clentiazem profile

Clentiazem is a calcium channel blocker that was initially studied for its potential therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases. It inhibits the influx of calcium ions into cells, leading to a decrease in muscle contraction, particularly in the heart and blood vessels. However, clinical trials revealed that clentiazem possessed significant side effects, including hepatotoxicity, which limited its development as a viable drug. Despite its discontinued development for clinical use, clentiazem remains an object of scientific study, particularly in the context of understanding calcium channel modulation and its potential application in other therapeutic areas. The unique structural features of clentiazem and its interactions with calcium channels provide valuable insights into drug design and development strategies.'

clentiazem: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	57026
CHEMBL ID	348763
SCHEMBL ID	33909
MeSH ID	M0158699

Synonym
PDSP2_000172
clentiazem [inn]
clentiazemum [inn-latin]
(+)-cis-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-acetoxy-5-(2-(n,n-dimethylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-8-chloro-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (25-cis)-
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-8-chloro-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2s,3s)-
clentiazem
PDSP1_000173
CHEMBL348763
cas_96128-92-6
bdbm81940
d-ta-3090
40dk034drc ,
96125-53-0
unii-40dk034drc
clentiazemum
(+)-(2s,3s)-8-chloro-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one acetate (ester)
clentiazem [mi]
clentiazem [who-dd]
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-8-chloro-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2s-cis)-
SCHEMBL33909
Q5131621
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one,3-(acetyloxy)-8-chloro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-
[(2s,3s)-8-chloro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl] acetate
DTXSID901028074
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5h)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-8-chloro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2s,3s)-

Research Excerpts

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Clentiazem appear to cause inhibition of PKC translocation that is induced by phorbol esters and PDGF-BB and the phosphorylation of the 80 kDa protein substrate of PKC in vascular smooth muscle cells."	( Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by the calcium antagonist clentiazem: role of protein kinase C. Alam, R; Alam, S; Kataoka, S; Yatsu, F, 1996)	1.24

Treatment

Treatment with clentiazem (3, 15, and 30 mg/kg) orally twice daily (b.i.d.) for 28 days after the occurrence of stroke reduced neurologic symptoms and histologic changes of brain and kidney in a dose-dependent manner. The clent Diazem-treated groups had fewer numbers of adherent monocytes and foam cells.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The clentiazem-treated groups had fewer numbers of adherent monocytes and foam cells."	( Inhibition of lipid deposition in the hypercholesterolemic rat by clentiazem, a calcium channel blocker. Fisher, M; Nunnari, JJ; White, SD, 1992)	1
"Treatment with clentiazem (3, 15, and 30 mg/kg) orally twice daily (b.i.d.) for 28 days after the occurrence of stroke reduced neurologic symptoms and histologic changes of brain and kidney in a dose-dependent manner."	( Effect of clentiazem (TA-3090) with posttreatment on neurologic and histologic disorders of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with history of stroke. Iwasaki, H; Kikkawa, K; Kurosawa, H; Murata, S; Nagao, T; Toriumi, W, 1994)	1.03
"Pretreatment with clentiazem lessened the decrease in cerebral blood flow (control, 4.8 +/- 1.4%; clentiazem, 14.1 +/- 4.1% of the preischemic level; P < .05) and prevented the disappearance of electroencephalographic activity in some rats during ischemia."	( Effects of clentiazem on cerebral ischemia induced by carotid artery occlusion in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Banno, K; Kikkawa, K; Murata, S; Nagao, T; Suzuki, T; Tetsuka, T; Yamauchi, R, 1994)	1
"Treatment with clentiazem prevented epinephrine-induced death (P < .05), and attenuated the ventricular ischemic lesions and fibrosis, in a dose-dependent manner."	( Protective effect of clentiazem against epinephrine-induced cardiac injury in rats. Billingham, ME; Bristow, MR; Deisher, TA; Fowler, MB; Ginsburg, R; Hoffman, BB; Narita, H; Zera, P, 1993)	0.94

Pharmacokinetics

In the present study we investigated the relationship between pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the benzothiazepine-like calcium antagonists, clentiazem and diltiazem.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The terminal half-life of CLZ remained unchanged with increasing doses (13."	( Single and multiple oral dose pharmacokinetics of clentiazem in normal volunteers. Bhargava, VO; Giesing, DH; Nordbrock, EE; Shah, AK; Weir, SJ, 1993)	0.54
" The values (mean [CV, %]) for systemic clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state, and half-life of CLZ were 63."	( Pharmacokinetics of clentiazem after intravenous and oral administration in healthy subjects. Bhargava, VO; Giesing, DH; Shah, AK; Weir, SJ, 1993)	0.61
"In the present study we investigated the relationship between pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the benzothiazepine-like calcium antagonists, clentiazem and diltiazem."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of clentiazem and diltiazem in closed-chest anesthetized dogs. Dumont, L; Garceau, D; Giasson, S; Homsy, W, 1995)	0.75

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Diltiazem and nicardipine also exhibited a similar potentiation of the anti-platelet effect in combination with aspirin or ticlopidine."	( Inhibitory effect of clentiazem (TA-3090) on platelet aggregation--alone and in combination with aspirin or ticlopidine. Karasawa, T; Katoh, M; Odawara, A; Sasaki, Y; Tamura, K, 1994)	0.61

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"2 L/h at 160 mg/d) and bioavailability increased (0."	( Single and multiple oral dose pharmacokinetics of clentiazem in normal volunteers. Bhargava, VO; Giesing, DH; Nordbrock, EE; Shah, AK; Weir, SJ, 1993)	0.54
" The absolute bioavailability of PO CLZ was 45% (30."	( Pharmacokinetics of clentiazem after intravenous and oral administration in healthy subjects. Bhargava, VO; Giesing, DH; Shah, AK; Weir, SJ, 1993)	0.61

Dosage Studied

After blood pressure was stable and greater than 160/95 mmHg with placebo for at least a 2-week observation period, oral clentiazem was administered once daily and dosage was increased stepwise from 10 to 40 mg over 10 weeks. Clent Diazem dose-response curves for both coronary dilation and negative inotropic effects were determined under control conditions.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" After blood pressure was stable and greater than 160/95 mmHg with placebo for at least a 2-week observation period, oral clentiazem was administered once daily and dosage was increased stepwise from 10 to 40 mg over 10 weeks."	( Efficacy and safety of clentiazem in patients with essential hypertension: results of an early pilot test. Hirota, Y; Ishikawa, H; Ishikawa, K; Kagoshima, T; Katori, R; Kawakita, S; Kinoshita, M, 1991)	0.8
"Following oral dosing of [14C]clentiazem to rats the metabolites in urine and bile were separated and their chemical structures were investigated by HPLC and GC-MS analyses."	( Metabolism of clentiazem in rats. Fukushima, T; Ito, Y; Nakamura, S; Ohashi, M; Sugawara, Y; Takaiti, O, 1993)	0.94
"After washout and a 1-week placebo run-in period, patients received 20, 40, 80 or 120 mg/day of clentiazem tablets or placebo as a twice-daily dosage for 1 week of treatment after 1 week of dose titration."	( A dose-response study of clentiazem, a chloro-derivative of diltiazem, in patients with stable angina. CAMCAT Study Group. Garceau, D; Waters, D, 1993)	0.81
"1) TA3090 dilates pial arteries and increases cerebral blood flow in normal brain regions in a dose-response fashion; 2) in ischemic regions compared with those in untreated animals, TA3090 results in a lesser reduction of cerebral blood flow during ischemia and in a lesser degree of hyperemia during reperfusion; 3) TA3090 is associated with less pial artery dilatation during ischemia, presumably due to improved collateral flow; and 4) the improved hemodynamic state with TA3090 is associated with significant reduction of cerebral edema and infarct size."	( The effect of a new calcium antagonist, TA3090 (clentiazem), on experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Sakaki, T; Sasaoka, Y; Shintomi, K; Tsujimoto, S; Tsunoda, S, 1993)	0.54
" Clentiazem dose-response curves for both coronary dilation and negative inotropic effects were determined under control conditions and in the presence of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME, 30 microM), and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10 microM)."	( Coronary and cardiac sensitivity to the vasoselective benzothiazepine-like calcium antagonist, clentiazem, in experimental heart failure. Blaise, G; Dumont, L; Jasmin, G; Tanguay, M, 1997)	1.43

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID56042	In Vitro evaluation for the affinity for the diltiazem receptor in isolated guinea pig skeletal muscle microsomal preparations by inhibiting [3H]diltiazem binding	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones.
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID167822	In vitro evaluation for the vasorelaxant effects in circumferential strips of potassium-depolarized rabbit aorta. (IC50 in rabbit aorta strips contracted with KCl)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of 3-alkylbenzazepinones.
AID173376	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 0-6 h.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones.
AID167821	In vitro evaluation for the vasorelaxant effects in circumferential strips of potassium-depolarized rabbit aorta. (IC50 in rabbit aorta strips contracted with KCl	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones.
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID173377	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 0-6 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of 3-alkylbenzazepinones.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID173502	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 6-12 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of 3-alkylbenzazepinones.
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID173500	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 12-18 h	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 3. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of 3-alkylbenzazepinones.
AID173379	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 12-18 h.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones.
AID173501	In vivo evaluation for the percentage decrease in blood pressure at 135 umol/kg administered through oral route in spontaneously hypertensive rats and observed for 6-12 h.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-21, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Benzazepinone calcium channel blockers. 2. Structure-activity and drug metabolism studies leading to potent antihypertensive agents. Comparison with benzothiazepinones.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9 (11.25)	18.7374
1990's	69 (86.25)	18.2507
2000's	1 (1.25)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	1 (1.25)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	6 (7.32%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (1.22%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	75 (91.46%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	6.98	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	1.97	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	1.97	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.98	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.38	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	6.98	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.98	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.99	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.97	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	1.97	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
calcium gluconate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.99	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	9.55	80	5	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
siratiazem siratiazem: RN refers to (2S-cis)-isomer	7.41	1	0
4-desmethoxyverapamil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.98	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	1.97	1	0
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.97	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.97	1	0	tripeptide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	1.98	1	0	cyclodextrin
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.98	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	1.98	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.97	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	1.97	1	0
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.39	2	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.98	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	7.39	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	1.97	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	1.98	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	1.98	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.79	12	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.79	12	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.23	6	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.9	4	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	1.98	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.81	4	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4	5	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4	5	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	1.98	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	1.98	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.39	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	1.98	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	1.98	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	1.98	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	1.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.67	3	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	6.98	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.38	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	1.98	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	1.98	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.38	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.38	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	1.98	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	1.98	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	3.37	1	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	3.37	1	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.38	2	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.38	2	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.68	3	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.39	2	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	1.98	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	1.98	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	1.98	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.98	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.98	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	1.98	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.98	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.66	3	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1.97	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.38	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1.97	1	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1	0

clentiazem

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (26)

Research Excerpts

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (28)

Research

Studies (80)

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Research Demand Index: 105.56

Study Types

clentiazem

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (26)

Research Excerpts

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (28)

Research

Studies (80)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 105.56

Study Types

Related Drugs (46)

Related Conditions (69)