azathioprine has been researched along with Scleritis in 19 studies
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.
Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Azathioprine was moderately effective as a single corticosteroid-sparing immunosuppressive agent in terms of control of inflammation and corticosteroid-sparing benefits, but required several months to achieve treatment goals; it seems especially useful for patients with intermediate uveitis." | 3.75 | Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. ( Foster, CS; Jabs, DA; Kempen, JH; Levy-Clarke, GA; Liesegang, TL; Newcomb, CW; Nussenblatt, RB; Pasadhika, S; Pujari, SS; Rosenbaum, JT; Suhler, EB; Thorne, JE, 2009) |
"Ability to control ocular inflammation and to taper prednisone to | 3.74 | Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. ( Dunn, JP; Galor, A; Jabs, DA; Kedhar, SR; Leder, HA; Peters, GB; Thorne, JE, 2008) | |
| "Scleritis is an inflammation of the outer eye coating that manifests with redness and ocular pain, and tends to be more severe when associated with a systemic collagen disease." | 1.39 | Visual loss from scleritis in C-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis. ( Alrashidi, S; Krema, H; Yousef, YA, 2013) |
| "Posterior scleritis is an unusual disease that may cause serious ocular inflammation and potentially blinding consequences." | 1.34 | Isolated bilateral posterior scleritis after eye trauma. ( Ramirez-Ortiz, MA; Vasquez-Resendis, A, 2007) |
| "Retrospective study of patients treated for scleritis (n = 87) or episcleritis (n = 18)." | 1.32 | [Indication and effect of immunosuppression in patients with scleritis]. ( Dück, N; Heiligenhaus, A; Hudde, T; Koch, J; Michel, D; Steuhl, KP, 2003) |
| "Posterior scleritis has protean manifestations and can be easily overlooked." | 1.32 | [Posterior scleritis: six case reports]. ( Attia, S; Bhouri, L; Chaouch, K; Jelliti, B; Jenzri, S; Khairallah, M; Ladjimi, A; Messaoud, R; Zaouali, S, 2003) |
| " Because of that, there was no need to increase dosage nor to switch systemic immunosuppressors." | 1.31 | [Transeptal steroids in necrotizing scleritis]. ( Folch Ramos, J; Sainz De La Maza Serra, M, 2001) |
| "Wegener's granulomatosis is a well-defined systemic vasculitic syndrome that primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidney." | 1.29 | Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. ( Gal, AA; LiVolsi, VA; Masor, JJ, 1994) |
| "Chronic relapsing polychondritis is a rare connective tissue disease of presumed autoimmunologic pathogenesis." | 1.28 | [Chronic recurrent polychondritis. The spectrum of eye involvement]. ( Althaus, C; Sundmacher, R, 1991) |
| "Dapsone, which has been reported to be effective in the treatment of relapsing polychondritis, did not control the destructive scleral inflammation in six (75%) of eight patients; two (50%) of four patients with diffuse anterior scleritis were controlled with this drug." | 1.28 | Scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Response to therapy. ( Foster, CS; Hoang-Xaun, T; Rice, BA, 1990) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 5 (26.32) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 9 (47.37) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 5 (26.32) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Matsuura, M | 1 |
| Taniguchi, Y | 1 |
| Terada, Y | 1 |
| Rossi, DC | 1 |
| Ribi, C | 1 |
| Guex-Crosier, Y | 1 |
| Lima, BR | 1 |
| Nussenblatt, RB | 2 |
| Sen, HN | 1 |
| Alrashidi, S | 1 |
| Yousef, YA | 1 |
| Krema, H | 1 |
| Galor, A | 1 |
| Jabs, DA | 2 |
| Leder, HA | 1 |
| Kedhar, SR | 1 |
| Dunn, JP | 1 |
| Peters, GB | 1 |
| Thorne, JE | 2 |
| Pasadhika, S | 1 |
| Kempen, JH | 1 |
| Newcomb, CW | 1 |
| Liesegang, TL | 1 |
| Pujari, SS | 1 |
| Rosenbaum, JT | 1 |
| Foster, CS | 2 |
| Levy-Clarke, GA | 1 |
| Suhler, EB | 1 |
| Mellado, F | 1 |
| Talesnik, E | 1 |
| Castiglione, E | 1 |
| Heiligenhaus, A | 1 |
| Dück, N | 1 |
| Michel, D | 1 |
| Hudde, T | 1 |
| Koch, J | 1 |
| Steuhl, KP | 1 |
| Altan-Yaycioglu, R | 1 |
| Akova, YA | 1 |
| Kart, H | 1 |
| Cetinkaya, A | 1 |
| Yilmaz, G | 1 |
| Aydin, P | 1 |
| Ladjimi, A | 1 |
| Messaoud, R | 1 |
| Attia, S | 1 |
| Jenzri, S | 1 |
| Zaouali, S | 1 |
| Chaouch, K | 1 |
| Bhouri, L | 1 |
| Jelliti, B | 1 |
| Khairallah, M | 1 |
| Crovetto, M | 1 |
| Solano, D | 1 |
| Centeno, J | 1 |
| Ramirez-Ortiz, MA | 1 |
| Vasquez-Resendis, A | 1 |
| Cuchacovich, M | 1 |
| Pacheco, P | 1 |
| Díaz, G | 1 |
| Rojas, B | 1 |
| Stoppel, J | 1 |
| Merino, G | 1 |
| Verdaguer, JI | 1 |
| Verdaguer, J | 1 |
| Villarroel, F | 1 |
| Masor, JJ | 1 |
| Gal, AA | 1 |
| LiVolsi, VA | 1 |
| Karia, N | 1 |
| Doran, J | 1 |
| Watson, SL | 1 |
| Nischal, K | 1 |
| Grahn, BH | 1 |
| Cullen, CL | 1 |
| Wolfer, J | 1 |
| Sainz De La Maza Serra, M | 1 |
| Folch Ramos, J | 1 |
| Althaus, C | 1 |
| Sundmacher, R | 1 |
| Hoang-Xaun, T | 1 |
| Rice, BA | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-line Antimetabolites as Steroid-sparing Treatment (FAST) Uveitis Trial[NCT01829295] | Phase 3 | 216 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-08-31 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate for patients who crossed over to other medication following treatment failure at 6 months (or earlier). (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 6 Months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Switched Over to Methotrexate | 20 |
| Switched Over to Mycophenolate Mofetil | 7 |
Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate in patients who were a treatment success at the primary outcome of 6 months. (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 12 Months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Methotrexate | 48 |
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 40 |
Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate. (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 6 Months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Methotrexate | 64 |
| Mycophenolate Mofetil | 56 |
2 reviews available for azathioprine and Scleritis
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Treatment of chronic non-infectious uveitis and scleritis.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Immunosuppressive Agents; Me | 2019 |
Pharmacogenetics of drugs used in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkylating Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; | 2013 |
1 trial available for azathioprine and Scleritis
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Role of Azathioprine in steroid resistant non infectious ocular inflammatory diseases].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Choroid Diseases; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; | 2007 |
16 other studies available for azathioprine and Scleritis
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Retinal and Choroidal Detachment in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Scleritis and Retinal Vasculitis Mimicking Choroidal Tumor.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antirheumatic Agents; Azathioprine; Choro | 2017 |
Visual loss from scleritis in C-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis.
Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Azathioprine; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, C | 2013 |
Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Glucocorti | 2008 |
Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; | 2009 |
Azathioprine as monotherapy for scleritis in relapsing polychondritis.
Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Pain; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; | 2012 |
[Indication and effect of immunosuppression in patients with scleritis].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Cyclosporin | 2003 |
Posterior scleritis in psoriatic arthritis.
Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fluorescein Angiography | 2003 |
[Posterior scleritis: six case reports].
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inf | 2003 |
[Recurrent polychondritis: apropos of a case].
Topics: Aspirin; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Conjunctivitis; Cyclos | 2003 |
Isolated bilateral posterior scleritis after eye trauma.
Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Conjunctiva; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Injuries; Eyelids; Female; Fluoresc | 2007 |
Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis.
Topics: Azathioprine; Eye Diseases; Female; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Kidney; Middle Aged; P | 1994 |
Surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Diplopia | 1999 |
Diagnostic ophthalmology. Necrotic scleritis and uveitis.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Azathioprine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Immunosuppressive Agents | 1999 |
[Transeptal steroids in necrotizing scleritis].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; I | 2001 |
[Chronic recurrent polychondritis. The spectrum of eye involvement].
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Diseases; Female; Fluocortolone; Fluorescein Ang | 1991 |
Scleritis in relapsing polychondritis. Response to therapy.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biopsy; | 1990 |