Page last updated: 2024-10-23

azathioprine and Escherichia coli Infections

azathioprine has been researched along with Escherichia coli Infections in 26 studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Escherichia coli Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"In an open-label study, 6 patients with moderately active SLE (4 with nephritis and 3 with arthritis refractory to other therapies) were given 4 300-mg doses of infliximab, a chimeric anti-TNFalpha antibody, in addition to immunosuppression with azathioprine or methotrexate."3.72Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study. ( Aringer, M; Graninger, WB; Smolen, JS; Steiner, G, 2004)
"Pemphigus vulgaris is an uncommon auto-immune disease which responds well to treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine."3.68Immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus vulgaris complicated by malakoplakia of the bladder. ( Allen, FJ; Heyns, CF; Jordaan, HF; Schneider, J, 1990)
"We review the pathogenesis of malakoplakia and report a novel form of treatment successfully used in an 8-week-old infant with bilateral renal malakoplakia."2.38Renal parenchymal malakoplakia--a case report and review of the literature. ( Milford, DV; Raafat, F; Saleem, MA; White, RH, 1993)
"Studies of 4 patients with malakoplakia--2 renal transplant recipients, 1 patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 1 patient with polymyositis--are reported."1.27Malakoplakia and immunosuppressive therapy. Reversal of clinical and leukocyte abnormalities after withdrawal of prednisone and azathioprine. ( Bear, RA; Biggar, WD; Cardella, C; Crawford, L; Gladman, D; Reynolds, WJ, 1985)
"The etiology of malakoplakia should be identified for each patient if appropriate treatment is to be given."1.26Malakoplakia: evidence for an acquired disease secondary to immunosuppression. ( Bear, RA; Biggar, WD; Keating, A, 1981)

Research

Studies (26)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199020 (76.92)18.7374
1990's3 (11.54)18.2507
2000's1 (3.85)29.6817
2010's2 (7.69)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Hooper, KM1
Casanova, V1
Kemp, S1
Staines, KA1
Satsangi, J1
Barlow, PG1
Henderson, P1
Stevens, C1
Barbouch, S1
Cherif, M1
Ounissi, M1
Karoui, C1
Mzoughi, S1
Hamida, FB1
Abderrahim, E1
Bozouita, A1
Abdalla, T1
Kheder, A1
RIFKIND, D1
MARCHIORO, TL1
WADDELL, WR1
STARZL, TE1
Aringer, M1
Graninger, WB1
Steiner, G1
Smolen, JS1
Roberts, JA1
Domingue, GJ1
Martin, LN1
Kim, JC1
Rangan, SR1
Shcherbakova, EG1
Alekhin, EK1
Rastunova, GA1
Lazareva, DN1
Sobolev, VR1
Biggar, WD2
Keating, A1
Bear, RA2
Pattison, CP1
Moeller, DD1
Saleem, MA1
Milford, DV1
Raafat, F1
White, RH1
Hjort, EF1
Liska, M6
Hatala, M6
Hasková, V2
Bednarík, T1
Ruder, H1
Thurn, C1
Guggenbichler, JP1
Jordaan, HF1
Heyns, CF1
Allen, FJ1
Schneider, J1
Gleeson, MJ1
McMullin, JP1
Solomon, LR1
Martin, S1
Short, CD1
Lawler, W1
Gokal, R1
Johnson, RW1
Mallick, NP1
Crawford, L1
Cardella, C1
Gladman, D1
Reynolds, WJ1
Ku, G1
Varghese, Z1
Fernando, ON1
Baillod, R1
Hopewell, JP1
Moorhead, JF1
Baardsen, A1
Midtvedt, T1
Trippestad, A1
Larrieu, AJ1
Rodríguez, MS1
Santiago Delpín, EA1
Spousta, J1
Málek, P1
Brinkmeyer, B1
Loew, H1
Ritzerfeld, W1
Gansová, E1
Briggs, WA1
Merrill, JP1
O'Brien, TF1
Wilson, RE1
Birtch, AG1
Murray, JE1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II, Multi-Center Study for Treatment of Lupus Nephritis by Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Using Etanercept[NCT00447265]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Terminated (stopped due to The perceived risk-benefit ratio for individuals with early active RA)
A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multi-Center Trial of Anti-TNF-alpha Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab) and Azathioprine in Patients Suffering From Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) With WHO Class V Glomerulonephritis[NCT00368264]Phase 2/Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Terminated (stopped due to Failure to recruit patients with membranous lupus nephritis not previously treated with azathioprine .)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Number of Adverse Events (AEs)Grade 3 or Higher Experienced by Participant During Treatment Phase of Study

"Number of adverse events (AEs) or serious adverse events (SAEs) Grade 3 or higher experienced by participant over the duration of the treatment period. [1]~[1] This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0." (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

InterventionEvents (Number)
Etanercept0

Number of Participant Adverse Events (AEs) From Baseline to Early Study Withdrawal Visit

Number of participant AEs during the trial. This study graded the severity of AEs experienced by the study participant according to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0. (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: 39 Weeks

InterventionEvents (Number)
Etanercept3

Number of Participants With a B to D Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Musculoskeletal Score

Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Musculoskeletal Score from B (at baseline) to D (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum musculoskeletal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system. (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Etanercept1

Number of Participants With a C to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Mucocutaneous Score

Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Mucocutaneous Score from C (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0). A maximum mucocutaneous score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system. (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Etanercept1

Number of Participants With an A to B Score Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Renal Score

Reported here is the number of participants with a change in their BILAG Renal Score from A (at baseline) to B (at week 24). A single alphabetic score (A through E) is used to denote disease severity. The BILAG score is a converted numerical score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0).A maximum renal score of 9 signifies higher disease activity and a score of 0 is indicative of inactive systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the specified organ system (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Etanercept1

Percent of Participants Who Achieved a Renal Response at Week 24

"Percent of study participants who achieved a renal response at 24 weeks.[1]~[1]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003)" (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionPercent of Participants (Number)
Etanercept100

Time to Participant's Renal Response

"Time to when participant achieved a renal response[1]~[1]A renal response is defined as: 1) 50% reduction in proteinuria compared to baseline as measured by urinary protein: creatinine ratio; and 2) stable or improving renal function as defined by the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (Levy, AS, Coresh J, Galk E et al, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med, 139(2): 137-47, 2003)" (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: First 24 Weeks of Study Period

InterventionWeeks (Number)
Etanercept24

Participant Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Mental Component Score at Baseline and Week 24

"Reported here are the participant SF-36 Mental Component scores at baseline and week 24. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions.[1] The Mental Component score of the SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline.~[1]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey. Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483" (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

InterventionScore on a scale (Number)
Baseline SF-36 Mental Component ScoreWeek 24 SF-36 Mental Component Score
Etanercept31.452.3

Participant Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Score at Baseline and Week 24

"Reported here is the participant baseline and week 24 SF-36 Physical Component scores. The SF-36 measures 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, body pain, social functioning, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, and general health perceptions[1]. The Physical Component scores of the SF-36 range from 0 to 100; 0 equals worst health state. Higher numbers reported here indicate more improvement in condition from baseline.~[1]Ref: Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS36-item short-form health survey Med Care. 1992; 30:473-483." (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

InterventionScore on a scale (Number)
Baseline SF-36 Physical Component ScoreWeek 24 SF-36 Physical Component Score
Etanercept44.442.3

Participant Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) Score at Baseline and at Early Study Withdrawal Visit

Reported here is the baseline and week 39 Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores. The SLEDAI is a concise measure of lupus disease activity with excellent test-retest reliability and high responsiveness to clinically important changes in the disease. The total score is derived from ratings on 24 conditions plus the Physician's Global Assessment; 0 indicates inactive disease and the maximum theoretical score is 105, with higher scores representing increased disease activity. (NCT00447265)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 39 (Early Study Withdrawal Visit)

InterventionPoints on a scale (Number)
Baseline SLEDAI ScoreWeek 39 SLEDAI score
Etanercept228

Reviews

1 review available for azathioprine and Escherichia coli Infections

ArticleYear
Renal parenchymal malakoplakia--a case report and review of the literature.
    Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1993, Volume: 7, Issue:3

    Topics: Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Infant; Malacoplakia; Nephri

1993

Other Studies

25 other studies available for azathioprine and Escherichia coli Infections

ArticleYear
The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drug Azathioprine Induces Autophagy via mTORC1 and the Unfolded Protein Response Sensor PERK.
    Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2019, 08-20, Volume: 25, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Autophagy; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Child; eIF-2 Kinase; Escherichia coli; Es

2019
Urinary tract infections following renal transplantation: a single-center experience.
    Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Chi-Square Distribution; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female;

2012
INFECTIOUS DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL HOMOTRANSPLANTATION.
    JAMA, 1964, Aug-10, Volume: 189

    Topics: Adolescent; Agammaglobulinemia; Agranulocytosis; Azathioprine; Bacteriophage Typing; Child; Diagnosi

1964
Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Bacter

2004
Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Bacter

2004
Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Bacter

2004
Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Bacter

2004
Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model. II. Effect on immunosuppression.
    Investigative urology, 1981, Volume: 19, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Cytomegalovirus; Dis

1981
[Stimulation of nonspecific body resistance in transplantation].
    Antibiotiki, 1980, Volume: 25, Issue:9

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunit

1980
Malakoplakia: evidence for an acquired disease secondary to immunosuppression.
    Transplantation, 1981, Volume: 31, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Immunosuppres

1981
Escherichia coli osteomyelitis after sepsis in regional enteritis: report of a case.
    The American journal of gastroenterology, 1982, Volume: 77, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Escherichia coli Infections; Femur; Humans; Immunosuppression Th

1982
Continued experimental study on the pathogenesis of sporadic bacteriuria in the rat.
    Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology, 1979, Volume: 13, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Bacteriuria; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hepatecto

1979
Effects of various immunosuppressive drugs on the development of experimental renal infection in rats.
    Folia biologica, 1975, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Esc

1975
Adherence of E. coli to uroepithelia in children and adolescents after renal transplantation.
    Transplantation proceedings, 1992, Volume: 24, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Bacterial Adhesion; Child; Epithelium; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli

1992
Immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus vulgaris complicated by malakoplakia of the bladder.
    Clinical and experimental dermatology, 1990, Volume: 15, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Malacopl

1990
Spontaneous pneumoretroperitoneum in a renal transplant recipient.
    Postgraduate medical journal, 1988, Volume: 64, Issue:757

    Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Kidney Tra

1988
Late cellular rejection in renal transplant recipients.
    Transplantation, 1986, Volume: 41, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Follow-U

1986
Malakoplakia and immunosuppressive therapy. Reversal of clinical and leukocyte abnormalities after withdrawal of prednisone and azathioprine.
    The American journal of pathology, 1985, Volume: 119, Issue:1

    Topics: Abscess; Adult; Azathioprine; Carbachol; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kidney Transpl

1985
[Reduced resistance to infection in immunosuppression and its modification through previous immunization. (Preliminary report)].
    Zeitschrift fur Immunitatsforschung, Allergie und klinische Immunologie, 1968, Volume: 135, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunization; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mice

1968
[Effect of passive immunization on experimental Colibacillary sepsis in mice under conditions of immunosuppression].
    Rozhledy v chirurgii : mesicnik Ceskoslovenske chirurgicke spolecnosti, 1972, Volume: 51, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Immune Sera; Immunity, Act

1972
Serum IgG and renal transplantation.
    British medical journal, 1973, Dec-22, Volume: 4, Issue:5894

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Creatinine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Graft Rejection; Hematocrit; H

1973
Influence of azathioprine on humoral defence factors against Escherichia coli in germfree and monocontaminated rats.
    Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. Section B: Microbiology and immunology, 1973, Volume: 81, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Azathioprine; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Complement System Proteins;

1973
Results of the nitroblue tetrazolium test in experimental immunosuppression.
    Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1974, Volume: 139, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Bacterial Infections; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunosuppression Th

1974
[Effect of active immunization on the course of infections in the stage of beginning and progressed immunosuppression].
    Casopis lekaru ceskych, 1969, Volume: 108, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunity; Immunization; Mice

1969
[Therapy of experimental infection using gentamycin and carbenicillin during immunosuppression].
    Rozhledy v chirurgii : mesicnik Ceskoslovenske chirurgicke spolecnosti, 1971, Volume: 50, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Carbenicillin; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Hydr

1971
[The experimental studies of anticorporeal administration of azathioprine].
    Internationale Zeitschrift fur klinische Pharmakologie, Therapie, und Toxikologie. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, 1971, Volume: 4, Issue:4

    Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibody Formation; Azathioprine; Escherichia coli Infections; Hema

1971
The effect of antilymphocyte serum, imuran and hydrocortisone on the development of colibacillary infection in mice.
    Folia biologica, 1971, Volume: 17, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Hydrocorti

1971
Severe pneumonia in renal transplant patients. One year's experience.
    Annals of internal medicine, 1971, Volume: 75, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspergillosis; Azathioprine; Child; Escherichia coli Infec

1971