all the excitatory and inhibitory signals.
- If the net effect is excitatory, the postsynaptic neuron may fire an action potential of its own, and the cycle of nerve impulse transmission continues.
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Proteins (12)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8WXS5]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62955]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y698]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UF02]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UBN1]Homo sapiens (human)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunitA voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O60359]Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8An ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 8 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q15842]Homo sapiens (human)
D(1B) dopamine receptorA D(1B) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21918]Homo sapiens (human)
D(1A) dopamine receptorA D(1A) dopamine receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21728]Homo sapiens (human)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1A sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P21453]Homo sapiens (human)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P08912]Homo sapiens (human)
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]A superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00441]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (290)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
4-hydroxybenzoic acid4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinacrinequinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.

Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.
acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
sk&f 81297benzazepine
sk&f 82958benzazepine
sk&f 77434N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, an allyl substituent at position 3 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.

SK&F 77434: a dopamine D1 receptor partial agonist
benzazepine;
catechols;
tertiary amino compound
dopamine agonist
sk&f-383931-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.

SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393
benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-: stereoselective antagonist of dopamine receptorbenzazepine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonistbiguanides;
monochlorobenzenes
tacrinetacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
acridines;
aromatic amine
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
amiodaroneamiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.

Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
1-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound
cardiovascular drug
amitriptylineamitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.

Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.
carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amoxapineamoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.

Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.
dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid prop-2-ynyl esterdihydropyridine
arecolinearecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.

Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.
enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine
metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
astemizoleastemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.

Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.
benzimidazoles;
piperidines
anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
bethanecholbethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.

Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.
carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion
muscarinic agonist
carbamylcholine
carvedilolcarbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxiborganofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloroquinechloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.
aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazinechlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.

Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciglitazoneciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.

ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes
aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone
antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cisapridecisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.

Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
benzamides
clomipramineclomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.

Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.
dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clotrimazoleconazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyproheptadinecyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.

Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.
piperidines;
tertiary amine
anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dicyclominedicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.

Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.
carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diphenidoldiphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.

diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd
benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol
antiemetic
diphenhydramineantitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.

diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.

Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.
ether;
tertiary amino compound
anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
disulfiramorganic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
doxepindoxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.

Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.
dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound
antidepressant
droperidoldroperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.

Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound
anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
ebastineorganic molecular entity
econazole1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.

econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.

Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.
dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
fenoldopamFenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fluphenazineN-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines
anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluoxetinefluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.

N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
haloperidolhaloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.

Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
haloproginhaloprogin: minor descriptor (73-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYL ETHERS (73-86)aromatic ether
hydroxychloroquinehydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.

Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
isoproterenolisoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.

Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketotifenketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.

Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.
cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound
anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
maprotilineMaprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.anthracenes
methapyrilenemethapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.

Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.
ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methoctraminearomatic ether;
tetramine
muscarinic antagonist
n-methylcarbamylcholineN-methylcarbamylcholine: structure given in first source
5-methylfurtrethonium5-methylfurtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structurearalkylamine
mianserinmianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.

Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.

miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.

Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
nifedipineNifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipinenimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.

Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.
2-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nortriptylinenortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.

Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.
organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
orphenadrineorphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.

Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.
ether;
tertiary amino compound
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxotremorineOxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutyninoxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.

oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd
acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazolineoxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.

Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251)
carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pentamidinepentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
perhexilinePerhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.piperidinescardiovascular drug
phenyl biguanidephenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.

phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd
guanidinescentral nervous system drug
pirenzepinePirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
prochlorperazineprochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.

Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612)
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
promazinepromazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.

Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazinepromethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.

Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propranololpropranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.

Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyridostigminepyridinium ion
quetiapinedibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
quipazineQuipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.piperazines;
pyridines
6-nitroquipazine6-nitroquipazine: structure given in first sourcenitro compound;
quinolines
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-olbenzazepine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
dopaminergic antagonist
raloxifeneraloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.1-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
rbi 257RBI 257: ligand for dopamine D4 receptors; structure in first source
risperidonerisperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.

Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
1,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ropiniroleindolones;
tertiary amine
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
spiperonespiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.

Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
sulconazole1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.

sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.

sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
terfenadineTerfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.diarylmethane
thioridazinethioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.

Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.
phenothiazines;
piperidines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
trihexyphenidylTrihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.amine
tropicamideTropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.acetamides
tyraminemonoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
zotepinezotepine: structuredibenzothiepine;
tertiary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic drug
lysergic acid diethylamidelysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.
ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
carbacholCarbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.ammonium salt;
carbamate ester
cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
pilocarpine(+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.

Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.
apomorphineApomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
acetylcholine chlorideacetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.quaternary ammonium salt
mepazinemepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd

pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.
phenothiazines
cyclizinecyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.

Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)
N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
phenyltoloxaminephenyltoloxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structurediarylmethane
ergotamineergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.

Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovineMethylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)ergoline alkaloid
dibenzothiazyl disulfidedibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.

dibenzothiazyl disulfide: vulcanizing accelerant
benzothiazoles;
organic disulfide
allergen
benzethonium chloridebenzethonium chloride : A (synthetic) quaternary ammonium salt that is benzyldimethylamine in which the nitrogen is quaternised by a 2-{2-[p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethoxy}ethyl group, with chloride as the counter-ion. An antiseptic and disinfectant, it is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, moulds and viruses.aromatic ether;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
antiviral agent;
disinfectant
sterogenolcetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.

hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source
bromide salt;
pyridinium salt
antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
indopanalpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.

indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation
tryptamines
methysergidemethysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.

Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.
ergoline alkaloid
dihydroergotaminedihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.

Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative
dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dimenhydrinategravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first sourcediarylmethane
gentian violetcrystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.

Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.isothiocyanateinsecticide
3-tyramine3-tyramine: MH Tyramine refers to 4-tyramine; RN given refers to parent cpd

m-tyramine : A primary amino compound that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.
primary amino compound;
tyramines
human urinary metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glycopyrrolateGlycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.

glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.
organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
4-octylphenol4-octylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.

4-octylphenol: xenoestrogen
phenolsmetabolite;
surfactant;
xenoestrogen
n-methyllaurotetanineN-methyllaurotetanine: structure in first source
muscarine
canadine, (s)-isomer(S)-canadine : The (S)-enantiomer of canadine.an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
canadine
plant metabolite
dimethindeneDimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.indene
quinuclidinyl benzilate
clemastineclemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.

Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine
anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
danazolDanazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.17beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound
anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergolinemetergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.

Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.
carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
lisurideLisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
bromocriptineBromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
dexchlorpheniraminedexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomerchlorphenamine
penfluridolPenfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.diarylmethane
butaclamol(+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.organic heteropentacyclic compound
butaclamolamino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
dopaminergic antagonist
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidineN-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel openerpyridines
paroxetineparoxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.

Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pergolidepergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.

Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.
diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
quinpirolequinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.

Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.
pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamideN-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designationN-alkylpyrrolidine
n 0437, (-)-isomerrotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designationtetralins
sertindolesertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
aripiprazolearipiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.

Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
xanomelinexanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first sourcetetrahydropyridine;
thiadiazoles
muscarinic agonist;
serotonergic agonist
ziprasidoneziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.

ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone
1,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
nelfinavirnelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.

Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.
aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
dopamine hydrochlorideP 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498catecholamine
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloridearalkylamine
diphenidol hydrochloridediarylmethane
sertralinesertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.
dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins
antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
esaprazoleesaprazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source
aprofenaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
n-methylscopolamineN-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
cromakalimCromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)
tetrahydropalmatinean (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
adrenergic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ergocornineergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.

ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer)
ergot alkaloid
1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source
1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo(2,3-a)quinolizine1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydroindolo(2,3-a)quinolizine: structure given in first source
methoctraminemethoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.

methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.

methoctramine: structure given in first source
hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
gr 127935GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.

GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist
1,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ecopipamecopipam: structure given in first sourcebenzazepine
fingolimod hydrochloridefingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).

Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimodfingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.aminodiol;
primary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
pd 128907
afdx 384AF-DX 384 : A pyridobenzodiazepine that acts as a selective antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.benzodiazepine
pramipexolepramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.

Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.
benzothiazoles;
diamine
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl esterpeptide
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin
desloratadinedesloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.

desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine
benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
l 670548L 670548: structure given in first source; muscarinic receptor agonist
azaprophenazaprophen: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd
aq-ra 741AQ-RA 741: tricyclic cpd; structure given in first sourcebenzodiazepine
nnc 112benzazepine
2-methoxy-n-n-propylnorapomorphine2-methoxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine: structure given in first source
sr 57227adialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sc 53116SC 53116: serotonin agonist; pyrrolizidine cpd but not alkaloid; structure given in first source
bibn 99BIBN 99: structure given in first source; a highly selective M2 antagonist
tripitraminetripitramine: structure given in first source; preferentially binds to M2 receptors
sonepiprazole
sk&f 83959N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a 3-methylphenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 6 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.

SK&F 83959: induces grooming & vacuous chewing; agonist of dopamine D1-like receptors that inhibits dopamine sensitive adenylyl cyclase
benzazepine;
catechols;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
dopamine agonist
l 7416263-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first sourcepiperidines
10,11-methylenedioxy-n-propylnoraporphine10,11-methylenedioxy-N-propylnoraporphine: dopaminergic prodrug; RN given refers to parent cpd(d)-isomer
sk&f 89124SK&F 89124: structure given in first source
alpha-ergocryptinealpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.

ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer)
ergot alkaloid
sk&f-38393
1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source
solifenacinisoquinolines
hyoscyamine(S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.

Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.
tropane alkaloid
chloroethylnorapomorphinechloroethylnorapomorphine: irreversible dopamine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source
harmalanharmalan: structure given in first sourceharmala alkaloid
corydalminecorydalmine: antagonizes dopamine receptors; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer
n-n-propylnorapomorphineaporphine alkaloid
n-demethyllysergic acid diethylamideN-demethyllysergic acid diethylamide: RN given refers to (betaa)-isomer
sk&f 75670
atropinetropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.
zeneca zd 6169Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source
dizocilpinesecondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant
anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
nantenine, (+-)-isomer
maduramicinmaduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra
1-methyl-6-methoxy-dihydro-beta-carboline
discretamine(S)-scoulerine : A berberine alkaloid isolated from Corydalis saxicola.berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tetrahydrocolumbamine(S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine : A berberine alkaloid consisting of columbamine having four extra hydrogens at positions 5, 8, 13 and 13a and (S)-configuration.

tetrahydrocolumbamine: a dopamine receptor ligand; from Polygala tenuifolia; structure given in first source
berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
terconazole(2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.

terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).

terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source
1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
canadine, (r)-isomer(R)-canadine : A canadine which has R configuration.canadine
cromakalim1-benzopyran
tolterodinetertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovineergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.

Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.
ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
darifenacindarifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.1-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylatedihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestroldiethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.

Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
olefinic compound;
polyphenol
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
cannabidiolcannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.

Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.
olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols
antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
tropisetrontropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.

Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.
indolyl carboxylic acid
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanolalkylbenzene
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
methamilane methiodide
chlorprothixene(Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.

Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.
chlorprothixene
flunarizineFlunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.diarylmethane
benztropinebenzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.

Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.
diarylmethane
cinnarizineCinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound
anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
enclomipheneEnclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.
tamoxifenstilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sch 23390SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.

SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist
benzazepine
bp 897BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first sourcenaphthalenecarboxamide
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.

N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source
1,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas
receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
sew2871SEW2871: structure in first sourceoxadiazole;
ring assembly
sb 408124SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonistorganohalogen compound;
quinolines
le 300indoles
zm226600ZM226600: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure in first sourceanilide
harmineharmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.

Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.
harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphatesphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1

sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89
sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
trospium chloridetrospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.
N-cyclohexyl-5-propyl-3-isoxazolecarboxamidearomatic amide;
heteroarene
N,N-dicyclohexyl-5-propyl-3-isoxazolecarboxamidearomatic amide;
heteroarene
l 7458703-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first sourcepiperazines
pd 1289071-benzopyran
sb 271046SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source
sulindac sulfidesulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.

sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bay 11-7085BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
oxiconazoleoxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.

oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether
antiinfective agent
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
himbacinehimbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.

himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source
gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
piperidine alkaloid
muscarinic antagonist
fm1 43FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second sourceorganic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine
fluorochrome
a 77636(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol : An isochromene that is 3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol bearing additional aminomethyl and 1-adamantyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively (the 1R,3S-diastereomer). Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.

A 77636: structure given in first source; a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist
adamantanes;
catechols;
isochromenes;
primary amino compound
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
dihydrexidinephenanthridines
dinitrofluorobenzene3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine: a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 activity; structure in first source
sk&f-38393(R)-SKF 38393 : A 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol that is the R-enantiomer of SKF 38393.1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol
stepholidinestepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist
ith 4012
milamelinemilameline: a candidate drug for the treatment of age-related disorders of cognition; RN refers to the E-isomer; structure given in first source
sabcomelinesabcomeline: selective for M1 receptors; RN refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure in first sourcequinuclidines
pd 144418
2-propyl-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1-ena(c)phenanthrene-9,10-diolA 86929: a selective dopamine D1 agonists; structure given in first source
yf 476YF 476: gastrin and CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source
way 133537
fauc 346FAUC 346: a D3 dopamine receptor antagonist; structure in first source
ngb 2904NGB 2904: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first sourcefluorenes
fty 720pfingolimod phosphate : A primary amino compound that is fingolimod in which one on the hydroxy groups has been converted into its dihydrogen phosphate derivative. It is the active metabolite of fingolimod.monoalkyl phosphate;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
pnu 96415epiperazines
mk 936
ac 2605844-(3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-7-fluoro-4H-benzo(1,4)oxazin-3-one: structure in first source
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloridearomatic ether;
hydrochloride;
methoxybenzenes;
tertiary amino compound
antipsychotic agent;
receptor modulator
tert-butyl peroxybenzoate
jte 013JTE 013: an Edg-5 antagonist

JTE-013 : A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM).
chloropyridine;
pyrazolopyridine
anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
pro-angiogenic agent;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist
77-lh-28-177-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source
fauc 365FAUC 365: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source
akuammicineakuammicine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C20H22N2O2, isolated from several plant species including Alstonia spatulata, Catharanthus roseus and Vinca major.

akuammicine: from Strychnos sp;; structure in first source
methyl ester;
monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound
plant metabolite
11-hydroxy-n-(n-propyl)noraporphine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
fauc 213
m-chlorophenylguanidine
fauc 113
meridianin ameridianin A: structure in first source
(5R)-9-bromo-5-phenyl-3-prop-2-enyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diolbenzazepine
PB28PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
cariprazinecariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

cariprazine: Structure in first source
naphyrone1-naphthalen-2-yl-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylpentan-1-one: a monoamine uptake inhibitor; structure in first source
amd 070mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blockeraminoquinoline
auy 954AUY 954: an S1P(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source
ponesimodponesimod: structure in first source
naluzotannaluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source
tiotropium bromidetiotropium bromide hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tiotropium bromide. Used for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
fty 720p
aclidinium bromideaclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008
organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
bronchodilator agent;
muscarinic antagonist
le 404
VPC 23019VPC 23019 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of O-phospho-D-serine with the amino group of m-octylaniline. An analogue of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), it is a potent antagonist for both S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. It can inhibit S1P-induced migration of thyroid cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, and neural stem cells.

VPC23019: inhibits S1P3 receptor; structure in first source
aromatic amide;
D-serine derivative;
organic phosphate;
phosphoric ester;
secondary carboxamide
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 antagonist
gw9508GW9508: structure in first sourcearomatic amine
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromideN-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
scopolamine hydrobromide
cs-2100
a 803467A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source
sp 2033-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source
pf 3246799
cym-5442oxadiazole;
ring assembly
defactinib
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline-2,3-dione
ml 137
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
siponimodsiponimod: S1P receptor modulator
n,n-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamineN,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine: structure in first sourcetryptamines
ml253ML253: structure in first source
vu0364572VU0364572: muscarinic agonist; structure in first source
3-(2-((cyclobutylmethyl)(phenethyl)amino)ethyl)phenol3-(2-((cyclobutylmethyl)(phenethyl)amino)ethyl)phenol: structure in first source
vu0467154
clozapineclozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.

Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound
adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapineolanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.

Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
norclozapineN-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.

norclozapine: structure given in first source
dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist