nafagrel profile

Nafagrel is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), also known as CD26. It was initially developed as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes, but its development was discontinued due to concerns about its safety profile. Nafagrel's synthesis involves a multi-step process starting from readily available chemical building blocks. It is a potent DPP-IV inhibitor, meaning it can effectively block the enzyme's activity. DPP-IV plays a role in the breakdown of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels. By inhibiting DPP-IV, nafagrel can increase the levels of these incretin hormones, potentially improving glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, nafagrel was associated with adverse events, including hepatotoxicity, which led to its discontinuation in clinical development. Despite its unsuccessful clinical trajectory, nafagrel's research has provided valuable insights into the role of DPP-IV in glucose regulation and the development of other DPP-IV inhibitors. This research has contributed to the development of clinically approved DPP-IV inhibitors, which are currently used to manage type 2 diabetes.'

nafagrel: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	65851
CHEMBL ID	1189780
SCHEMBL ID	6570453
MeSH ID	M0157945

Synonym
nafagrel [inn]
nafagrelum [inn-latin]
nafagrel
(+-)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2-naphthoic acid
unii-98pdq9ol4v
97901-21-8
98pdq9ol4v ,
nafagrelum
(+/-)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2-naphthoic acid
CHEMBL1189780
SCHEMBL6570453
Q27272136
6-((1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid
6-[(1h-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid
DTXSID70869308

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Repeated administration showed no significant changes in half-lives, tmax values, cmax values and AUC values."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, 6-(1-imidazolylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (DP-1904) in man after repeated oral doses. Hakusui, H; Nii, S; Ono, K; Shibata, H; Shiozawa, T; Suzuki, T; Takegoshi, T; Tanaka, M, 1990)	0.28
" DP-1904 concentrations declined monophasically after Cmax with half lives of 30-40 min."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, 6-(1-imidazolylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (DP-1904), in man after single oral administration. Nii, S; Ono, K; Shibata, H; Shiozawa, T; Suzuki, T; Takegoshi, T; Tanaka, M, 1989)	0.28

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study, the authors examined whether t-PA alone or in combination with DP1904, a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, is able to salvage ischemic myocardium via a direct action on myocardium."	( Tissue-type plasminogen activator alone or in combination with thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor for ischemic myocardium. Endoh, A; Iimura, O; Iwamoto, T; Miura, T; Ogawa, T; Tsuchida, A; Urabe, K, 1990)	0.28

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" dosing, and the bioavailability after oral dosing was approximately 70%."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of DP-1904, a novel thromboxane synthetase inhibitor in rabbits, based on an indirect response model. Adachi, I; Horikoshi, I; Sato, H; Zheng, NX, )	0.13

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" DP1904 was injected intravenously at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 24 h starting 2 hr prior to coronary occlusion."	( Tissue-type plasminogen activator alone or in combination with thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor for ischemic myocardium. Endoh, A; Iimura, O; Iwamoto, T; Miura, T; Ogawa, T; Tsuchida, A; Urabe, K, 1990)	0.28
" The effects of four days' dosing of a selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904 (DP), on prostanoid metabolism, were also studied."	( Abnormal prostanoid metabolism in lupus nephritis and the effects of a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904. Homma, M; Ichikawa, Y; Tojo, T; Yoshida, T, 1996)	0.29
"To examine abnormalities of prostanoid metabolism in lupus nephritis, which may affect renal function, and the effects of 4 day dosing of a selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904, on prostanoid metabolism."	( Improvement of renal function with a selective thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, DP-1904, in lupus nephritis. Homma, M; Ichikawa, Y; Kameda, H; Tojo, T; Yoshida, T, 1996)	0.29
" dosing, and the bioavailability after oral dosing was approximately 70%."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of DP-1904, a novel thromboxane synthetase inhibitor in rabbits, based on an indirect response model. Adachi, I; Horikoshi, I; Sato, H; Zheng, NX, )	0.13

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (11.43)	18.7374
1990's	29 (82.86)	18.2507
2000's	2 (5.71)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2 (5.26%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	36 (94.74%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	2	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.39	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
seratrodast [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.04	5	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.98	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	1.98	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.98	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2	1	0	indazole
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	1.98	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	1.98	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.98	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.68	3	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
ici 198615 ICI 198615: an LTD4 receptor antagonist; SRS-A antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
f-chemotactic peptide F-chemotactic peptide: potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils	1.99	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	1.98	1	0
bradykinin [no description available]	2	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.99	1	0	tripeptide
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	1.97	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.68	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	5.32	13	1	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.4	2	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.87	8	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.9	4	0	cinnamic acids
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	5.51	16	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.99	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.68	3	0
kt2 962 6-isopropyl-3-(4-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)butyl)azulene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt: structure given in first source; a prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; RN given refers to the mono-sodium salt; RN for parent cpd not available 4/93	2	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	5.04	5	2
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	1.98	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.98	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.39	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.39	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.9	4	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	1.98	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	1.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.99	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.67	3	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.38	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.68	3	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	1.98	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1.98	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	1.97	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.38	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.97	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	1.97	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	1.97	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	1.97	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	1.97	1	0

nafagrel

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Synonyms (15)

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Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (35)

Study Types