azathioprine and Episcleritis studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Azathioprine was moderately effective as a single corticosteroid-sparing immunosuppressive agent in terms of control of inflammation and corticosteroid-sparing benefits, but required several months to achieve treatment goals; it seems especially useful for patients with intermediate uveitis."	3.75	Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. ( Foster, CS; Jabs, DA; Kempen, JH; Levy-Clarke, GA; Liesegang, TL; Newcomb, CW; Nussenblatt, RB; Pasadhika, S; Pujari, SS; Rosenbaum, JT; Suhler, EB; Thorne, JE, 2009)
"Ability to control ocular inflammation and to taper prednisone to	3.74	Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. ( Dunn, JP; Galor, A; Jabs, DA; Kedhar, SR; Leder, HA; Peters, GB; Thorne, JE, 2008)
"Scleritis is an inflammation of the outer eye coating that manifests with redness and ocular pain, and tends to be more severe when associated with a systemic collagen disease."	1.39	Visual loss from scleritis in C-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis. ( Alrashidi, S; Krema, H; Yousef, YA, 2013)
"Posterior scleritis is an unusual disease that may cause serious ocular inflammation and potentially blinding consequences."	1.34	Isolated bilateral posterior scleritis after eye trauma. ( Ramirez-Ortiz, MA; Vasquez-Resendis, A, 2007)
"Retrospective study of patients treated for scleritis (n = 87) or episcleritis (n = 18)."	1.32	[Indication and effect of immunosuppression in patients with scleritis]. ( Dück, N; Heiligenhaus, A; Hudde, T; Koch, J; Michel, D; Steuhl, KP, 2003)
"Posterior scleritis has protean manifestations and can be easily overlooked."	1.32	[Posterior scleritis: six case reports]. ( Attia, S; Bhouri, L; Chaouch, K; Jelliti, B; Jenzri, S; Khairallah, M; Ladjimi, A; Messaoud, R; Zaouali, S, 2003)
" Because of that, there was no need to increase dosage nor to switch systemic immunosuppressors."	1.31	[Transeptal steroids in necrotizing scleritis]. ( Folch Ramos, J; Sainz De La Maza Serra, M, 2001)
"Wegener's granulomatosis is a well-defined systemic vasculitic syndrome that primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidney."	1.29	Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. ( Gal, AA; LiVolsi, VA; Masor, JJ, 1994)
"Chronic relapsing polychondritis is a rare connective tissue disease of presumed autoimmunologic pathogenesis."	1.28	[Chronic recurrent polychondritis. The spectrum of eye involvement]. ( Althaus, C; Sundmacher, R, 1991)
"Dapsone, which has been reported to be effective in the treatment of relapsing polychondritis, did not control the destructive scleral inflammation in six (75%) of eight patients; two (50%) of four patients with diffuse anterior scleritis were controlled with this drug."	1.28	Scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Response to therapy. ( Foster, CS; Hoang-Xaun, T; Rice, BA, 1990)

Research

Studies (19)

Authors

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success After Switching to Other Medication (Phase II, 0-6 Months)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	5 (26.32)	18.2507
2000's	9 (47.37)	29.6817
2010's	5 (26.32)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Matsuura, M	1
Taniguchi, Y	1
Terada, Y	1
Rossi, DC	1
Ribi, C	1
Guex-Crosier, Y	1
Lima, BR	1
Nussenblatt, RB	2
Sen, HN	1
Alrashidi, S	1
Yousef, YA	1
Krema, H	1
Galor, A	1
Jabs, DA	2
Leder, HA	1
Kedhar, SR	1
Dunn, JP	1
Peters, GB	1
Thorne, JE	2
Pasadhika, S	1
Kempen, JH	1
Newcomb, CW	1
Liesegang, TL	1
Pujari, SS	1
Rosenbaum, JT	1
Foster, CS	2
Levy-Clarke, GA	1
Suhler, EB	1
Mellado, F	1
Talesnik, E	1
Castiglione, E	1
Heiligenhaus, A	1
Dück, N	1
Michel, D	1
Hudde, T	1
Koch, J	1
Steuhl, KP	1
Altan-Yaycioglu, R	1
Akova, YA	1
Kart, H	1
Cetinkaya, A	1
Yilmaz, G	1
Aydin, P	1
Ladjimi, A	1
Messaoud, R	1
Attia, S	1
Jenzri, S	1
Zaouali, S	1
Chaouch, K	1
Bhouri, L	1
Jelliti, B	1
Khairallah, M	1
Crovetto, M	1
Solano, D	1
Centeno, J	1
Ramirez-Ortiz, MA	1
Vasquez-Resendis, A	1
Cuchacovich, M	1
Pacheco, P	1
Díaz, G	1
Rojas, B	1
Stoppel, J	1
Merino, G	1
Verdaguer, JI	1
Verdaguer, J	1
Villarroel, F	1
Masor, JJ	1
Gal, AA	1
LiVolsi, VA	1
Karia, N	1
Doran, J	1
Watson, SL	1
Nischal, K	1
Grahn, BH	1
Cullen, CL	1
Wolfer, J	1
Sainz De La Maza Serra, M	1
Folch Ramos, J	1
Althaus, C	1
Sundmacher, R	1
Hoang-Xaun, T	1
Rice, BA	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
First-line Antimetabolites as Steroid-sparing Treatment (FAST) Uveitis Trial[NCT01829295]	Phase 3	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate for patients who crossed over to other medication following treatment failure at 6 months (or earlier). (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 6 Months

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success at 12 Months on Same Medication (Phase I, 6-12 Months)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Switched Over to Methotrexate	20
Switched Over to Mycophenolate Mofetil	7

Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate in patients who were a treatment success at the primary outcome of 6 months. (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success at 6 Months (Phase I, 0-6 Months)

Article	Year
Treatment of chronic non-infectious uveitis and scleritis. Swiss medical weekly, 2019, 02-25, Volume: 149 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Immunosuppressive Agents; Me	2019
Pharmacogenetics of drugs used in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2013, Volume: 9, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkylating Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine;	2013

Article	Year
Retinal and Choroidal Detachment in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Scleritis and Retinal Vasculitis Mimicking Choroidal Tumor. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2017, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antirheumatic Agents; Azathioprine; Choro	2017
Visual loss from scleritis in C-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis. BMJ case reports, 2013, Jun-10, Volume: 2013 Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Azathioprine; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, C	2013
Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology, 2008, Volume: 115, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Glucocorti	2008
Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. American journal of ophthalmology, 2009, Volume: 148, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans;	2009
Azathioprine as monotherapy for scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2012, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Pain; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents;	2012
[Indication and effect of immunosuppression in patients with scleritis]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 2003, Volume: 220, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Cyclosporin	2003
Posterior scleritis in psoriatic arthritis. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fluorescein Angiography	2003
[Posterior scleritis: six case reports]. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie, 2003, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inf	2003
[Recurrent polychondritis: apropos of a case]. Acta otorrinolaringologica espanola, 2003, Volume: 54, Issue:10 Topics: Aspirin; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Conjunctivitis; Cyclos	2003
Isolated bilateral posterior scleritis after eye trauma. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2007, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Conjunctiva; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Injuries; Eyelids; Female; Fluoresc	2007
Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. The American journal of the medical sciences, 1994, Volume: 308, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Eye Diseases; Female; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Kidney; Middle Aged; P	1994
Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 1999, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Diplopia	1999
Diagnostic ophthalmology. Necrotic scleritis and uveitis. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Azathioprine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Immunosuppressive Agents	1999
[Transeptal steroids in necrotizing scleritis]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia, 2001, Volume: 76, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; I	2001
[Chronic recurrent polychondritis. The spectrum of eye involvement]. Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 1991, Volume: 88, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Diseases; Female; Fluocortolone; Fluorescein Ang	1991
Scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Response to therapy. Ophthalmology, 1990, Volume: 97, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biopsy;	1990

azathioprine and Episcleritis