Page last updated: 2024-10-23

azathioprine and Nausea

azathioprine has been researched along with Nausea in 35 studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Fifty-two patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from four Australian centres were randomised to receive cyclosporin A (CSA) (n = 25) or azathioprine (AZA) (n = 27) for six months."9.07A randomised double-blind trial of cyclosporin and azathioprine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ahern, MJ; Bayliss, C; Bradley, J; Harrison, W; Hollingsworth, P; Laing, B, 1991)
"Sixty-five patients, 33 receiving azathioprine and 32 receiving penicillamine, took part in a one-year, single-blind external-observer trial designed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of these two drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."9.04Azathioprine and penicillamine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled trial. ( Barnes, CG; Berger, LA; Berry, H; Durance, RA; Evans, S; Liyanage, SP, 1976)
"To determine whether the presence of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) alleles associated with reduced or absent activity of thiopurine methyltransferase is a major factor for withdrawal of azathioprine (AZA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."7.72Is thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism a major factor for withdrawal of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis patients? ( Baiget, M; Corominas, H; de Cuevillas, F; Díaz, C; Domènech, M; Geli, C; Gich, I; Laíz, A; Moreno, M; Vázquez, G, 2003)
"Our experience with azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis covers ten years, during which 91 rheumatoid patients (66 female and 25 male) received this drug, with a median treatment period of 36 months."7.66Side-effects of azathioprine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of 10 years of experience. ( Boerbooms, AM; Kruijsen, MW; Speerstra, F; van Beusekom, HJ; van de Putte, LB; Vandenbroucke, JP, 1982)
"A retrospective review of the literature has been carried out to determine laboratory abnormalities occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with azathioprine, in order to establish a profile for this agent in the treatment of this disease."7.66Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment with azathioprine (IMURAN (R)). Clinical side-effects and laboratory abnormalities. ( Pelkey, J; Whisnant, JK, 1982)
"Azathioprine treatment benefited 19 (66%) out of 29 patients suffering from severe psoriasis."7.65Treatment of psoriasis with azathioprine. ( Du Vivier, A; Munro, DD; Verbov, J, 1974)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases."5.51Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease. ( Gisi, K; Ispiroglu, M; Kantarceken, B; Sayar, H, 2019)
"Azathioprine was administrated to all of them for periods varying from two and a half to six months."5.25The effect of azathioprine on gastric mucosal histology and acid secretion in chronic gastritis. ( Jorge, AD; Sanchez, D, 1973)
"Fifty-two patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from four Australian centres were randomised to receive cyclosporin A (CSA) (n = 25) or azathioprine (AZA) (n = 27) for six months."5.07A randomised double-blind trial of cyclosporin and azathioprine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ahern, MJ; Bayliss, C; Bradley, J; Harrison, W; Hollingsworth, P; Laing, B, 1991)
"Sixty-five patients, 33 receiving azathioprine and 32 receiving penicillamine, took part in a one-year, single-blind external-observer trial designed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of these two drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."5.04Azathioprine and penicillamine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled trial. ( Barnes, CG; Berger, LA; Berry, H; Durance, RA; Evans, S; Liyanage, SP, 1976)
" Azathioprine has a significant early adverse reaction (EAR) profile, which includes an acute syndrome of constitutional symptoms, fever, rash, and acute pancreatitis and often requires discontinuation of drug."3.73Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience. ( Bajaj, JS; Binion, DG; Emmons, J; Franco, J; Knox, JF; Levy, M; Podoll, J; Saeian, K; Varma, RR, 2005)
"To determine whether the presence of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) alleles associated with reduced or absent activity of thiopurine methyltransferase is a major factor for withdrawal of azathioprine (AZA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."3.72Is thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism a major factor for withdrawal of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis patients? ( Baiget, M; Corominas, H; de Cuevillas, F; Díaz, C; Domènech, M; Geli, C; Gich, I; Laíz, A; Moreno, M; Vázquez, G, 2003)
"Studies on azathioprine (Aza) treatment in Crohn disease have indicated a positive correlation between clinical remission and a concentration in erythrocytes of the metabolites 6-thioguanine nucleotides (E-6-TGN) above 230 pmol/8 x 10(8) RBC."3.72Pharmacological monitoring of azathioprine therapy. ( Christensen, S; Haaber, A; Johansen, N; Kjeldsen, J; Larsen, B; Larsen, NE; Rasmussen, SN; Reuther, LO; Schmiegelow, K; Sonne, J; Tofteng, F, 2003)
"We describe two patients with rheumatic disease who developed nausea, vomiting, fever and diarrhea after a single dose of azathioprine."3.67Adverse reactions to azathioprine mimicking gastroenteritis. ( Assini, JF; Hamilton, R; Strosberg, JM, 1986)
"Our experience with azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis covers ten years, during which 91 rheumatoid patients (66 female and 25 male) received this drug, with a median treatment period of 36 months."3.66Side-effects of azathioprine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of 10 years of experience. ( Boerbooms, AM; Kruijsen, MW; Speerstra, F; van Beusekom, HJ; van de Putte, LB; Vandenbroucke, JP, 1982)
"A retrospective review of the literature has been carried out to determine laboratory abnormalities occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with azathioprine, in order to establish a profile for this agent in the treatment of this disease."3.66Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment with azathioprine (IMURAN (R)). Clinical side-effects and laboratory abnormalities. ( Pelkey, J; Whisnant, JK, 1982)
"Azathioprine treatment benefited 19 (66%) out of 29 patients suffering from severe psoriasis."3.65Treatment of psoriasis with azathioprine. ( Du Vivier, A; Munro, DD; Verbov, J, 1974)
"Corticosteroids are the systemic treatment of choice in patients with pemphigus vulgaris, but chronic administration is associated with side effects."2.74[Prolonged complete clinical remission in patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris after cycles of intravenous cyclophosphamide]. ( Aguado, L; España Alonso, A; Fernández, S; Marquina, M; Panizo, C; Pretel, M; Sánchez-Ibarrola, A, 2009)
"Rates of malignancy were within published ranges for transplant recipients."2.68Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance therapy in kidney transplantation. ( Gonwa, TA, 1996)
" Fortunately, the absolute incidence of serious toxicity remains low, and an improved understanding of how best to minimize risk and the recognition of groups of patients at higher risk of toxicity from thiopurines means that they remain a relatively safe therapy in the majority of patients."2.52Toxicity and response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Goldberg, R; Irving, PM, 2015)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases."1.51Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease. ( Gisi, K; Ispiroglu, M; Kantarceken, B; Sayar, H, 2019)
" However, nearly 20% of patients discontinue thiopurines due to adverse events."1.43Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)
" Systemic treatment usually begins with high dosage corticosteroids."1.42Atypical Cogan's syndrome: a case report and summary of current treatment options. ( Jančatová, D; Komínek, P; Matoušek, P; Zeleník, K, 2015)
"Azathioprine was administrated to all of them for periods varying from two and a half to six months."1.25The effect of azathioprine on gastric mucosal histology and acid secretion in chronic gastritis. ( Jorge, AD; Sanchez, D, 1973)
"Azathioprine (Imuran) was administered to seven patients with ulcerative colitis suffering from a relapse which could not be controlled by adrenocortical steroids."1.25Treatment of ulcerative colitis with azathioprine. ( Gilon, E; Theodor, E; Waks, U, 1968)

Research

Studies (35)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199014 (40.00)18.7374
1990's4 (11.43)18.2507
2000's6 (17.14)29.6817
2010's10 (28.57)24.3611
2020's1 (2.86)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Stanich, PP1
Lujan, G1
Hosmer, A1
Macaluso, FS1
Renna, S1
Maida, M1
Dimarco, M1
Sapienza, C1
Affronti, M1
Orlando, E1
Rizzuto, G1
Orlando, R1
Ventimiglia, M1
Cottone, M1
Orlando, A1
Zhang, Y1
Kou, G1
Li, Y2
Gisi, K1
Ispiroglu, M1
Kantarceken, B1
Sayar, H1
Frapard, T1
Amoura, Z1
Pineton de Chambrun, M1
Jančatová, D1
Zeleník, K1
Komínek, P1
Matoušek, P1
Goldberg, R1
Irving, PM1
Actis, GC1
Pellicano, R1
Rosina, F1
Al-Judaibi, B1
Schwarz, UI1
Huda, N1
Dresser, GK1
Gregor, JC1
Ponich, T1
Chande, N1
Mosli, M1
Kim, RB1
España Alonso, A1
Panizo, C1
Fernández, S1
Marquina, M1
Pretel, M1
Aguado, L1
Sánchez-Ibarrola, A1
Meggitt, SJ1
Anstey, AV1
Mohd Mustapa, MF1
Reynolds, NJ1
Wakelin, S1
Seinen, ML1
van Asseldonk, DP1
de Boer, NK1
Losekoot, N1
Smid, K1
Mulder, CJ1
Bouma, G1
Peters, GJ1
van Bodegraven, AA1
Corominas, H1
Domènech, M1
Laíz, A1
Gich, I1
Geli, C1
Díaz, C1
de Cuevillas, F1
Moreno, M1
Vázquez, G1
Baiget, M1
Reuther, LO1
Sonne, J1
Larsen, NE1
Larsen, B1
Christensen, S1
Rasmussen, SN1
Tofteng, F1
Haaber, A1
Johansen, N1
Kjeldsen, J1
Schmiegelow, K1
Bajaj, JS1
Saeian, K1
Varma, RR1
Franco, J1
Knox, JF1
Podoll, J1
Emmons, J1
Levy, M1
Binion, DG1
Duley, JA1
Florin, TH1
Speerstra, F1
Boerbooms, AM1
van de Putte, LB1
van Beusekom, HJ1
Kruijsen, MW1
Vandenbroucke, JP1
Whisnant, JK1
Pelkey, J1
Kanamaru, A1
Takemoto, Y1
Kakishita, E1
Dohy, H1
Kodera, Y1
Moriyama, Y1
Shibata, A1
Kasai, M1
Katoh, S1
Saitoh, H1
Gonwa, TA1
Lear, JT1
English, JS1
Jones, P1
Smith, AG1
Craner, MJ1
Zajicek, JP1
Berry, H1
Liyanage, SP1
Durance, RA1
Barnes, CG1
Berger, LA1
Evans, S1
Ahern, MJ1
Harrison, W1
Hollingsworth, P1
Bradley, J1
Laing, B1
Bayliss, C1
Assini, JF1
Hamilton, R1
Strosberg, JM1
Brooke, BN1
Javett, SL1
Davison, OW1
Jewell, DP1
Truelove, SC1
Dale, I1
Jorge, AD1
Sanchez, D1
Du Vivier, A1
Munro, DD1
Verbov, J1
Enderlin, M1
Swannell, AJ1
Kersley, GD1
Kämpfen, P1
Hodler, J1
Theodor, E1
Gilon, E1
Waks, U1

Reviews

3 reviews available for azathioprine and Nausea

ArticleYear
Toxicity and response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
    Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2015, Volume: 9, Issue:7

    Topics: Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Humans; Im

2015
6-Mercaptopurine for Azathioprine Intolerant Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Literature Search and Reappraisal of Own Data.
    Inflammation & allergy drug targets, 2015, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Substi

2015
Thiopurine therapies: problems, complexities, and progress with monitoring thioguanine nucleotides.
    Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2005, Volume: 27, Issue:5

    Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Guanosine Diphosphate; Guanosine Triphosphate; Humans; Leukopenia; Me

2005

Trials

6 trials available for azathioprine and Nausea

ArticleYear
[Prolonged complete clinical remission in patients with severe pemphigus vulgaris after cycles of intravenous cyclophosphamide].
    Actas dermo-sifiliograficas, 2009, Volume: 100, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Desmog

2009
FK506 treatment of graft-versus-host disease developing or exacerbating during prophylaxis and therapy with cyclosporin and/or other immunosuppressants. Japanese FK506 BMT Study Group.
    Bone marrow transplantation, 1995, Volume: 15, Issue:6

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Child; Chronic Disease;

1995
Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance therapy in kidney transplantation.
    Clinical transplantation, 1996, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Pt 2

    Topics: Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Diarrhea; Double-Blind Method; Graft

1996
Azathioprine and penicillamine in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled trial.
    British medical journal, 1976, May-01, Volume: 1, Issue:6017

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Blood Sedimentation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Fem

1976
A randomised double-blind trial of cyclosporin and azathioprine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis.
    Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 1991, Volume: 21, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Blood Pressure; Creatinine; Cyclosporine; Double-B

1991
Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial.
    British medical journal, 1974, Dec-14, Volume: 4, Issue:5945

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Colitis, Ulcerative; Diarrhea; Erythema; Female; Humans;

1974

Other Studies

26 other studies available for azathioprine and Nausea

ArticleYear
Nausea and Diarrhea with Fingernail and Hair Changes.
    Gastroenterology, 2021, Volume: 161, Issue:1

    Topics: Alopecia; Azathioprine; Diarrhea; Drug Tapering; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestina

2021
Tolerability profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective experience.
    Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 52, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Italy; K

2017
A woman with intractable nausea and vomiting.
    BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2018, Apr-19, Volume: 361

    Topics: Adult; Alkalosis; Antiemetics; Azathioprine; Delayed Diagnosis; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Hum

2018
Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease.
    BMJ case reports, 2019, Mar-31, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholestasis; Humans; I

2019
Intractable Nausea and Vomiting: Gut Is Not Always the Answer.
    The American journal of medicine, 2019, Volume: 132, Issue:12

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Res

2019
Atypical Cogan's syndrome: a case report and summary of current treatment options.
    International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2015, Volume: 79, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Cogan Syndrome; Female; Glucocorticoids; Hearing Loss, Bilateral; Hearing

2015
Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
    Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology = Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharmacologie clinique, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Diarrhea; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Genetic Markers;

2016
British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of azathioprine 2011.
    The British journal of dermatology, 2011, Volume: 165, Issue:4

    Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Diseases; Chemical and Drug Indu

2011
The effect of allopurinol and low-dose thiopurine combination therapy on the activity of three pivotal thiopurine metabolizing enzymes: results from a prospective pharmacological study.
    Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2013, Volume: 7, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; F

2013
Is thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism a major factor for withdrawal of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis patients?
    Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2003, Volume: 42, Issue:1

    Topics: 5' Untranslated Regions; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Case-Control Stu

2003
Pharmacological monitoring of azathioprine therapy.
    Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2003, Volume: 38, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring;

2003
Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience.
    The American journal of gastroenterology, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthralgia; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Disease Sus

2005
Side-effects of azathioprine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of 10 years of experience.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1982, Volume: 41 Suppl 1

    Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Bacterial Infections; Bone Marrow; Cardiovascular Disease

1982
Rheumatoid arthritis: treatment with azathioprine (IMURAN (R)). Clinical side-effects and laboratory abnormalities.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1982, Volume: 41 Suppl 1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anorexia; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Bacterial Infections; Chemical and Drug

1982
Retrospective review of the use of azathioprine in severe atopic dermatitis.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1996, Volume: 35, Issue:4

    Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Atopic;

1996
Immunosuppressive treatments in MS--side effects from azathioprine.
    Journal of neurology, 2001, Volume: 248, Issue:7

    Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Multiple Sclerosis; Nausea; P

2001
Adverse reactions to azathioprine mimicking gastroenteritis.
    The Journal of rheumatology, 1986, Volume: 13, Issue:6

    Topics: Azathioprine; Diarrhea; Female; Fever; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Nausea; Vomit

1986
Further experience with azathioprine for Crohn's disease.
    Lancet (London, England), 1970, Nov-21, Volume: 2, Issue:7682

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Klebsiella Infec

1970
The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with azathioprine.
    Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 1972, Volume: 1, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Nausea

1972
The effect of azathioprine on gastric mucosal histology and acid secretion in chronic gastritis.
    Gut, 1973, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Female; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; Male; M

1973
Azathioprine in Crohn's disease.
    Drug and therapeutics bulletin, 1973, Aug-31, Volume: 11, Issue:18

    Topics: Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Leukopenia; Nausea

1973
Treatment of psoriasis with azathioprine.
    British medical journal, 1974, Jan-12, Volume: 1, Issue:5897

    Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Anemia; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver In

1974
[Experiences with antimetabolite therapy of malignant forms of progressive chronic polyarthritis].
    Helvetica medica acta. Supplementum, 1966, May-15, Volume: 46

    Topics: Antimetabolites; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Feeding and Eating Disorders;

1966
Preliminary results with azathioprine treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
    Annals of physical medicine, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:4

    Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Diseases; Drug Synergism; Fem

1969
[Treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis with imuran].
    Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1970, Dec-05, Volume: 100, Issue:49

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Blood Sedimentation; Child; Chronic Disease; Colic; D

1970
Treatment of ulcerative colitis with azathioprine.
    British medical journal, 1968, Dec-21, Volume: 4, Issue:5633

    Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Female; Humans; Leuko

1968