azathioprine and Devic Disease studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Azathioprine is used as a first-line treatment to prevent relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	9.34	Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. ( Bennett, JL; Feng, Y; Jia, D; Lu, W; Ma, H; Qiu, W; Shi, FD; Yang, CS; Yang, L; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, M; Zhang, TX; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)
"Seven newly diagnosed patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica were treated with long-term prednisone and azathioprine, and were followed every 2 months for at least 18 months."	9.08	Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine. ( Ahmed, W; Dencoff, JE; Mandler, RN, 1998)
"This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of azathioprine (AZA) for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), considering the potential predictive factors related to patient response to AZA in this disease."	9.05	Efficacy and safety of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of real-world studies. ( Chen, C; Cui, Y; Dong, X; Li, M; Luo, D; Ma, L; Tian, X; Wei, R; Zhang, E; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"Azathioprine is a common first-line therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	8.02	Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. ( Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)
"We analyzed 158 patients with neuromyelitis optica regarding disease course, prognostic factors, and treatment response to azathioprine, a widely available low-cost drug."	7.91	Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. ( Bichuetti, DB; Oliveira, EML; Perin, MMM; Souza, NA, 2019)
"To observe and compare the efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and lower dosages of rituximab (RTX) among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder."	7.88	Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Guo, SG; Wang, BJ; Wang, CJ; Yang, Y; Zeng, ZL, 2018)
"To research and compare the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	7.85	Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chen, H; Feng, H; Lian, Z; Liu, J; Miao, X; Qiu, W; Shi, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhou, H, 2017)
"Azathioprine is widely used for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, while a consensus of timing to receive azathioprine has not been proposed."	7.85	Effects of early using azathioprine in the acute phase in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chen, Z; Huang, X; Huang, Y; Li, X; Lin, J; Pang, W; Quan, W; Xia, J; Xue, B, 2017)
"Azathioprine is a first-line drug in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)."	7.85	LC-MS/MS Analysis of Erythrocyte Thiopurine Nucleotides and Their Association With Genetic Variants in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Taking Azathioprine. ( Gong, X; Li, X; Liu, Y; Mei, S; Yang, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhu, L, 2017)
"To compare the efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and cyclophosphamide (CTX) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	7.83	Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclophosphamide among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A prospective cohort study. ( Cui, LY; Fei, YY; Qiao, L; Ren, HT; Wang, Q; Xu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2016)
"We investigated the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) plus long-term low dose corticosteroids in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) at the Center for Demyelinating Diseases, South China."	7.81	Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. ( Dai, Y; Hu, X; Kermode, AG; Li, C; Li, R; Lu, Z; Qiu, W; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhong, X, 2015)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a common immunosuppressive drug used for relapse prevention in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."	7.80	Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. ( Brown, R; Elsone, L; Goh, YY; Jacob, A; Jacob, S; Kitley, J; Leite, MI; Luppe, S; Lythgoe, D; McNeillis, B; Moss, K; Mutch, K; Palace, J; Robertson, N, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, optimal dosing, and monitoring of azathioprine in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."	7.77	Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. ( Costanzi, C; Lucchinetti, CF; Mandrekar, J; Matiello, M; McKeon, A; Pittock, SJ; Thapa, P; Weinshenker, BG, 2011)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an empirical attack -preventive immunotherapies drug to prevent the relapse of NMOSD, and tocilizumab (TCZ) has been also reported reduce the activity of NMOSD."	5.91	A comparison of the efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bian, J; Huang, Y; Ji, W; Tang, Q; Wang, Y; Yao, M, 2023)
" Secondary outcomes were annual relapse rate, disability accumulation, drug persistence, and adverse events."	5.72	Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and reduced dose of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chang, X; Du, L; Huang, W; Li, Q; Li, W; Lu, C; Lu, J; Ma, J; Pan, J; Quan, C; Tan, H; Wang, B; Wang, L; Wang, M; Xia, J; Yu, J; ZhangBao, J; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2022)
"Azathioprine is used as a first-line treatment to prevent relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	5.34	Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. ( Bennett, JL; Feng, Y; Jia, D; Lu, W; Ma, H; Qiu, W; Shi, FD; Yang, CS; Yang, L; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, M; Zhang, TX; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)
" MeSH include: Neuromyelitis optic and Rituximab or Azathioprine or Mycophenolate Mofetil; entry terms include: NMO Spectrum Disorder, NMO Spectrum Disorders, Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) Spectrum Disorder, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, Devic Neuromyelitis Optica, Neuromyelitis Optica, Devic, Devic's Disease, Devic Syndrome, Devic's Neuromyelitis Optica, Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) Spectrum Disorders, CD20 Antibody, Rituximab CD20 Antibody, Mabthera, IDEC-C2B8 Antibody, GP2013, Rituxan, Mycophenolate Mofetil, Mofetil, Mycophenolate, Mycophenolic Acid, Morpholinoethyl Ester, Cellcept, Mycophenolate Sodium, Myfortic, Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride, Mofetil Hydrochloride, Mycophenolate, RS 61443, RS-61443, RS61443, azathioprine sodium, azathioprine sulfate (note: literature retrieval operators "AND" "OR" "NOT" are used to link MeSH with Entry Terms."	5.22	Evaluation of effect of empirical attack-preventive immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: An update systematic review and meta -analysis. ( Feng, K; Ma, J; Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, X, 2022)
"A systematic literature review was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases using the following terms: "(NMO OR Devic OR Neuromyelitis Optica) AND (Azathioprine OR Prednisone OR Rituximab OR Tocilizumab OR Bortezomib OR Inebilizumab OR Eculizumab OR Satralizumab)" including both, randomized clinical trials and observational studies published between January 2006 and January 2021."	5.12	Effectiveness of treatments in Neuromyelitis optica to modify the course of disease in adult patients. Systematic review of literature. ( Agudelo-Arrieta, M; Garcia-Cifuentes, E; Muñoz, O; Torres-Camacho, I; Velasco, M; Zarco, LA, 2021)
"Seven newly diagnosed patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica were treated with long-term prednisone and azathioprine, and were followed every 2 months for at least 18 months."	5.08	Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine. ( Ahmed, W; Dencoff, JE; Mandler, RN, 1998)
"This study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of azathioprine (AZA) for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), considering the potential predictive factors related to patient response to AZA in this disease."	5.05	Efficacy and safety of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of real-world studies. ( Chen, C; Cui, Y; Dong, X; Li, M; Luo, D; Ma, L; Tian, X; Wei, R; Zhang, E; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"Azathioprine is a common first-line therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	4.02	Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. ( Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)
"To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of a modified reduced-dose rituximab (mRTX) regimen compared with azathioprine (AZA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	4.02	Efficacy and safety of modified reduced-dose rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective cohort study. ( Cao, S; Chen, X; Duan, X; Fang, Q; Gu, Y; Ji, X; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Xue, Q; Yu, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, F, 2021)
"We analyzed 158 patients with neuromyelitis optica regarding disease course, prognostic factors, and treatment response to azathioprine, a widely available low-cost drug."	3.91	Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. ( Bichuetti, DB; Oliveira, EML; Perin, MMM; Souza, NA, 2019)
"To observe and compare the efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and lower dosages of rituximab (RTX) among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder."	3.88	Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Guo, SG; Wang, BJ; Wang, CJ; Yang, Y; Zeng, ZL, 2018)
"Azathioprine is a first-line drug in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)."	3.85	LC-MS/MS Analysis of Erythrocyte Thiopurine Nucleotides and Their Association With Genetic Variants in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Taking Azathioprine. ( Gong, X; Li, X; Liu, Y; Mei, S; Yang, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhu, L, 2017)
"To research and compare the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	3.85	Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chen, H; Feng, H; Lian, Z; Liu, J; Miao, X; Qiu, W; Shi, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhou, H, 2017)
"Azathioprine is widely used for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients, while a consensus of timing to receive azathioprine has not been proposed."	3.85	Effects of early using azathioprine in the acute phase in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chen, Z; Huang, X; Huang, Y; Li, X; Lin, J; Pang, W; Quan, W; Xia, J; Xue, B, 2017)
"Azathioprine (AZA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are the most commonly used first-line therapies for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)."	3.85	Predictors of response to first-line immunosuppressive therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. ( Hyun, JW; Joo, J; Joung, A; Kim, HJ; Kim, SH; Park, EY, 2017)
"To compare the efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and cyclophosphamide (CTX) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	3.83	Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclophosphamide among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A prospective cohort study. ( Cui, LY; Fei, YY; Qiao, L; Ren, HT; Wang, Q; Xu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2016)
"To compare the efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate, and rituximab in patients with neuromyelitis optica."	3.81	Analysis of the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. ( Balcer, L; Dahodwala, N; Galetta, S; Markowitz, C; Pruitt, A; Torres, J, 2015)
"We investigated the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) plus long-term low dose corticosteroids in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) at the Center for Demyelinating Diseases, South China."	3.81	Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. ( Dai, Y; Hu, X; Kermode, AG; Li, C; Li, R; Lu, Z; Qiu, W; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhong, X, 2015)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a common immunosuppressive drug used for relapse prevention in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."	3.80	Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. ( Brown, R; Elsone, L; Goh, YY; Jacob, A; Jacob, S; Kitley, J; Leite, MI; Luppe, S; Lythgoe, D; McNeillis, B; Moss, K; Mutch, K; Palace, J; Robertson, N, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, optimal dosing, and monitoring of azathioprine in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."	3.77	Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. ( Costanzi, C; Lucchinetti, CF; Mandrekar, J; Matiello, M; McKeon, A; Pittock, SJ; Thapa, P; Weinshenker, BG, 2011)
" In this study, 681 patients were recorded safety data of RTX therapy, 23% (156 patients) had adverse events, and 0."	2.82	A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. ( Dong, GY; Meng, YH; Xiao, XJ, 2022)
" In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the adverse effects of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, tocilizumab, eculizumab, satralizumab, and inebilizumab in NMOSD."	2.82	Adverse Events in NMOSD Therapy. ( Berthele, A; Giglhuber, K, 2022)
"Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is a frequently devastating clinical syndrome which has come into focus for its association with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."	2.50	Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. ( Lucchinetti, CF; Tobin, WO; Weinshenker, BG, 2014)
"Neuromyelitis optica was previously assumed to be a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the discovery of aquaporin-4 antibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica has led to this view being revised."	2.49	[Neuromyelitis optica]. ( Kvistad, SA; Myhr, KM; Torkildsen, Ø; Vedeler, CA; Wergeland, S, 2013)
"Devic neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or Devic's syndrome is an uncommon clinical syndrome associating unilateral or bilateral optic neuritis and transverse myelitis."	2.44	[Devic's neuromyelitis optica in children: a case report and review of the literature]. ( Ben Ammar, H; Ben Hlima, N; Ben Rhomdhane, W; Ben Salah, M; Chaabouni, M; Chouchane, C; Djemal, N; Karray, A, 2007)
"People with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (pwNMOSD) experience debilitating neurological attacks, resulting in permanent disability."	1.91	High-efficacy therapies reduce clinical and radiological events more effectively than traditional treatments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Burgess, KW; McCreary, M; Moog, TM; Okuda, DT; Smith, AD, 2023)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an empirical attack -preventive immunotherapies drug to prevent the relapse of NMOSD, and tocilizumab (TCZ) has been also reported reduce the activity of NMOSD."	1.91	A comparison of the efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bian, J; Huang, Y; Ji, W; Tang, Q; Wang, Y; Yao, M, 2023)
"To describe the clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) through patient registry in Yangtze River Delta area of China."	1.72	The description of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Patient registry in Yangtze River Delta area of China. ( Chang, X; Dong, Q; Huang, W; Li, W; Li, X; Lu, C; Lu, J; Quan, C; Tan, H; Wang, L; Wang, M; Xia, J; ZhangBao, J; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2022)
"MMF is effective for relapse prevention in Thai NMOSD patients and has a low risk of adverse events."	1.72	The efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in Thai neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. ( Jitprapaikulsan, J; Pathomrattanapiban, C; Prayoonwiwat, N; Rattanathamsakul, N; Siritho, S; Tisavipat, N, 2022)
" Secondary outcomes were annual relapse rate, disability accumulation, drug persistence, and adverse events."	1.72	Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and reduced dose of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Chang, X; Du, L; Huang, W; Li, Q; Li, W; Lu, C; Lu, J; Ma, J; Pan, J; Quan, C; Tan, H; Wang, B; Wang, L; Wang, M; Xia, J; Yu, J; ZhangBao, J; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2022)
"In Egypt, the characterization of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is lacking."	1.62	The aquaporin4-IgG status and how it affects the clinical features and treatment response in NMOSD patients in Egypt. ( Abdelfattah, W; Abdellatif, D; Abdo, SS; Abokrysha, NT; Elmazny, A; Fouad, AM; Hassan, A; Hegazy, MI; Kishk, NA; Ragab, AH; Shalaby, NM; Shawky, SM; Shehata, HS; Taha, N, 2021)
"Aquaporin-4-IgG positive (AQP4-IgG+) Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an uncommon central nervous system autoimmune disorder."	1.56	Clinical and therapeutic predictors of disease outcomes in AQP4-IgG+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. ( Al-Harbi, T; Alroughani, R; Altintas, A; Bergamaschi, R; Boz, C; Butzkueven, H; Csepany, T; Eichau, S; Ferraro, D; Fragoso, Y; Grand'Maison, F; Granella, F; Havrdova, EK; Hor, JY; Izquierdo, G; Kalincik, T; Karabudak, R; Kister, I; Kunchok, A; Laureys, G; Lechner-Scott, J; Lugaresi, A; Malpas, C; Marriott, M; McCombe, P; Nytrova, P; Olascoaga, J; Onofrj, M; Oreja-Guevara, C; Ozakbas, S; Patti, F; Pucci, E; Simo, M; Singhal, B; Sola, P; Soysal, A; Terzi, M; Trojano, M; Turkoglu, R; Vucic, S; Yamout, B, 2020)
"Although neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is known to be a rare disease, its prevalence and incidence have not yet been studied in Korea."	1.56	Prevalence and Incidence of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Korea: Population Based Study. ( Hong, YH; Hwang, SY; Kim, BJ; Kim, JY; Lee, HL; Lim, NG; Min, JH; Seok, JM; Shin, HY, 2020)
"Original diagnoses were neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (44 patients [43."	1.48	Disease Course and Treatment Responses in Children With Relapsing Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease. ( Anlar, B; Baumann, M; Ciccarelli, O; Deiva, K; Forsyth, R; Ganelin-Cohen, E; Hacohen, Y; Hemingway, C; Hennes, EM; Hintzen, R; Jurynczyk, M; Kalser, J; Konuskan, B; Lechner, C; Leite, MI; Lim, M; Marignier, R; Maurey, H; Neuteboom, R; Palace, J; Poulat, AL; Rostásy, K; Wassmer, E; Wong, YY; Wright, S, 2018)
"191 attacks occurred during any of the treatments (annual relapse rate=0."	1.46	Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. ( Aktas, O; Angstwurm, K; Berthele, A; Borisow, N; Faiss, J; Fischer, K; Friede, T; Gahlen, A; Geis, C; Hartung, HP; Havla, J; Hellwig, K; Hemmer, B; Hofstadt-van Oy, U; Jarius, S; Kleinschnitz, C; Kleiter, I; Krumbholz, M; Kümpfel, T; Lauda, F; Linker, RA; Marziniak, M; Mayer, C; Neuhaus, O; Pache, F; Paul, F; Ringelstein, M; Ruprecht, K; Schuster, S; Schwab, M; Stangel, M; Stellmann, JP; Then Bergh, F; Trebst, C; Tumani, H; Wildemann, B; Young, KL; Zeltner, L; Zettl, U; Ziemann, U, 2017)
"The diagnosis was neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."	1.43	[Anti-MOG + neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders treated with plasmapheresis]. ( Fujihara, K; Nakamura, S; Oshiro, A; Tamashiro, K, 2016)
"We present a pediatric patent with NMO spectrum disorder in order to draw awareness to this potentially neurologi- cally devastating disease."	1.43	Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in a Pediatric Patient. ( Archer, R; Ramakrishnaiah, R; Willis, E, 2016)
"Neuromyelitis optica is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with various patterns of brain lesions."	1.42	Neuromyelitis optica with linear enhancement of corpus callosum in brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast: a case report. ( Minagar, A; Moghadasi, AN; Naghshineh, H; Owji, M; Sahraian, MA, 2015)
"Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system."	1.39	Seropositive neuromyelitis optica: a pediatric case report and 6-year follow-up. ( Anık, Y; Kara, B; Maraş, H, 2013)
"Neuromyelitis optica was diagnosed."	1.39	Unusual manifestations of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. ( Kiresi, D; Yavuz, H, 2013)
"Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic's disease), an uncommon demyelinating neuro-immunological disease, can be associated with autoimmune diseases."	1.37	Devic's syndrome and SLE: challenges in diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities based on two overlapping cases. ( Kiss, EV; Matolcsi, J; Müller, V; Polgár, A; Poór, G; Rózsa, C, 2011)
"Neuromyelitis optica (NMO or Devic's syndrome) is a rare autoimmune disease, previously considered a multiple sclerosis variant."	1.36	Devic's syndrome and primary APS: a new immunological overlap. ( Colagrande, S; Emmi, L; Squatrito, D, 2010)

Research

Studies (94)

Authors

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	1 (1.06)	18.2507
2000's	9 (9.57)	29.6817
2010's	49 (52.13)	24.3611
2020's	35 (37.23)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Giovannelli, J	2
Ciron, J	2
Cohen, M	2
Kim, HJ	5
Kim, SH	5
Stellmann, JP	2
Kleiter, I	2
McCreary, M	2
Greenberg, BM	2
Deschamps, R	2
Audoin, B	2
Maillart, E	2
Papeix, C	3
Collongues, N	2
Bourre, B	2
Laplaud, D	2
Ayrignac, X	1
Durand-Dubief, F	1
Ruet, A	1
Vukusic, S	2
Marignier, R	3
Dauchet, L	1
Zephir, H	2
Carnero Contentti, E	1
Correale, J	1
Zhang, L	1
Tian, J	2
Dong, X	2
Jia, Z	1
Sun, Y	1
Guo, L	1
Tan, G	1
Li, B	1
Thakolwiboon, S	1
Zhao-Fleming, H	1
Karukote, A	1
Mao-Draayer, Y	1
Flanagan, EP	1
Avila, M	1
Ma, J	2
Yu, H	2
Wang, H	1
Zhang, X	3
Feng, K	1
Huang, W	2
Wang, L	2
Xia, J	3
Li, W	2
Wang, M	2
Yu, J	1
Li, Q	1
Wang, B	1
Pan, J	1
Du, L	1
Tan, H	2
Chang, X	3
Lu, C	2
Zhao, C	3
Lu, J	2
Zhou, L	2
ZhangBao, J	2
Quan, C	2
Giglhuber, K	1
Berthele, A	2
Pathomrattanapiban, C	1
Tisavipat, N	1
Jitprapaikulsan, J	1
Prayoonwiwat, N	1
Rattanathamsakul, N	1
Siritho, S	1
Paybast, S	1
Emami, A	1
Baghalha, F	1
Naser Moghadasi, A	1
Li, X	5
Dong, Q	1
Dong, GY	1
Meng, YH	1
Xiao, XJ	1
Pizzolato Umeton, R	3
Waltz, M	3
Aaen, GS	3
Benson, L	3
Gorman, M	3
Goyal, M	3
Graves, JS	3
Harris, Y	3
Krupp, L	3
Lotze, TE	3
Shukla, NM	3
Mar, S	3
Ness, J	3
Rensel, M	3
Schreiner, T	3
Tillema, JM	3
Roalstad, S	3
Rodriguez, M	3
Rose, J	3
Waubant, E	3
Weinstock-Guttman, B	3
Casper, C	3
Chitnis, T	3
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison of the Specificity, Sensitivity, and Clinical Correlation of Cell-based Assay (CBA) and CBA-TSA (Tyramide Signal Amplification) in Detecting AQP4, MOG, and NMDAR-IgG in Central Nervous System Diseases; a National Multicenter Study[NCT05414890]		2,500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-06-30	Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Tocilizumab Versus Azathioprine in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: a Randomized, Controlled, Open-label, Phase 2 Trial[NCT03350633]	Phase 2/Phase 3	118 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-01	Completed
Comparison of Annual Relapse Rate, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and Side Effects Between Azathioprine and Rituximab in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders[NCT03002038]	Phase 2/Phase 3	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

adverse drug reactions will be observed closely and reported during the intervention. We will compare the number of adverse drug reactions in two groups. Also, adverse drug reactions will be described by details in each group. (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

Annual Relapse Rate

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Azathioprine	3
Rituximab	4

annual relapse rate will be measured in the baseline (according to patients' history in the last year) and after 12 months of intervention. (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

Expanded Disability Status Scale

Intervention	Number of relapses (Mean)
	Baseline	Outcome
Azathioprine	1	0.51
Rituximab	1.30	0.21

"expanded disability status scale will be measured in the baseline and after 12 months of intervention.~Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) is a measure of disability for patients. The score ranges from 0-10, with 0 showing normal neurological exam and 10 showing death due to the disabling disease. Thus, higher scores represent more profound levels of disability." (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

Article	Year
A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica. Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2021, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mycophenolic Acid; Neuromyelitis Optica; Outcome Ass	2021
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021, Sep-16, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; C	2021
Meta-analysis of effectiveness of steroid-sparing attack prevention in MOG-IgG-associated disorder. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2021, Volume: 56 Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis O	2021
Evaluation of effect of empirical attack-preventive immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: An update systematic review and meta -analysis. Journal of neuroimmunology, 2022, 02-15, Volume: 363 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunotherapy; Mycophenolic Acid; Neuromyelitis Opti	2022
Adverse Events in NMOSD Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Apr-09, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Myc	2022
Watch out for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder onset or clinical relapse after COVID-19 vaccination: What neurologists need to know? Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2022, Volume: 65 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm	2022
A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Medicine, 2022, Sep-09, Volume: 101, Issue:36 Topics: Antibodies; Azathioprine; Humans; Neuromyelitis Optica; Recurrence; Rituximab	2022
Different monoclonal antibodies and immunosuppressants administration in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Journal of neurology, 2023, Volume: 270, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Bayes Theorem; Humans; Immunosuppress	2023
Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of relapse prevention therapy for myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2023, Volume: 72 Topics: Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mycoph	2023
Efficacy and safety of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of real-world studies. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2020, Volume: 46 Topics: Azathioprine; China; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis Optica; Recurrence	2020
Effectiveness of treatments in Neuromyelitis optica to modify the course of disease in adult patients. Systematic review of literature. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2021, Volume: 50 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Humans; Neuromyelitis Optica; Pr	2021
Azathioprine-induced pellagra in neuromyelitis optica: A case report and review of literature. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2018, Volume: 25 Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Neuromyelitis Optica; Pellagra;	2018
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting in an octogenarian. BMJ case reports, 2018, Sep-08, Volume: 2018 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Brain Stem; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucocort	2018
Treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Current opinion in rheumatology, 2019, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lymphocyte Dep	2019
Efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2019, Volume: 33 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis Optica	2019
[Neuromyelitis optica]. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2013, Oct-15, Volume: 133, Issue:19 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Diagn	2013
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Current opinion in neurology, 2014, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodi	2014
[Diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2014, Jun-23, Volume: 176, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Res	2014
[Optic neuromyelitis. Main differences with multiple sclerosis]. Anales de medicina interna (Madrid, Spain : 1984), 2008, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Oral; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Mon	2008
[Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody--distinct from multiple sclerosis]. Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology, 2009, Volume: 57, Issue:3 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Astrocytes; Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Humans; Immunoglobu	2009
[Treatment of NMO]. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2009, Volume: 49, Issue:11 Topics: Acute-Phase Reaction; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Azathioprine;	2009
Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: an evidence based review. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2012, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathio	2012
[Devic disease]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2006, Volume: 35, Issue:11 Pt 2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Azat	2006
[Devic's neuromyelitis optica in children: a case report and review of the literature]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2007, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressive A	2007

Article	Year
Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Neurology, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ma	2020
Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Neurology, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ma	2020
Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Neurology, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ma	2020
Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Neurology, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ma	2020
Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of neurology, 2017, Volume: 264, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Imm	2017
Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine. Neurology, 1998, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Immunosu	1998

Article	Year
Efficacy of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and analysis of prognostic factors. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2022, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Azathioprine; Disabled Persons; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Motor Disorders; Myco	2022
Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and reduced dose of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. European journal of neurology, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:8 Topics: Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mycophenolic Acid; Neoplasm Recurren	2022
The efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in Thai neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2022, Volume: 63 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Mycophenolic Acid; Neuromyelitis Optica; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Th	2022
The description of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Patient registry in Yangtze River Delta area of China. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2022, Volume: 66 Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Iodide Peroxidas	2022
Therapeutic Response in Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurology, 2023, 02-28, Volume: 100, Issue:9 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immu	2023
Therapeutic Response in Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurology, 2023, 02-28, Volume: 100, Issue:9 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immu	2023
Therapeutic Response in Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurology, 2023, 02-28, Volume: 100, Issue:9 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immu	2023
Therapeutic Response in Pediatric Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurology, 2023, 02-28, Volume: 100, Issue:9 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immu	2023
A comparison of the efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 2023, Jan-27, Volume: 102, Issue:4 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Neuromyelitis Optica; Recurrence; Systematic Reviews a	2023
High-efficacy therapies reduce clinical and radiological events more effectively than traditional treatments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Journal of neurology, 2023, Volume: 270, Issue:7 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Neuromyelitis Optica; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Ou	2023
Effectiveness of rituximab versus oral immunosuppressive therapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a racially diverse cohort of subjects: A single-center retrospective study. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2023, Volume: 74 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mycophenolic	2023
[Therapeutic Strategies for Neuromyelitis Optica]. Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo, 2023, Volume: 75, Issue:5 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis Optica; Plasmapheresis; R	2023
Emerging trends and research foci of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a 20-year bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in immunology, 2023, Volume: 14 Topics: Azathioprine; Bibliometrics; Central Nervous System; Databases, Factual; Humans; Neuromyelitis Optic	2023
A meaningful exploration of ofatumumab in refractory NMOSD: a case report. Frontiers in immunology, 2023, Volume: 14 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis Optica; Treatment Outco	2023
Different clinical phenotypes of AQP4-IgG positive NMOSD in two first degree relatives. BMC neurology, 2023, Sep-04, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Female; Gadolinium; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulin	2023
Effects of immunotherapies and prognostic predictors in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a prospective cohort study. Journal of neurology, 2020, Volume: 267, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Disabled Persons; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressiv	2020
Clinical and therapeutic predictors of disease outcomes in AQP4-IgG+ neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2020, Volume: 38 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Human	2020
Cost effectiveness of rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Thailand: Economic evaluation and budget impact analysis. PloS one, 2020, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Costs; Drug Resistance; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Marko	2020
Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of first-line therapies in NMOSD. Neurology, 2020, 04-14, Volume: 94, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Antibodies; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle	2020
Prevalence and Incidence of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Korea: Population Based Study. Journal of Korean medical science, 2020, May-04, Volume: 35, Issue:17 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Azathioprine; Child; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Immunosuppr	2020
Beneficial effects of intravenous immunoglobulin as an add-on therapy to azathioprine for NMO-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2020, Volume: 42 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Disease Progression; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin	2020
COVID-19 associated with encephalomyeloradiculitis and positive anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies: Cause or coincidence? Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2021, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Brain; COVID-19; Encephalomyelitis;	2021
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) presenting as acute transverse myelitis with positive aquaporin 4 antibodies. BMJ case reports, 2021, Jan-27, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immun	2021
The aquaporin4-IgG status and how it affects the clinical features and treatment response in NMOSD patients in Egypt. BMC neurology, 2021, Feb-03, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Azathioprine; Egypt; Female; Humans; I	2021
Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2021, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Brazil; Female; Humans; Male; Neuromyelitis Optica; Recurrence; Re	2021
Efficacy and safety of modified reduced-dose rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2021, 10-15, Volume: 429 Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Azathioprine; China; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis Opt	2021
Effectiveness and safety of immunosuppressive therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder during pregnancy. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2017, Jun-15, Volume: 377 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Neuromyelitis	2017
Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2017, Volume: 88, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Germany	2017
Effectiveness of low dose of rituximab compared with azathioprine in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica: an over 2-year follow-up study. Acta neurologica Belgica, 2017, Volume: 117, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; China; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Male; Middle Age	2017
Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2018, 02-15, Volume: 385 Topics: Adult; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; B-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; Disability Evaluation; Enzyme Inhib	2018
A woman with intractable nausea and vomiting. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2018, Apr-19, Volume: 361 Topics: Adult; Alkalosis; Antiemetics; Azathioprine; Delayed Diagnosis; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Hum	2018
Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent	2019
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in a Pediatric Patient. The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society, 2016, Volume: 113, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Combined Modality Therapy; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucocorticoid	2016
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and menstruation. Revue neurologique, 2018, Volume: 174, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran	2018
Sequential Optic Neuritis: A Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2019, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Neuromyelit	2019
Epidemiology of NMOSD in Sweden from 1987 to 2013: A nationwide population-based study. Neurology, 2019, 07-09, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; M	2019
Intractable Nausea and Vomiting: Gut Is Not Always the Answer. The American journal of medicine, 2019, Volume: 132, Issue:12 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Res	2019
Methotrexate is an alternative to azathioprine in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 antibodies. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2013, Volume: 84, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hu	2013
Intractable vomiting as an initial presentation of lupus-related neuromyelitis optica. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lu	2013
Seropositive neuromyelitis optica: a pediatric case report and 6-year follow-up. Pediatric neurology, 2013, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Child; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Longitudinal Studie	2013
Factors associated with the time to next attack in neuromyelitis optica: accelerated failure time models with random effects. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathi	2013
Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy. JAMA neurology, 2014, Volume: 71, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Prescho	2014
Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged;	2014
Analysis of the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2015, Apr-15, Volume: 351, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; I	2015
Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2015, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asian People; Azathiopri	2015
Neuromyelitis optica with linear enhancement of corpus callosum in brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 2015, Jun-10, Volume: 9 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Brain Mapping; Contrast Media; Corpus Callosum; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans	2015
Neuromyelitis optica relapses: Race and rate, immunosuppression and impairment. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2016, Volume: 7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Azathioprine; Black People; Disability Evaluation; Female; Follow-U	2016
Effects of early using azathioprine in the acute phase in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. The International journal of neuroscience, 2017, Volume: 127, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressiv	2017
[Anti-MOG + neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders treated with plasmapheresis]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 2016, Volume: 48, Issue:3 Topics: Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Child; Humans; Male; Methylprednisolone; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycop	2016
Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclophosphamide among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A prospective cohort study. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2016, Nov-15, Volume: 370 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agen	2016
Comparisons of the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine as treatments for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. European journal of neurology, 2017, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Mycophenolic Acid;	2017
Severe Relapse After Cessation of Immunosuppressive Therapy in a Patient With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. The neurologist, 2016, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Medicati	2016
LC-MS/MS Analysis of Erythrocyte Thiopurine Nucleotides and Their Association With Genetic Variants in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Taking Azathioprine. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2017, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Child; Chromatography, Liquid; Erythrocyte	2017
Predictors of response to first-line immunosuppressive therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2017, Volume: 23, Issue:14 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Azathioprine; Drug Substitution; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male	2017
Neuromyelitis optica mimics the morphology of spinal cord tumors. The Turkish journal of pediatrics, 2016, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucocorticoids;	2016
Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica. Brain : a journal of neurology, 2008, Volume: 131, Issue:Pt 11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Antigens, CD19; A	2008
Intermittent plasmapheresis prevents recurrence in neuromyelitis optica. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, 2009, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans;	2009
Devic's syndrome and primary APS: a new immunological overlap. Lupus, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:11 Topics: Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imagin	2010
Devic's syndrome and SLE: challenges in diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities based on two overlapping cases. Autoimmunity reviews, 2011, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Topics: Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent	2011
[Recurrent acute rhombencephalomyelitis in an adult or neuromyelitis optica? Presentation of a case]. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain), 2012, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Brain Stem; Corticosterone; Encephalitis; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous	2012
Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology, 2011, Aug-16, Volume: 77, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans;	2011
Clinical spectrum of CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Neurology, 2012, Apr-10, Volume: 78, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Aquaporin 4; Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Azathiopri	2012
Lack of response to pulse cyclophosphamide in neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 7 patients. Archives of neurology, 2012, Volume: 69, Issue:7 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Disability Evaluation; Follow-Up Studies;	2012
Unusual manifestations of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. Journal of child neurology, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Brain; Choline; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease	2013
Combination of cyclosporine A with corticosteroids is effective for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Journal of neurology, 2013, Volume: 260, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Antibodies; Aquaporin 4; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Disabilit	2013
Elevated plasma high-mobility group box 1 protein is a potential marker for neuromyelitis optica. Neuroscience, 2012, Dec-13, Volume: 226 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aquaporin 4; Area Under Curve; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Enzyme-Link	2012
Devic syndrome: can antiphospholipid antibodies be a factor? Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2012, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; Anticoagulants; Antirheumatic Agen	2012
Development of extensive brain lesions following interferon beta therapy in relapsing neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive myelitis. Journal of neurology, 2008, Volume: 255, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Brain; Brain Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Interferon Typ	2008
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2002, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive	2002
Disease Course and Treatment Responses in Children With Relapsing Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease. JAMA neurology, 2018, 04-01, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Autoantibodies; Cohort Studies; Disability Evaluation; Europe; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors;	2018

azathioprine and Devic Disease