azathioprine has been researched along with Alopecia in 34 studies
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.
Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"A 16-year-old woman with MG developed hair loss, pancytopenia, bloody diarrhea, and fever shortly after azathioprine treatment." | 8.12 | Alopecia and colon ulcers following azathioprine use in a patient with myasthenia gravis: A case report. ( Hsu, WY; Lin, LC; Lin, PC; Liu, YC, 2022) |
"Azathioprine (AZA) is the drug recommended for the continuation of immunosuppressive treatment after renal transplant in women during pregnancy." | 7.88 | Azathioprine-induced Agranulocytosis and Severe Alopecia After Kidney Transplantation Associated With a NUDT15 Polymorphism: A Case Report. ( Andoh, A; Ishikura, K; Kamei, K; Kano, Y; Matsumura, S; Ogura, M; Saida, K; Sato, M, 2018) |
" Chlorambucil may hold advantages over the immunosuppressive drugs normally recommended in this condition, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, as it appears less liable to cause important marrow suppression and, unlike cyclophosphamide is not associated with alopecia and haemorrhagic cystitis." | 7.65 | Treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus including nephritis with chlorambucil. ( Dunnill, MS; Halley, W; Holt, JM; Oliver, DO; Snaith, ML; Stephenson, AC, 1973) |
"Though not exempt from adverse events, azathioprine (AZA) is an inexpensive and effective drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease." | 5.72 | Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity. ( Baños Arévalo, AJ; Gallardo Sánchez, F; Merino Gallego, E; Miras Lucas, L; Pérez González, Á; Vázquez Rodríguez, JA, 2022) |
"A patient with Crohn's disease and alopecia totalis is described." | 5.28 | Alopecia totalis in a patient with Crohn's disease and its treatment with azathioprine. ( August, PJ; Goddard, CJ; Whorwell, PJ, 1989) |
"A 16-year-old woman with MG developed hair loss, pancytopenia, bloody diarrhea, and fever shortly after azathioprine treatment." | 4.12 | Alopecia and colon ulcers following azathioprine use in a patient with myasthenia gravis: A case report. ( Hsu, WY; Lin, LC; Lin, PC; Liu, YC, 2022) |
"Azathioprine (AZA)-metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphism is strongly related to thiopurine-induced leukocytopenia, which has not been well recognized in dermatological practice." | 3.88 | Severe thiopurine-induced leukocytopenia and hair loss in Japanese patients with defective NUDT15 variant: Retrospective case-control study. ( Fujii, M; Honma, M; Igawa, S; Iinuma, S; Ishida-Yamamoto, A; Kanno, K; Kishibe, K; Kishibe, M; Nozaki, H; Ohtsubo, S; Okamoto, K, 2018) |
"Azathioprine (AZA) is the drug recommended for the continuation of immunosuppressive treatment after renal transplant in women during pregnancy." | 3.88 | Azathioprine-induced Agranulocytosis and Severe Alopecia After Kidney Transplantation Associated With a NUDT15 Polymorphism: A Case Report. ( Andoh, A; Ishikura, K; Kamei, K; Kano, Y; Matsumura, S; Ogura, M; Saida, K; Sato, M, 2018) |
" Chlorambucil may hold advantages over the immunosuppressive drugs normally recommended in this condition, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, as it appears less liable to cause important marrow suppression and, unlike cyclophosphamide is not associated with alopecia and haemorrhagic cystitis." | 3.65 | Treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus including nephritis with chlorambucil. ( Dunnill, MS; Halley, W; Holt, JM; Oliver, DO; Snaith, ML; Stephenson, AC, 1973) |
" Prednisolone dosage was gradually tapered to 10 mg/d at 6 months, when cyclophosphamide was replaced by azathioprine (2 mg/kg/d p." | 2.69 | Treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome by sequential immunosuppression. ( Chan, KW; Chan, TM; Hao, WK; Lai, KN; Li, FK; Lui, SL; Tang, S, 1999) |
"Though not exempt from adverse events, azathioprine (AZA) is an inexpensive and effective drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease." | 1.72 | Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity. ( Baños Arévalo, AJ; Gallardo Sánchez, F; Merino Gallego, E; Miras Lucas, L; Pérez González, Á; Vázquez Rodríguez, JA, 2022) |
" NUDT15 variants are associated with thiopurine-induced adverse events, particularly in Asians." | 1.56 | Rare Genotype of His/His in NUDT15 Codon 139 and Thiopurine-associated Adverse Events in a Case of Ulcerative Colitis. ( Kakuta, Y; Kawata, Y; Okamoto, D; Sato, H; Terai, S; Tominaga, K; Tomiyoshi, K; Yokoyama, J, 2020) |
"Despite NUDT15 variants showing significant association with thiopurine-induced adverse events (AEs) in Asians, it remains unclear which variants of NUDT15 or whether additional genetic variants should be tested to predict AEs." | 1.48 | NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study. ( Andoh, A; Araki, H; Endo, K; Hanai, H; Hiraoka, S; Hisamatsu, T; Hokari, R; Ikeya, K; Ishiguro, Y; Kakuta, Y; Kawai, Y; Kinouchi, Y; Kobayashi, T; Masamune, A; Matsumoto, T; Miura, M; Mizuno, S; Moroi, R; Motoya, S; Naganuma, M; Nagasaki, M; Naito, T; Nakagawa, S; Nakagawa, T; Nakamura, S; Nakase, H; Nishida, A; Okamoto, D; Onodera, K; Sakuraba, H; Sasaki, M; Shiga, H; Shimosegawa, T; Shinozaki, M; Suzuki, Y; Takagawa, T; Takahara, M; Toyonaga, T; Yanai, S, 2018) |
"Thiopurine-induced severe hair loss causes cosmetic problems, and it takes a long time to recover." | 1.43 | NUDT15 R139C causes thiopurine-induced early severe hair loss and leukopenia in Japanese patients with IBD. ( Endo, K; Kakuta, Y; Kimura, T; Kinouchi, Y; Kuroha, M; Naito, T; Negoro, K; Onodera, M; Shiga, H; Shimosegawa, T, 2016) |
"Thiopurine-induced leukopenia is a relatively common adverse event related to thiopurine medication in Korean pediatric Crohn's disease." | 1.43 | NUDT15 variant is the most common variant associated with thiopurine-induced early leukopenia and alopecia in Korean pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. ( Hwang, EH; Kang, B; Kim, SY; Lee, YJ; Park, JH; Shin, JH, 2016) |
" This study aims to detect TPMT polymorphisms and TPMT enzyme activity in Chinese SLE patients and to describe the association between TPMT genotypes and adverse effects of AZA." | 1.40 | Association of thiopurine methyltransferase status with azathioprine side effects in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Chen, D; Lian, F; Liang, L; Qiu, Q; Wang, Y; Xu, H; Yang, X; Ye, Y; Yuan, S; Zhan, Z, 2014) |
"Both alopecia and polymyositis are rarely associated with inflammatory bowel disease; thus, they have to be discussed as extraintestinal manifestations." | 1.29 | Polymyositis, alopecia universalis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with Crohn's disease. ( Jakob, F; Klein, R; Seibold, F, 1996) |
"A patient with Crohn's disease and alopecia totalis is described." | 1.28 | Alopecia totalis in a patient with Crohn's disease and its treatment with azathioprine. ( August, PJ; Goddard, CJ; Whorwell, PJ, 1989) |
"Treatment with azathioprine resulted in a progressive improvement in her condition." | 1.26 | A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine. ( Hendry, AT; Sanderson, JE; Spiro, SG; Turner-Warwick, M, 1977) |
"Azathioprine was best tolerated, but gave only medium results whereas procarbazine, as a very potent drug, had the highest rate of side effects (especially depression of bone marrow, infections, gastrointestinal manifestations etc." | 1.25 | [Side effects in immunosuppressive therapy]. ( Thumb, N, 1975) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 13 (38.24) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 3 (8.82) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 2 (5.88) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 11 (32.35) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 5 (14.71) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Vázquez Rodríguez, JA | 1 |
Merino Gallego, E | 1 |
Baños Arévalo, AJ | 1 |
Gallardo Sánchez, F | 1 |
Miras Lucas, L | 1 |
Pérez González, Á | 1 |
Paudel, V | 1 |
Chudal, D | 1 |
Pradhan, MB | 1 |
Thakur, R | 1 |
Pandey, BR | 1 |
Hsu, WY | 1 |
Lin, PC | 1 |
Liu, YC | 1 |
Lin, LC | 1 |
Tomiyoshi, K | 1 |
Sato, H | 1 |
Tominaga, K | 1 |
Kawata, Y | 1 |
Okamoto, D | 2 |
Kakuta, Y | 3 |
Yokoyama, J | 1 |
Terai, S | 1 |
Stanich, PP | 1 |
Lujan, G | 1 |
Hosmer, A | 1 |
Nomura, H | 1 |
Kurihara, Y | 1 |
Saito, M | 1 |
Fukushima, A | 1 |
Shintani, Y | 1 |
Shiiyama, R | 1 |
Toshima, S | 1 |
Kamata, A | 1 |
Yamagami, J | 1 |
Funakoshi, T | 1 |
Kameyama, K | 1 |
Amagai, M | 1 |
Kubo, A | 1 |
Umegaki-Arao, N | 1 |
Hon, KL | 1 |
Chang, M | 1 |
Chong, SC | 1 |
Yuen, YP | 1 |
Tsui, SKW | 1 |
Kawai, Y | 1 |
Takagawa, T | 1 |
Ikeya, K | 1 |
Sakuraba, H | 1 |
Nishida, A | 1 |
Nakagawa, S | 1 |
Miura, M | 1 |
Toyonaga, T | 1 |
Onodera, K | 1 |
Shinozaki, M | 1 |
Ishiguro, Y | 1 |
Mizuno, S | 1 |
Takahara, M | 1 |
Yanai, S | 1 |
Hokari, R | 1 |
Nakagawa, T | 1 |
Araki, H | 1 |
Motoya, S | 1 |
Naito, T | 2 |
Moroi, R | 1 |
Shiga, H | 2 |
Endo, K | 2 |
Kobayashi, T | 1 |
Naganuma, M | 1 |
Hiraoka, S | 1 |
Matsumoto, T | 1 |
Nakamura, S | 1 |
Nakase, H | 1 |
Hisamatsu, T | 1 |
Sasaki, M | 1 |
Hanai, H | 1 |
Andoh, A | 2 |
Nagasaki, M | 1 |
Kinouchi, Y | 2 |
Shimosegawa, T | 2 |
Masamune, A | 1 |
Suzuki, Y | 1 |
Kishibe, M | 1 |
Nozaki, H | 1 |
Fujii, M | 1 |
Iinuma, S | 1 |
Ohtsubo, S | 1 |
Igawa, S | 1 |
Kanno, K | 1 |
Honma, M | 1 |
Kishibe, K | 1 |
Okamoto, K | 1 |
Ishida-Yamamoto, A | 1 |
Saida, K | 1 |
Kamei, K | 1 |
Ogura, M | 1 |
Matsumura, S | 1 |
Kano, Y | 1 |
Sato, M | 1 |
Ishikura, K | 1 |
Chen, D | 1 |
Lian, F | 1 |
Yuan, S | 1 |
Wang, Y | 1 |
Zhan, Z | 1 |
Ye, Y | 1 |
Qiu, Q | 1 |
Xu, H | 1 |
Liang, L | 1 |
Yang, X | 1 |
Gupta, P | 1 |
Shaffrali, F | 1 |
Onodera, M | 1 |
Kuroha, M | 1 |
Kimura, T | 1 |
Negoro, K | 1 |
Lee, YJ | 1 |
Hwang, EH | 1 |
Park, JH | 1 |
Shin, JH | 1 |
Kang, B | 1 |
Kim, SY | 1 |
Vañó-Galván, S | 1 |
Hermosa-Gelbard, Á | 1 |
Sánchez-Neila, N | 1 |
Miguel-Gómez, L | 1 |
Saceda-Corralo, D | 1 |
Rodrigues-Barata, R | 1 |
Jaén, P | 1 |
Park, SW | 1 |
Um, SH | 1 |
Lee, HA | 1 |
Kim, SH | 1 |
Sim, Y | 1 |
Yim, SY | 1 |
Seo, YS | 1 |
Ryu, HS | 1 |
Takatsu, N | 1 |
Matsui, T | 1 |
Murakami, Y | 1 |
Ishihara, H | 1 |
Hisabe, T | 1 |
Nagahama, T | 1 |
Maki, S | 1 |
Beppu, T | 1 |
Takaki, Y | 1 |
Hirai, F | 1 |
Yao, K | 1 |
Reményi, P | 1 |
Masszi, T | 1 |
Borbényi, Z | 1 |
Soós, J | 1 |
Siklós, L | 1 |
Engelhardt, JI | 1 |
Lawson, DH | 1 |
Lovatt, GE | 1 |
Gurton, CS | 1 |
Hennings, RC | 1 |
Seibold, F | 1 |
Klein, R | 1 |
Jakob, F | 1 |
Chan, TM | 1 |
Li, FK | 1 |
Hao, WK | 1 |
Chan, KW | 1 |
Lui, SL | 1 |
Tang, S | 1 |
Lai, KN | 1 |
Ushigome, H | 1 |
Yoshimura, N | 1 |
Okamoto, M | 1 |
Najima, H | 1 |
Hamajima, T | 1 |
Nakai, I | 1 |
Oka, T | 1 |
Sessa, A | 1 |
Sirtori, CM | 1 |
Giordano, F | 1 |
Cioffi, A | 1 |
Conte, F | 1 |
Dei Poli, M | 1 |
Sanderson, JE | 1 |
Spiro, SG | 1 |
Hendry, AT | 1 |
Turner-Warwick, M | 1 |
Thumb, N | 1 |
Goddard, CJ | 1 |
August, PJ | 1 |
Whorwell, PJ | 1 |
van Joost, T | 1 |
Stolz, E | 1 |
Habets, W | 1 |
Notowicz, A | 1 |
Levantine, A | 1 |
Almeyda, J | 1 |
McDonald, J | 1 |
Murphy, AV | 1 |
Arneil, GC | 1 |
Koranda, FC | 1 |
Dehmel, EM | 1 |
Kahn, G | 1 |
Penn, I | 1 |
Snaith, ML | 1 |
Holt, JM | 1 |
Oliver, DO | 1 |
Dunnill, MS | 1 |
Halley, W | 1 |
Stephenson, AC | 1 |
Currey, HL | 1 |
Kalter, SS | 1 |
Ratner, IA | 1 |
Britton, HA | 1 |
Vice, TE | 1 |
Eugster, AK | 1 |
Rodriguez, AR | 1 |
Pachiolo, R | 1 |
Genova, R | 1 |
3 reviews available for azathioprine and Alopecia
Article | Year |
---|---|
Adverse effects of azathioprine.
Topics: Alopecia; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Diseases; Carcinogens; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Interactions; | 1984 |
Drug reactions. XXIV. Cutaneous reactions to cytostatic agents.
Topics: Alopecia; Aminopterin; Antineoplastic Agents; Asparaginase; Azathioprine; Bleomycin; Busulfan; Chlor | 1974 |
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cytotoxic and antimetabolic drugs.
Topics: Alopecia; Aminopterin; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; | 1970 |
2 trials available for azathioprine and Alopecia
Article | Year |
---|---|
Treatment of membranous lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome by sequential immunosuppression.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Ther | 1999 |
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with cytotoxic and antimetabolic drugs.
Topics: Alopecia; Aminopterin; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; | 1970 |
30 other studies available for azathioprine and Alopecia
Article | Year |
---|---|
Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Colitis, Ulcerative; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Ag | 2022 |
Alopecia Universalis Associated with Hyperthyroidism Treated with Azathioprine and Hydroxychloroquine: A Case Report.
Topics: Alopecia; Alopecia Areata; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Hyperthyroidism | 2021 |
Alopecia and colon ulcers following azathioprine use in a patient with myasthenia gravis: A case report.
Topics: Adolescent; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Colonic Diseases; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Myasthenia Gravis; P | 2022 |
Rare Genotype of His/His in NUDT15 Codon 139 and Thiopurine-associated Adverse Events in a Case of Ulcerative Colitis.
Topics: Alopecia; Asian People; Azathioprine; Codon; Colitis, Ulcerative; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; | 2020 |
Nausea and Diarrhea with Fingernail and Hair Changes.
Topics: Alopecia; Azathioprine; Diarrhea; Drug Tapering; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestina | 2021 |
Azathioprine-induced alopecia and leukopenia associated with NUDT15 polymorphisms.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukopenia; Loss of Functio | 2018 |
Adverse Effects of Azathioprine in a Child and Her Mother with Eczema.
Topics: Adolescent; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Eczema; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; N | 2018 |
NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study.
Topics: Alopecia; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Genetic Predisposition | 2018 |
Severe thiopurine-induced leukocytopenia and hair loss in Japanese patients with defective NUDT15 variant: Retrospective case-control study.
Topics: Alopecia; Asian People; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents | 2018 |
Azathioprine-induced Agranulocytosis and Severe Alopecia After Kidney Transplantation Associated With a NUDT15 Polymorphism: A Case Report.
Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Female; Graft Rejection; Homozygote; Humans; Immunos | 2018 |
Association of thiopurine methyltransferase status with azathioprine side effects in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Topics: Adult; Alleles; Alopecia; Asian People; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cohort | 2014 |
An unusual side effect of azathioprine.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged | 2015 |
NUDT15 R139C causes thiopurine-induced early severe hair loss and leukopenia in Japanese patients with IBD.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asian People; Azathioprine; Chi-Square Distribution; Coli | 2016 |
NUDT15 variant is the most common variant associated with thiopurine-induced early leukopenia and alopecia in Korean pediatric patients with Crohn's disease.
Topics: Age Factors; Alopecia; Asian People; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; G | 2016 |
Treatment of recalcitrant adult alopecia areata universalis with oral azathioprine.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru | 2016 |
Mycophenolate mofetil as an alternative treatment for autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alopecia; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Azathiopri | 2016 |
Adverse reactions to azathioprine cannot be predicted by thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotype in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asian People; Azathioprine; Chemica | 2009 |
CIDP cured by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Anemia, Aplastic; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Graft vs Host Disease; He | 2007 |
Polymyositis, alopecia universalis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antigens, CD; Azathioprine; Cholangiopancreatography, End | 1996 |
Two cases of tacrolimus-induced alopecia following kidney transplantation.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Immunosuppre | 1999 |
[Puerperal systemic lupus erythematosus. Personal studies].
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Alopecia; Anuria; Azathioprine; Female; Fever; Glomerulonephritis; H | 1979 |
A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine.
Topics: Alopecia; Arthritis; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Veins; Raynaud Disease; Sk | 1977 |
[Side effects in immunosuppressive therapy].
Topics: Alopecia; Amenorrhea; Anemia; Azathioprine; Bacterial Infections; Chlorambucil; Female; Humans; Immu | 1975 |
Alopecia totalis in a patient with Crohn's disease and its treatment with azathioprine.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Humans; Male | 1989 |
[Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus; who is afraid of the red wolf?].
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Glossitis; Humans; Lupus Er | 1985 |
Long-term assessment of cyclophosphamide therapy for nephrosis in children.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Cystitis | 1974 |
Cutaneous complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft recipients.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adolescent; Adult; Alopecia; Azathioprine; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous | 1974 |
Treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus including nephritis with chlorambucil.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia; Amenorrhea; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Cyst | 1973 |
Wasting syndrome in thymectomized immature baboons (papio species) after infection with adenovirus type 12.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Alopecia; Animals; Antibody Formation; Azathioprine; Body Weight; Cobalt Isotopes; Com | 1967 |
Results of immunodepressive treatment in the nephrotic syndrome.
Topics: Alopecia; Azathioprine; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosphamide; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressi | 1970 |