azathioprine and Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, as well as conference abstracts and international publications, for the terms "6-MP and lymphoma," "6-mercaptopurine and lymphoma," "thiopurines and lymphoma," "azathioprine and cancer and IBD," "azathioprine and malignancy and IBD," "azathioprine and lymphoma," and "lymphoproliferative and thiopurines."	8.91	Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. ( Beaugerie, L; Beigel, F; Bewtra, M; Biancone, L; Blonski, WC; Brensinger, CM; Chaparro, M; Gisbert, JP; Kotlyar, DS; Lewis, JD; Lichtenstein, GR; Loftus, EV; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sandilya, S; Tierney, A; Van Domselaar, M, 2015)
" We report two cases of atypical infectious mononucleosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under azathioprine therapy and review the available evidence on the most appropriate therapeutic approach in this subset of patients."	8.84	[Infectious mononucleosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under treatment with azathioprine]. ( Arévalo, JA; Bargalló, A; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Carrión, S; Domènech, E; Gassull, MA; Mañosa, M, 2008)
"The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a more precise estimate of the relative risk of lymphoma among IBD patients treated with azathioprine or 6-MP."	8.82	Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. ( Brensinger, C; Fraser, AG; Kandiel, A; Korelitz, BI; Lewis, JD, 2005)
"The immunosuppressant drug azathioprine is associated with a 4% risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	8.12	HLA variants associated with azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in patients with Crohn's disease. ( Ås, J; Bertulyte, I; Eriksson, N; Hallberg, P; Magnusson, PKE; Wadelius, M, 2022)
"Azathioprine (AZA)-induced pancreatitis (AIP) is a common, idiosyncratic adverse effect whose incidence and risk factors data in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are not fully clarified."	8.12	Finding Predictors of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Arieira, C; Cotter, J; Cúrdia Gonçalves, T; Dias de Castro, F; Firmino-Machado, J; Freitas, M; Lima Capela, T; Macedo Silva, V; Moreira, MJ, 2022)
"To examine serum C-reactive protein levels and the prevalence of leukopenia in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis undergoing treatment with azathioprine and/or mesalazine."	8.12	C-reactive protein levels and prevalence of leukopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and/or mesalazine: a real-life study. ( Catapani, WR; Santos, RCFD; Takahashi, AAR; Waisberg, J, 2022)
"The aim of the study was to identify the frequency of azathioprine-induced acute pancreatitis (AZA-AP) and related factors."	8.02	Frequency, Predisposing Factors, and Clinical Outcome of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From a Tertiary Referral Center. ( Atay, K; Bozcan, S; Celik, AF; Celik, S; Demir, N; Erzin, Y; Eskazan, T; Hatemi, I; Tuncer, M; Yildirim, S, 2021)
"Azathioprine-induced pancreatitis is an idiosyncratic and unpredictable response, occurring in up to 7% of azathioprine-exposed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	8.02	Pretreatment HLADQA1-HLADRB1 Testing for the Prevention of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. ( Beaton, M; Chande, N; Choi, YH; Gregor, JC; Kim, RB; Ponich, T; Sey, M; Wang, Q; Wilson, A; Yan, B, 2021)
"Studies have shown an association between use of azathioprine and increased risk of acute pancreatitis in adult inflammatory bowel disease."	7.91	Association between use of azathioprine and risk of acute pancreatitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a Swedish-Danish nationwide cohort study. ( Ludvigsson, JF; Melbye, M; Olén, O; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H; Wintzell, V, 2019)
"Azathioprine (AZA)-induced pancreatitis is an unpredictable and dose-independent adverse event affecting 2%-7% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with AZA."	7.88	HLA-DQA1-HLA-DRB1 polymorphism is a major predictor of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beaton, M; Chande, N; Gregor, JC; Jairath, V; Jansen, LE; Khanna, N; Khanna, R; Kim, RB; McIntosh, K; Ponich, T; Rose, RV; Sey, M; Teft, WA; Wilson, A; Yan, B, 2018)
" We report a case of a 67-year-old man with multiple comorbidities including vitiligo, and a recent diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, who developed millimeter-size, circular, brown macules in photoexposed areas both affected and not affected by vitiligo while was taken azathioprine, which disappeared after drug withdrawal."	7.83	"Eruptive Lentiginosis" in a Patient With Vitiligo and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated With Azathioprine. ( Mendoza-Chaparro, C; Murillo-Lázaro, C; Ramos-Rodríguez, C, 2016)
"The aim of this study was to describe prescription patterns for azathioprine and corticosteroids for pregnant women with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) before, during, and after pregnancy and to describe pregnancy outcomes."	7.83	Use of azathioprine and corticosteroids during pregnancy and birth outcome in women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Garne, E; Hansen, AV; Plauborg, AV, 2016)
" Prolonged treatment with immunosuppressants including azathioprine (Aza), a thiopurine prodrug, has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of late onset leukemias/lymphomas displaying a microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype, the hallmark of a defective MMR system."	7.81	Azathioprine induction of tumors with microsatellite instability: risk evaluation using a mouse model. ( Beaugerie, L; Bodo, S; Brousse, N; Buhard, O; Capel, C; Chalastanis, A; Collura, A; Cuillières-Dartigues, P; Dinard, L; Dumont, S; Duval, A; Fabiani, B; Fléjou, JF; Lafitte, P; Ledent, T; Muleris, M; Penard-Lacronique, V; Sourrouille, I; Svrcek, M; Wanherdrick, K, 2015)
"The thiopurine drugs, azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine, are established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	7.79	The impact of thiopurine-S-methyltransferase genotype on the adverse drug reactions to azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. ( Balakova, D; Batovsky, M; Celec, P; Desatova, B; Gregus, M; Hlavaty, T; Hlista, M; Horakova, M; Huorka, M; Kadasi, L; Koller, T; Pav, I; Toth, J; Zakuciova, M, 2013)
"Prospective follow-up for a median of 35 months of a French cohort of 19 486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease showed a nearly 4-fold increase in the risk of lymphoma in patients exposed to azathioprine or mercaptopurine (relative risk 3."	7.77	Azathioprine and mercaptopurine: lymphoma. ( , 2011)
"This observation suggests that the higher frequency of lymphopenia may be associated with the elevated 6-TGN concentrations recovered in patients treated with aminosalicylates."	7.76	High thiopurine metabolite concentrations associated with lymphopenia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pediatric patients receiving aminosalicylates combined with azathioprine. ( Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Le Gall, C; Nguyen, TM, 2010)
"There are few data on the incidence of benign infections (upper respiratory tract infections, herpes lesions and viral warts) during exposure to azathioprine."	7.75	Incidence of benign upper respiratory tract infections, HSV and HPV cutaneous infections in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine. ( Beaugerie, L; Cosnes, J; Gendre, JP; Nion-Larmurier, I; Seksik, P; Sokol, H, 2009)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is used during pregnancy by women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), other autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and organ transplantation."	7.75	Early pregnancy azathioprine use and pregnancy outcomes. ( Cleary, BJ; Källén, B, 2009)
"We prospectively investigated colonoscopic biopsies from five groups of 20 subjects each: patients with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis treated with azathioprine (group 1), azathioprine and 5-ASA (group 2), 5-ASA (group 3), untreated IBD (group 4), and healthy controls."	7.74	Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients with IBD colitis. ( Bengmark, S; Dörffel, Y; Lochs, H; Loening-Baucke, V; Swidsinski, A, 2007)
"Erythema nodosum and pustules are rarely reported manifestations of azathioprine hypersensitivity."	7.74	Erythema nodosum-like eruption as a manifestation of azathioprine hypersensitivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Aractingi, S; Beaugerie, L; Cosnes, J; de Fonclare, AL; Duriez, P; Khosrotehrani, K, 2007)
"Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine appears to be associated with a small increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoma."	7.71	Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. ( Burgart, LJ; Dayharsh, GA; Loftus, EV; Macon, WR; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; Witzig, TE; Zinsmeister, AR, 2002)
"Hypersensitivity reactions to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine occur during the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), raising significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges."	7.70	Allergic reactions to 6-mercaptopurine during treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Fuller, S; Goel, F; Korelitz, BI; Zlatanic, J, 1999)
"Although azathioprine has been reported to be safe during pregnancy in renal transplant recipients and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, opinions vary whether it should be continued in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease."	7.68	Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Alstead, EM; Clark, ML; Farthing, MJ; Lennard-Jones, JE; Ritchie, JK, 1990)
" Determining the optimal duration and cessation time can help to balance the risks of long-term intake with the possibility of relapse after cessation."	5.91	Azathioprine monotherapy withdrawal in inflammatory bowel diseases: A retrospective mono-centric study. ( Barberio, B; Crepaldi, M; Maniero, D; Massano, A; Pavanato, M; Savarino, EV; Zingone, F, 2023)
"Though not exempt from adverse events, azathioprine (AZA) is an inexpensive and effective drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease."	5.72	Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity. ( Baños Arévalo, AJ; Gallardo Sánchez, F; Merino Gallego, E; Miras Lucas, L; Pérez González, Á; Vázquez Rodríguez, JA, 2022)
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."	5.48	Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ( Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)
"AZA-induced acute pancreatitis is a common adverse event in IBD patients, but in this study had a mild course in all patients."	5.43	Azathioprine-induced Acute Pancreatitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases--A Prospective Study on Incidence and Severity. ( Bokemeyer, B; Bündgens, B; Büning, J; Drabik, A; Helwig, U; Hüppe, D; Klugmann, T; Kruis, W; Maaser, C; Miehlke, S; Mohl, W; Siegmund, B; Stallmach, A; Teich, N; Weismüller, J, 2016)
" In this subgroup, thiopurine dosing was modified in 64% (dosage reduction: 32%, medication discontinued: 32%)."	5.43	The Impact of Azathioprine-Associated Lymphopenia on the Onset of Opportunistic Infections in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Biedermann, L; Frei, P; Fried, M; Rogler, G; Scharl, M; Scharl, S; Sulz, MC; Vavricka, SR; Vögelin, M; Zeitz, J, 2016)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a thiopurine prodrug which is widely used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	5.42	The impact of glutathione S-transferase genotype and phenotype on the adverse drug reactions to azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. ( Bi, H; Ding, L; Gao, X; Hu, P; Huang, M; Liu, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2015)
"In up to 80% of cases primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	5.39	Inflammatory bowel diseases and primary sclerosing cholangitis: hepatic and pancreatic side effects due to azathioprine. ( Astegiano, M; Bonagura, AG; Cisarò, F; Pallavicino, F; Pellicano, R; Reggiani, S; Rizzetto, M; Sguazzini, C; Simondi, D, 2013)
"Lymphopenia is a recognized effect of this treatment, but lymphopenia-related complications in IBD patients have not been widely reported."	5.37	Natural history of azathioprine-associated lymphopenia in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective observational study. ( Al Rifai, A; Campbell, S; McBurney, H; Newman, W; Prasad, N; Pushpakom, S; Robinson, A; Shuttleworth, E, 2011)
"Pancreatitis is a potentially severe condition."	5.35	Acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease, with special reference to azathioprine-induced pancreatitis. ( Algaba, A; Bermejo, F; Calvo, M; Carneros, JA; Gisbert, JP; López, P; Lopez-Sanroman, A; Luna, M; Martín-Arranz, MD; Menchén, L; Mendoza, JL; Opio, V; Pérez-Calle, JL; Taxonera, C; Van-Domselaar, M; Vera, I, 2008)
"Azathioprine is an effective treatment for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	5.31	Is neutropenia required for effective maintenance of remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease? ( Campbell, S; Ghosh, S, 2001)
"There are substantial global differences in the preference for mercaptopurine (MP) or its prodrug azathioprine (AZA) as first-choice thiopurine to treat inflammatory bowel diseases."	5.24	More Dose-dependent Side Effects with Mercaptopurine over Azathioprine in IBD Treatment Due to Relatively Higher Dosing. ( Broekman, MMTJ; Coenen, MJH; de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJJ; Guchelaar, HJ; Hooymans, PM; Klungel, OH; Scheffer, H; van Marrewijk, CJ; Verbeek, ALM; Wanten, GJA; Wong, DR, 2017)
"Recent studies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) on thiopurine therapy suggest that too low 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations (6-TGN) and too high methylmercaptopurine nucleotide concentrations (MMPN) can be reversed by a combination therapy of allopurinol and low-dose thiopurines."	5.17	Low allopurinol doses are sufficient to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with inadequate thiopurine metabolite concentrations. ( Curkovic, I; Frei, P; Fried, M; Jetter, A; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Rentsch, KM; Rogler, G, 2013)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a well-known immunosuppressant used for many years for its ability to ensure long term disease remission in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) at an affordable cost to the public."	4.98	Effective long-term solution to therapeutic remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Azathioprine. ( Adam, L; Phulukdaree, A; Soma, P, 2018)
"We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, as well as conference abstracts and international publications, for the terms "6-MP and lymphoma," "6-mercaptopurine and lymphoma," "thiopurines and lymphoma," "azathioprine and cancer and IBD," "azathioprine and malignancy and IBD," "azathioprine and lymphoma," and "lymphoproliferative and thiopurines."	4.91	Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. ( Beaugerie, L; Beigel, F; Bewtra, M; Biancone, L; Blonski, WC; Brensinger, CM; Chaparro, M; Gisbert, JP; Kotlyar, DS; Lewis, JD; Lichtenstein, GR; Loftus, EV; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sandilya, S; Tierney, A; Van Domselaar, M, 2015)
"Azathioprine is currently the key drug in the maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases."	4.84	Are we giving azathioprine too much time? ( García López, S; Gomollón, F, 2008)
" We report two cases of atypical infectious mononucleosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under azathioprine therapy and review the available evidence on the most appropriate therapeutic approach in this subset of patients."	4.84	[Infectious mononucleosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under treatment with azathioprine]. ( Arévalo, JA; Bargalló, A; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Carrión, S; Domènech, E; Gassull, MA; Mañosa, M, 2008)
"Pregnancy should be avoided in women treated with methotrexate because of its known abortifacient effects and risk of causing typical malformations."	4.82	Inflammatory bowel disease: management issues during pregnancy. ( Ferrero, S; Ragni, N, 2004)
"The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a more precise estimate of the relative risk of lymphoma among IBD patients treated with azathioprine or 6-MP."	4.82	Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. ( Brensinger, C; Fraser, AG; Kandiel, A; Korelitz, BI; Lewis, JD, 2005)
"IBD patients who previously failed azathioprine or mercaptopurine and initiated thioguanine were prospectively followed for 12 months starting when corticosteroid-free clinical remission was achieved (Harvey-Bradshaw Index [HBI] ≤ 4 or Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index [SCCAI] ≤ 2)."	4.31	Thioguanine is Effective as Maintenance Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Multicentre Registry Study. ( Boekema, P; de Boer, N; de Leest, M; Dijkstra, G; Fidder, H; Gisbertz, I; Hoentjen, F; Jharap, B; Kaplan, S; Kubben, F; Meijssen, M; Mulder, CJJ; Petrak, A; Russel, M; Schepers, F; Simsek, M; van Asseldonk, D; van Bodegraven, AA; van Boeckel, P; van de Poel, E, 2023)
"The immunosuppressant drug azathioprine is associated with a 4% risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	4.12	HLA variants associated with azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in patients with Crohn's disease. ( Ås, J; Bertulyte, I; Eriksson, N; Hallberg, P; Magnusson, PKE; Wadelius, M, 2022)
"Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including methotrexate and azathioprine, are commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	4.12	Persistently normal blood tests in patients taking methotrexate for RA or azathioprine for IBD: a retrospective cohort study. ( Adams, J; Barnes, N; Barrett, R; Batchelor, J; Culliford, D; Edwards, CJ; Fraser, SD; Holroyd, C; Howard, C; Ibrahim, K; Johnson, R; Lin, SX; Rischin, A; Roderick, P; Rutter, P; Stammers, M, 2022)
"Azathioprine (AZA)-induced pancreatitis (AIP) is a common, idiosyncratic adverse effect whose incidence and risk factors data in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are not fully clarified."	4.12	Finding Predictors of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Arieira, C; Cotter, J; Cúrdia Gonçalves, T; Dias de Castro, F; Firmino-Machado, J; Freitas, M; Lima Capela, T; Macedo Silva, V; Moreira, MJ, 2022)
"To examine serum C-reactive protein levels and the prevalence of leukopenia in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis undergoing treatment with azathioprine and/or mesalazine."	4.12	C-reactive protein levels and prevalence of leukopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and/or mesalazine: a real-life study. ( Catapani, WR; Santos, RCFD; Takahashi, AAR; Waisberg, J, 2022)
"Bronchiectasis was treated with inhaled oral steroids and sputum expectoration while she continued mesalamine and azathioprine for ulcerative colitis."	4.12	Ulcerative colitis-associated bronchiectasis: A rare extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease: A case report. ( Abbas, A; Alhalabi, M; Ali Deeb, S; Ali, F, 2022)
"The aim of the study was to identify the frequency of azathioprine-induced acute pancreatitis (AZA-AP) and related factors."	4.02	Frequency, Predisposing Factors, and Clinical Outcome of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From a Tertiary Referral Center. ( Atay, K; Bozcan, S; Celik, AF; Celik, S; Demir, N; Erzin, Y; Eskazan, T; Hatemi, I; Tuncer, M; Yildirim, S, 2021)
"Azathioprine-induced pancreatitis is an idiosyncratic and unpredictable response, occurring in up to 7% of azathioprine-exposed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	4.02	Pretreatment HLADQA1-HLADRB1 Testing for the Prevention of Azathioprine-Induced Pancreatitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. ( Beaton, M; Chande, N; Choi, YH; Gregor, JC; Kim, RB; Ponich, T; Sey, M; Wang, Q; Wilson, A; Yan, B, 2021)
"The thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are frequently used for remission maintenance in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases."	3.91	Do clinical and laboratory parameters predict thiopurine metabolism and clinical outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases? ( Frick, S; Jetter, A; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Müller, D, 2019)
"Studies have shown an association between use of azathioprine and increased risk of acute pancreatitis in adult inflammatory bowel disease."	3.91	Association between use of azathioprine and risk of acute pancreatitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a Swedish-Danish nationwide cohort study. ( Ludvigsson, JF; Melbye, M; Olén, O; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H; Wintzell, V, 2019)
"Azathioprine (AZA)-induced pancreatitis is an unpredictable and dose-independent adverse event affecting 2%-7% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with AZA."	3.88	HLA-DQA1-HLA-DRB1 polymorphism is a major predictor of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beaton, M; Chande, N; Gregor, JC; Jairath, V; Jansen, LE; Khanna, N; Khanna, R; Kim, RB; McIntosh, K; Ponich, T; Rose, RV; Sey, M; Teft, WA; Wilson, A; Yan, B, 2018)
" We report a case of a 67-year-old man with multiple comorbidities including vitiligo, and a recent diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, who developed millimeter-size, circular, brown macules in photoexposed areas both affected and not affected by vitiligo while was taken azathioprine, which disappeared after drug withdrawal."	3.83	"Eruptive Lentiginosis" in a Patient With Vitiligo and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated With Azathioprine. ( Mendoza-Chaparro, C; Murillo-Lázaro, C; Ramos-Rodríguez, C, 2016)
"The risk of breast cancer recurrence in patients who received methotrexate, thiopurine, or anti-TNF therapy was not statistically significantly increased, although we cannot rule out a 2-fold or greater increased risk in those treated with thiopurines."	3.83	Association Between Breast Cancer Recurrence and Immunosuppression in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cohort Study. ( Boursi, B; Brensinger, CM; Chen, L; Clark, AS; Curtis, JR; Lewis, JD; Mamtani, R; Osterman, MT; Scott, FI; Xie, F; Yun, H, 2016)
"The aim of this study was to describe prescription patterns for azathioprine and corticosteroids for pregnant women with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) before, during, and after pregnancy and to describe pregnancy outcomes."	3.83	Use of azathioprine and corticosteroids during pregnancy and birth outcome in women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Garne, E; Hansen, AV; Plauborg, AV, 2016)
"Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) are crucial enzymes involved in the metabolism of thiopurine drugs: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, used in the treatment of leukemia or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	3.83	A Simple Method for TPMT and ITPA Genotyping Using Multiplex HRMA for Patients Treated with Thiopurine Drugs. ( Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek, A; Borun, P; Dobrowolska, A; Kurzawski, M; Lipinski, D; Plawski, A; Skrzypczak-Zielinska, M; Slomski, R; Walczak, M; Waszak, M; Zakerska-Banaszak, O, 2016)
"Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to thiopurine and allopurinol co-therapy were not detected in our case series."	3.81	Successful Pregnancies with Thiopurine-Allopurinol Co-Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Ansari, A; Duley, J; Florin, T; Nelson-Piercy, C; Sheikh, M, 2015)
"We aimed to assess the effect of azathioprine on mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	3.81	The rate of mucosal healing by azathioprine therapy and prediction by artificial systems. ( Aksoy, A; Başaranoğlu, M; Coşkun, O; Demirbağ, AE; Gangarapu, V; Hardalaç, F; Kaplan, M; Kayaçetin, E; Kılıç, ZM; Kutbay, U; Örmeci, N; Özderin Özin, Y; Yüksel, M, 2015)
" Prolonged treatment with immunosuppressants including azathioprine (Aza), a thiopurine prodrug, has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of late onset leukemias/lymphomas displaying a microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype, the hallmark of a defective MMR system."	3.81	Azathioprine induction of tumors with microsatellite instability: risk evaluation using a mouse model. ( Beaugerie, L; Bodo, S; Brousse, N; Buhard, O; Capel, C; Chalastanis, A; Collura, A; Cuillières-Dartigues, P; Dinard, L; Dumont, S; Duval, A; Fabiani, B; Fléjou, JF; Lafitte, P; Ledent, T; Muleris, M; Penard-Lacronique, V; Sourrouille, I; Svrcek, M; Wanherdrick, K, 2015)
"In the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, the use of azathioprine is increasing over the time."	3.80	UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of the azathioprine metabolites 6-mercaptoguanosine and 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ( Adriani, A; Agnesod, D; Astegiano, M; Canaparo, R; D'Avolio, A; De Nicolò, A; Di Perri, G; Riganò, D; Rizzetto, M; Simiele, M, 2014)
"Mesalamine and thiopurines (6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine) have been shown to increase the risk of developing acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients."	3.80	Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors on drug-induced pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Deepak, P; Stobaugh, DJ, 2014)
"Pancreatitis occurs in approximately 4% of patients treated with the thiopurines azathioprine or mercaptopurine."	3.80	HLA-DQA1-HLA-DRB1 variants confer susceptibility to pancreatitis induced by thiopurine immunosuppressants. ( Ahmad, T; Andrews, JM; Annese, V; Bampton, P; Barnardo, M; Bell, S; Bewshea, CM; Chen, M; Cole, A; Connor, SJ; Creed, T; Cummings, FR; D'Amato, M; Daneshmend, TK; Dubois, PC; Fedorak, RN; Florin, TH; Gaya, DR; Greig, E; Halfvarson, J; Hart, A; Heap, GA; Holden, AL; Irving, PM; Jones, G; Karban, A; Lawrance, IC; Lee, JC; Lees, C; Lev-Tzion, R; Lindsay, JO; Mansfield, J; Mawdsley, J; Mazhar, Z; Orchard, TR; Parkes, M; Parnell, K; Radford-Smith, G; Reffitt, D; Rossjohn, J; Russell, RK; Satchwell, JB; Satsangi, J; Silverberg, MS; Singh, A; So, K; Sturniolo, GC; Tremelling, M; Tsianos, EV; van Heel, DA; Vivian, JP; Walsh, A; Watermeyer, G; Weedon, MN; Weersma, RK; Zeissig, S, 2014)
" TPMT metabolizes the thiopurines 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, and azathioprine, drugs that are widely used for treatment of acute leukemias, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other disorders of immune regulation."	3.79	Nomenclature for alleles of the thiopurine methyltransferase gene. ( Appell, ML; Berg, J; Coulthard, SA; Duley, J; Evans, WE; Hebert, JM; Kennedy, MA; Klein, TE; Lennard, L; Marinaki, T; McDonagh, EM; McLeod, HL; Relling, MV; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Weinshilboum, R; Yeoh, AE, 2013)
"The thiopurine drugs, azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine, are established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	3.79	The impact of thiopurine-S-methyltransferase genotype on the adverse drug reactions to azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. ( Balakova, D; Batovsky, M; Celec, P; Desatova, B; Gregus, M; Hlavaty, T; Hlista, M; Horakova, M; Huorka, M; Kadasi, L; Koller, T; Pav, I; Toth, J; Zakuciova, M, 2013)
" Four cases are presented of TIP appropriately related temporally to azathioprine commencement, with no other apparent cause of pancreatitis identified."	3.79	Are thiopurines always contraindicated after thiopurine-induced pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease? ( Day, AS; Ledder, OD; Lemberg, DA; Ooi, CY, 2013)
") and treatments received (Azathioprine, mercaptopurine, infliximab, adalimumab or other immunomodulators), as well as neoplasms incidence."	3.79	Thiopurines related malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease: local experience in Granada, Spain. ( Cabello-Tapia, MJ; De Teresa-Galván, J; Gómez-García, M; Redondo-Cerezo, E; Sánchez-Capilla, AD, 2013)
"Prospective follow-up for a median of 35 months of a French cohort of 19 486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease showed a nearly 4-fold increase in the risk of lymphoma in patients exposed to azathioprine or mercaptopurine (relative risk 3."	3.77	Azathioprine and mercaptopurine: lymphoma. ( , 2011)
"Pharmacogenetic studies in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are mainly focused on genes involved in the metabolism of Azathioprine (AZA)."	3.77	A pharmacogenetics study of TPMT and ITPA genes detects a relationship with side effects and clinical response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving Azathioprine. ( Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barros, F; Carpio, D; Carracedo, A; Castro, J; Corton, M; Echarri, A; Lorenzo, A; Martin-Granizo, I; Martínez-Ares, D; Pereira, S; Zabala-Fernández, W, 2011)
"The 6-TGN levels were measured in 54 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (32 with ulcerative colitis and 22 with Crohn's disease), who had been administered azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for more than 90 days."	3.76	Prediction of 6-thioguanine nucleotides levels in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases during long-term thiopurine administration. ( Esaki, M; Iida, M; Jo, Y; Kochi, S; Matsumoto, T, 2010)
"This observation suggests that the higher frequency of lymphopenia may be associated with the elevated 6-TGN concentrations recovered in patients treated with aminosalicylates."	3.76	High thiopurine metabolite concentrations associated with lymphopenia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pediatric patients receiving aminosalicylates combined with azathioprine. ( Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Le Gall, C; Nguyen, TM, 2010)
"There are few data on the incidence of benign infections (upper respiratory tract infections, herpes lesions and viral warts) during exposure to azathioprine."	3.75	Incidence of benign upper respiratory tract infections, HSV and HPV cutaneous infections in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine. ( Beaugerie, L; Cosnes, J; Gendre, JP; Nion-Larmurier, I; Seksik, P; Sokol, H, 2009)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is used during pregnancy by women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), other autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and organ transplantation."	3.75	Early pregnancy azathioprine use and pregnancy outcomes. ( Cleary, BJ; Källén, B, 2009)
"The medical records of eight patients who developed severe pancytopenia following concomitant use of azathioprine and ribavirin were retrospectively reviewed."	3.74	Interaction of ribavirin with azathioprine metabolism potentially induces myelosuppression. ( Bigard, MA; Bronowicki, JP; Cadranel, JF; Canva, V; Cortot, A; Gueant, JL; Nousbaum, JB; Oussalah, A; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Roblin, X; Seddik, M; Sogni, P, 2008)
"Although azathioprine usually is reserved for inflammatory bowel disease that proves difficult to control, routine early use has recently been advocated for children with Crohn disease."	3.74	Predicting the need for azathioprine at first presentation in children with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Davies, P; Mossop, H; Murphy, MS, 2008)
"We prospectively investigated colonoscopic biopsies from five groups of 20 subjects each: patients with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis treated with azathioprine (group 1), azathioprine and 5-ASA (group 2), 5-ASA (group 3), untreated IBD (group 4), and healthy controls."	3.74	Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients with IBD colitis. ( Bengmark, S; Dörffel, Y; Lochs, H; Loening-Baucke, V; Swidsinski, A, 2007)
"Erythema nodosum and pustules are rarely reported manifestations of azathioprine hypersensitivity."	3.74	Erythema nodosum-like eruption as a manifestation of azathioprine hypersensitivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Aractingi, S; Beaugerie, L; Cosnes, J; de Fonclare, AL; Duriez, P; Khosrotehrani, K, 2007)
"Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are useful therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases."	3.73	6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and previous digestive intolerance of azathioprine. ( Domènech, E; Garcia-Planella, E; Gassull, MA; López-San Román, A; Nos, P; Papo, M, 2005)
"Of all azathioprine treated patients, 11 experienced an adverse event for which azathioprine was stopped: pancreatitis (n = 4), leucopenia (n = 2) and 'general malaise' (n = 5)."	3.73	Pharmacogenetics of thiopurine therapy in paediatric IBD patients. ( Benninga, MA; De Ridder, L; Escher, JC; Hommes, DW; Stokkers, PC; Van der Woude, JC; Van Deventer, HJ; Van Dieren, JM; Van Vuuren, AJ, 2006)
"Approximately 10% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients receiving 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA) develop drug hypersensitivity reactions necessitating early discontinuation of these traditional thiopurines."	3.72	Thioguanine: a potential alternate thiopurine for IBD patients allergic to 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. ( Abreu, MT; Dubinsky, MC; Feldman, EJ; Targan, SR; Vasiliauskas, EA, 2003)
"Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine appears to be associated with a small increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoma."	3.71	Epstein-Barr virus-positive lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. ( Burgart, LJ; Dayharsh, GA; Loftus, EV; Macon, WR; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; Witzig, TE; Zinsmeister, AR, 2002)
"Azathioprine, off-label used long time ago to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, has recently received approval from the Spanish Medicine Agency (Agencia Española del Medicamento) in relapsing-remitting (RR) forms of this condition."	3.71	[Hypomethylation and multiple sclerosis, the susceptibility factor?]. ( Cara Terribas, CJ; González Guijarro, L, 2002)
"Hypersensitivity reactions to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine occur during the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), raising significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges."	3.70	Allergic reactions to 6-mercaptopurine during treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Fuller, S; Goel, F; Korelitz, BI; Zlatanic, J, 1999)
" Azathioprine was generally well tolerated, but 11 drug-associated neutropenias were detected."	3.70	Identification of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms cannot predict myelosuppression in systemic lupus erythematosus patients taking azathioprine. ( Battaglia, E; Botto, M; Naughton, MA; O'Brien, S; Walport, MJ, 1999)
"Although azathioprine has been reported to be safe during pregnancy in renal transplant recipients and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, opinions vary whether it should be continued in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease."	3.68	Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Alstead, EM; Clark, ML; Farthing, MJ; Lennard-Jones, JE; Ritchie, JK, 1990)
" Participants with optimal dosing in the morning had an earlier chronotype by corrected midpoint of sleep."	3.30	Impact of Chronotherapy on 6-Mercaptopurine Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Crossover Trial. ( Biglin, M; Bishehsari, F; Chouhan, V; Francey, L; Hogenesch, J; Jochum, S; Keshavarzian, A; Raff, H; Shaikh, M; Swanson, GR, 2023)
" Meta-analyses for mortality, different types of adverse events (AEs), withdrawal due to AE, change in disease activity and clinical remission were performed following mainly a fixed-effects model."	3.01	Role of Pharmacogenomics in the Efficacy and Safety of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Barajas, M; Beloqui, JJ; Erviti, J; Gutiérrez-Valencia, M; Leache, L; Saiz, LC; Vicuña, M, 2023)
"Clinical failure was defined for Crohn's disease (CD) as a Harvey-Bradshaw index ≥5 associated with a faecal calprotectin level >250 µg/g stool and for UC as a Mayo score >5 with endoscopic subscore >1 or as the occurrence of adverse events requiring to stop treatment."	2.94	Addition of azathioprine to the switch of anti-TNF in patients with IBD in clinical relapse with undetectable anti-TNF trough levels and antidrug antibodies: a prospective randomised trial. ( Berger, AE; Boschetti, G; Del Tedesco, E; Duru, G; Flourie, B; Nancey, S; Paul, S; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Phelip, JM; Roblin, X; Vedrines, P; Williet, N, 2020)
"Hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal complaints and general malaise are common limiting adverse reactions of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in IBD patients, often related to high steady-state 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide (6-MMPR) metabolite concentrations."	2.84	Early prediction of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Coenen, MJ; de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Franke, B; Guchelaar, HJ; Hooymans, PM; Klungel, OH; Scheffer, H; van Marrewijk, CJ; Verbeek, AL; Vermeulen, SH; Wong, DR, 2017)
" In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of the usual duo of azathioprine combined with allopurinol."	2.82	Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo. ( Sparrow, MP; Turbayne, AK, 2022)
"The risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with IBD is increased due to the higher incidence of cholelithiasis and drug-induced pancreatitis in this population."	2.82	Pancreatic Disorders in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Bi, Y; Corral, JE; Farraye, FA; Ji, B; Kröner, PT; Lukens, FJ; Montenegro, ML, 2022)
" This study aimed to assess whether expression and activity of Rac1 or phosphorylated ezrin-radixin-moesin (pERM) in patients with IBD could provide a useful biomarker for the pharmacodynamic thiopurine effect and might be related to clinical effectiveness."	2.82	Rac1 as a Potential Pharmacodynamic Biomarker for Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Bezu, J; van Bodegraven, AA; van Nieuw Amerongen, GP, 2016)
"85]) Conclusions: This study indicated that by changing the treatment strategy from standard weight-based dosing of azathioprine to weight-based low-dose azathioprine in combination with allopurinol, we can increase remission rates in patients with IBD."	2.82	Randomized clinical trial: a pilot study comparing efficacy of low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol to azathioprine on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Kiszka-Kanowitz, M; Mertz-Nielsen, A; Theede, K, 2016)
"Pregnancy has a major effect on maternal thiopurine metabolism."	2.79	Intrauterine exposure and pharmacology of conventional thiopurine therapy in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( de Boer, NK; de Jong, DJ; Dijkstra, G; Hommes, DW; Jharap, B; Mulder, CJ; Oldenburg, B; Stokkers, P; van Bodegraven, AA; van der Woude, CJ; van Elburg, RM, 2014)
"5 U combined with a post-treatment 6-thioguanine nucleotide level > 230 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes was the best predictor of response."	2.73	Thiopurine methyltransferase activity combined with 6-thioguanine metabolite levels predicts clinical response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Devlin, SM; Kwan, LY; Mirocha, JM; Papadakis, KA, 2008)
"As treatment options for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) expand each class of medication will have specific safety concerns and side-effect profiles that need to be considered for optimal treatment of patients."	2.72	Immunomodulatory Agents for Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Review safety of anti-TNF, Anti-Integrin, Anti IL-12/23, JAK Inhibition, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator, Azathioprine / 6-MP and Methotrexate). ( Hanauer, SB; Malter, L; Sattler, L, 2021)
" However, adverse events leading to discontinuation may occur in 10-20% of patients."	2.71	6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a short-term safety assessment. ( de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Jansen, JB; Mulder, CJ, 2003)
" Deficiencies in TPMT result in accumulation of toxic metabolites, followed by neutropenia and hepatic inflammation."	2.71	Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine: effect on cost and adverse events. ( Bailey, RJ; Fedorak, RN; Jacobs, P; Prosser, C; Sayani, FA, 2005)
" This study aimed to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of delayed-release oral azathioprine capsules at doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg relative to 100 mg of standard oral azathioprine tablets."	2.68	A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation. ( Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; McKinney, JA; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1997)
"Two boys and six girls (six with ulcerative colitis and two with Crohn's disease; ages 3-17 years) received 100-200 micrograms/kg/day cyclosporine intravenously and then 4-10 mg/kg/day orally."	2.68	Combined use of cyclosporine and azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. ( Calenda, K; Grand, RJ; Langhans, N; Ramakrishna, J; Verhave, M, 1996)
" Dose-restricted tioguanine (thioguanine) could expand treatment options by reducing methylated metabolites, increasing the bioavailability of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and ameliorating thiopurine intolerance or resistance."	2.66	Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. ( Czaja, AJ, 2020)
"Azathioprine was initiated after one year due to active colitis."	2.61	A nearly fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with low NK-cell counts in a patient receiving azathioprine: a case report and review of literature. ( Honkila, M; Kettunen, K; Kuismin, O; Niinimäki, R; Renko, M; Saarela, J; Tapiainen, T; Taskinen, M; Turunen, S, 2019)
" The role of TDM with new biologics and the usefulness of software-systems support tools to guide drug dosing are now under investigation."	2.58	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric IBD: Current Application and Future Perspectives. ( Bramuzzo, M; Dubinsky, MC; Lega, S, 2018)
" For thiopurines, adjusting dosing by monitoring 6-thioguanine (6TGN) and 6-methylmercaptopurine ((6MMP) levels is demonstrated to maximize response and minimize toxicity, while monitoring metabolite levels when treating with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) remain controversial."	2.58	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Benchimol, EI; Carman, N; Mack, DR, 2018)
" Additionally, the review addresses the benefits and risks of routine measurement of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity or genotype before starting thiopurine therapy compared with empiric weight-based dosing and explores the performance of different trough drug concentrations for anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and thiopurines to inform clinical decision making when applying TDM in a reactive setting."	2.55	American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ( Falck-Ytter, Y; Herfarth, H; Katz, J; Singh, S; Vande Casteele, N, 2017)
" Drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics have increasingly played a role in determining dosing and dose optimisation and we review the rationale for this in both thiopurine monotherapy and in combination with biologic agents."	2.55	Optimising use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Dart, RJ; Irving, PM, 2017)
" However, because of their complex metabolism and potential toxicities, optimal use of biomarkers to predict adverse effects and therapeutic response is paramount."	2.53	Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Loftus, EV; Moon, W, 2016)
"UC related colorectal cancer develop in an unpredictable manner with respect to disease duration and site questioning the validity of strict screening protocol."	2.53	Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future. ( Ray, G, 2016)
" Differences in metabolism of these drugs lead to individual variation in thiopurine metabolite levels that can determine its therapeutic efficacy and development of adverse reactions."	2.52	Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD. ( Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)
"Allopurinol can enhance the potency of thiopurine treatment."	2.50	Allopurinol enhanced thiopurine treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: safety considerations and guidelines for use. ( McCabe, RP; Min, MX; Weinberg, DI, 2014)
" Unfortunately, these agents are associated with adverse events ranging from mild nuisance symptoms to potentially life-threatening complications including infections and malignancies."	2.50	Adverse events in IBD: to stop or continue immune suppressant and biologic treatment. ( Cross, RK; McLean, LP, 2014)
" In IBD, conventional weight-based dosing with thiopurines leads to an inadequate response in many patients."	2.50	The role of thiopurine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatological disorders. ( Friedman, AB; Gibson, PR; Sparrow, MP, 2014)
" Conventional weight based dosing of thiopurines in IBD leads to intolerance or inefficacy in many patients."	2.50	The role of thiopurine metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Sparrow, MP, 2014)
"An increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is present also after LT in IBD patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)."	2.50	Clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease in the organ recipient. ( Indriolo, A; Ravelli, P, 2014)
"Azathioprine is a purine antimetabolite drug commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	2.50	Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase? ( Cuzzoni, E; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Martelossi, S; Pelin, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2014)
" TB risk was higher when anti-TNF agents were combined with methotrexate or azathioprine as compared with either controls (24/4241 versus 0/4673; OR 54; 95% CI 5."	2.50	Higher risk of tuberculosis reactivation when anti-TNF is combined with immunosuppressive agents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ( Armuzzi, A; Bruzzese, V; Diamanti, AP; Gatta, L; Hassan, C; Laganà, B; Lorenzetti, R; Migliore, A; Ridola, L; Zullo, A, 2014)
"Azathioprine is an efficient maintenance treatment of IBD, able to maintain a complete clinical and anatomical remission in about one third of patients."	2.49	Is there still a room for azathioprine monotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease? ( Bourrier, A; Cosnes, J; Seksik, P, 2013)
"Mercaptopurine was tolerated by 58% of azathioprine-intolerant patients in the Edinburgh cohort."	2.49	A trial of mercaptopurine is a safe strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease intolerant to azathioprine: an observational study, systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Arnott, ID; Kennedy, NA; Lees, CW; Noble, CL; Rhatigan, E; Satsangi, J; Shand, AG, 2013)
" Optimal thiopurine dosing is challenging for preventing adverse drug reactions and improving clinical response."	2.48	Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beaune, P; Chouchana, L; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Roblin, X, 2012)
" Pharmacogenomic advances and increased knowledge of their metabolism are allowing dosage optimization."	2.47	Optimizing thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Chevaux, JB; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sparrow, MP, 2011)
" In this report, we will review different approaches to administer the thiopurine medications, including the administration of 6-mercaptopurine in those unsuccessfully treated with azathioprine; co-administration of thiopurine with allopurinol; co-administration of thiopurine with anti-tumor necrosis factor α; 6-TGN administration; desensitization trials; and split dosing of 6-MP."	2.47	Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine therapy in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bradford, K; Shih, DQ, 2011)
"Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, together popularly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by a number of extraintestinal manifestations."	2.46	Pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel diseases. ( Das, K; Pitchumoni, CS; Rubin, A, 2010)
"To evaluate the relationship between thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms and thiopurine-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	2.46	Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and thiopurine toxicity in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Dong, XW; Ran, ZH; Tong, JL; Zheng, Q; Zhu, MM, 2010)
" Presently, the most debated issues surrounding the thiopurines include: the role of thiopurine methyltransferase and metabolite-adjusted dosing in enhancing efficacy and minimizing toxicity; the timing of thiopurine use, that is, earlier versus later use during the course of the disease; the selection of thiopurine monotherapy versus combination therapy with an anti-TNF-α; agent; and the safety profile of thiopurines."	2.46	Thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Dassopoulos, T; Ha, C, 2010)
" Patients often take only 40 to 80% of their prescribed dosage of medication."	2.45	[The problems of compliance and adherence, using the example of chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. ( Siegmund, SV; Singer, MV; Zimmerer, T, 2009)
"Probably, the most important and potentially lethal adverse event of azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP) is myelosuppression."	2.44	Thiopurine-induced myelotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a review. ( Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F, 2008)
"In inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease, certain immunological abnormalities are considered as its cause, but the fundamental mechanism remains unclear."	2.44	[New therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (infliximab)]. ( Hibi, T; Yoshizawa, S, 2008)
" Drug adverse effects and the lack of efficacy, however, commonly require withdrawal of therapy."	2.44	Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol. ( Gearry, RB; Leong, RW; Sparrow, MP, 2008)
" Pharmacogenetically guided dosing is recommended for safe use of thiopurines but ongoing routine laboratory monitoring remains important."	2.44	Laboratory evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bass, D; Wong, A, 2008)
"The therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases is based on 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) that are the forefront of treatment of mild-to-moderate active disease and maintenance; steroids are used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe active disease; immunosuppressives and sometimes antibiotics in moderate-to-severe disease; maintenance and for the treatment of selected complications."	2.44	[Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn's disease]. ( Lakatos, L; Lakatos, PL, 2007)
" For patients with severe ulcerative colitis (UC), steroid dosing has been clarified, and a mega-analysis of steroid outcomes and toxicities has been reported."	2.44	Optimizing drug therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Kornbluth, A; Swaminath, A, 2007)
"Among these malignancies is skin cancer."	2.44	Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. ( Maddox, JS; Soltani, K, 2008)
" Identification of the TPMT mutant alleles allows physicians to tailor the dosage of the thiopurine drugs to the genotype of the patient or to use alternatives, improving therapeutic outcome."	2.43	Clinical pharmacogenomics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase. ( Zhou, S, 2006)
" This review provides the latest information for clinicians on efficacy, side-effects, dosing and monitoring of these medications for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease."	2.43	Review article: monitoring of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Aberra, FN; Lichtenstein, GR, 2005)
"Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most frequent inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) with a prevalence of approximately one out of 500."	2.42	[Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) -- critical discussion of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapy]. ( Göke, B; Ochsenkühn, T; Sackmann, M, 2003)
"In clinical trials, up to 15% of patients discontinued 6-mercaptopurine or its pro-drug azathioprine prematurely due to adverse events."	2.42	Safety of thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Hooymans, PM; Mulder, CJ; Naber, AH, 2003)
" New diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are needed to directly determine the functional importance of the influence of host genetic factors on choice and dosage scheduling of therapy."	2.42	Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Farrell, R; Kelleher, D; McManus, R, 2004)
"It describes the treatment of ulcerative colitis according to the different groups of patients and the degree of activity."	2.41	[Conservative therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases]. ( Nagy, F, 2002)
"Azathioprine and 6-MP were used to treat an average of 7% of patients - a surprisingly low number given the proven efficacy of these agents."	2.41	Frequency of use and standards of care for the use of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature and a survey of Canadian gastroenterologists. ( Veldhuyzen van Zanten, SJ; Wallace, TM, 2001)
" It is conceivable that reduced intracolonic pH in active ulcerative colitis impairs bioavailability of 5-aminosalicylic acid from pH dependent release formulations (Asacol, Salofalk) and those requiring cleavage by bacterial azo reductase (sulphasalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide), but further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to confirm this possibility."	2.41	Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel disease: possible determinants and implications for therapy with aminosalicylates and other drugs. ( Evans, DF; Kumar, D; Nugent, SG; Rampton, DS, 2001)
"Whether the risk of lymphoma is increased by immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine or infliximab is a common concern among patients and physicians considering using these agents."	2.41	Review article: the risk of lymphoma associated with inflammatory bowel disease and immunosuppressive treatment. ( Aithal, GP; Mansfield, JC, 2001)
" Adverse effects occur in about 15% of patients."	2.40	Azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease, a safe alternative? ( Tanis, AA, 1998)
" Only 39% of patients had appropriate dosing of thiopurines."	1.91	Proactive Metabolite Testing in Patients on Thiopurine May Yield Long-Term Clinical Benefits in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Andrews, JM; Bampton, P; Barnes, A; Bishara, M; Connor, S; Gounder, M; Grafton, R; Leach, P; Lynch, KD; Mountifield, R; Ng, W; Ooi, SJ; Parthasarathy, N; Sechi, A; van Langenberg, D, 2023)
" The latter shows higher efficacy but a higher side effect rate, suggesting the use of split-dose regimen as the first-line approach."	1.91	Safety and Efficacy of Split-Dose Thiopurine vs Low-Dose Thiopurine-Allopurinol Cotherapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Borrelli, O; Buckingham, R; Chadokufa, S; Cococcioni, L; El-Kouly, S; Gaynor, E; Kiparissi, F; Pensabene, L; Puoti, MG; Saliakellis, E, 2023)
"Arthralgias is a common manifestation of vedolizumab treatment."	1.91	Prevalence and predictors of arthralgia after initiation of vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. ( Bamias, G; Benetou, V; Gaki, A; Giotis, I; Kitsou, V; Kokkotis, G; Lagiou, P; Leonidakis, G; Leontidis, N; Michopoulos, S; Orfanos, P; Stoupaki, M; Tzouvala, M; Zampeli, E, 2023)
" Determining the optimal duration and cessation time can help to balance the risks of long-term intake with the possibility of relapse after cessation."	1.91	Azathioprine monotherapy withdrawal in inflammatory bowel diseases: A retrospective mono-centric study. ( Barberio, B; Crepaldi, M; Maniero, D; Massano, A; Pavanato, M; Savarino, EV; Zingone, F, 2023)
"Azathioprine, which is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used for chronic inflammatory bowel disease, may be associated with an increased risk of certain cancers such as hematologic malignancies."	1.91	Acute myeloid leukemia after 10 years of azathioprine treatment for Crohn's disease. ( Asma, M; Emna, BM; Nadia, B; Nouha, T; Yosra, S; Yosra, Z, 2023)
" wexlerae colonization reduced 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) bioavailability by enhancing selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase (sd-XDH) activity."	1.91	Commensal bacteria promote azathioprine therapy failure in inflammatory bowel disease via decreasing 6-mercaptopurine bioavailability. ( Chen, H; Cui, Z; Fang, JY; Gao, Z; Hong, J; Hu, M; Huang, X; Ma, Y; Ning, L; Tong, T; Wang, Z; Xuan, B; Yan, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhou, YL, 2023)
"Autoimmune hepatitis was managed according to guidelines, except for the use of budesonide in a small proportion of paediatric patients."	1.91	Epidemiology, clinical features and management of autoimmune hepatitis in Switzerland: a retrospective and prospective cohort study. ( Becker, B; Bernsmeier, C; Böhm, S; Braegger, C; Bresson-Hadni, S; Cerny, A; Cremer, M; De Gottardi, A; Di Bartolomeo, C; Filipowicz Sinnreich, M; Furlano, R; Galante, A; Heyland, K; Kremer, AE; Limoni, C; Ludz, C; McLin, V; Mertens, J; Mieli-Vergani, G; Müller, P; Nydegger, A; Posovszky, C; Righini-Grunder, F; Rock, N; Semela, D; Sokollik, C; Stirnimann, G; Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, B; Vergani, D, 2023)
"Though not exempt from adverse events, azathioprine (AZA) is an inexpensive and effective drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease."	1.72	Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity. ( Baños Arévalo, AJ; Gallardo Sánchez, F; Merino Gallego, E; Miras Lucas, L; Pérez González, Á; Vázquez Rodríguez, JA, 2022)
" Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) has been suggested as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of the thiopurine effect in lymphocytes."	1.72	Rac1/pSTAT3 expression: A pharmacodynamic marker panel as a first step toward optimization of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients. ( Deben, DS; Drent, R; Leers, MPG; Pelzer, KEJM; Puts, S; van Adrichem, AJ; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2022)
"Among these, 218 (ulcerative colitis (UC) = 179; Crohn's disease (CD) = 39) patients were in clinical remission and were continued on mesalamine."	1.72	Relapse rates after withdrawal of thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Ahuja, V; Das, P; Golla, R; Kante, B; Kedia, S; Kumar, P; Makharia, G; Mundhra, SK; Ranjan, MK; Sahni, P; Sharma, R; Vuyyuru, SK, 2022)
" Treatment is initiated after a preliminary workup, followed by a progressive titration of the dosage while closely monitoring possible toxicities."	1.72	[Metabolism and therapeutic monitoring of azathioprine in gastroenterology and hepatology]. ( André, P; Bianchetti, D; Chtioui, H; Moradpour, D; Salvador Nunes, L; Schoepfer, A, 2022)
" Additional goal was to evaluate adverse events of vaccination."	1.72	Efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive and biological therapy: Prospective observational study. ( Coufal, S; Cupkova, A; Drabek, J; Hlava, S; Keil, R; Koptová, P; Kucerova, B; Milota, T; Pichlerová, D; Stovicek, J; Trojanek, M; Wasserbauer, M, 2022)
"Approximately 25% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) discontinue azathioprine (AZA) or mercaptopurine (MP) therapy within 3 months of treatment initiation because of adverse drug reactions."	1.72	Predictive Algorithm for Thiopurine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. ( Bus, P; Creemers, RH; de Boer, NKH; Deben, DS; Pierik, MJ; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA; van Moorsel, SAW; Winkens, B; Wong, DR, 2022)
"Thioguanine (TG) has been shown as a safe alternative in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who did not tolerate conventional thiopurines [azathioprine (AZA)/mercaptopurine]."	1.72	Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series. ( Bayoumy, AB; Benninga, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; de Ridder, L; Hummel, T; Jagt, JZ; Mulder, CJJ; Stapelbroek, J; van Wering, HM; Wolters, VM, 2022)
" A functional pharmacodynamic marker in T lymphocytes may be useful to predict therapeutic outcome of thiopurine therapy."	1.72	A report on the potential of Rac1/pSTAT3 protein levels in T lymphocytes to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of thiopurine therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients. ( Creemers, RH; Deben, DS; Drent, R; Leers, MPG; Merry, AHH; van Adrichem, AJ; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2022)
"Of these, 448 (53."	1.72	Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in young Greek Army male recruits from 2006 to 2018: a 13-year retrospective study from a tertiary center. ( Galanis, P; Galanopoulos, M; Giakoumis, M; Karatzas, P; Kyriakos, N; Liatsos, C; Mantzaris, G; Mylonas, I; Papaefthymiou, A, 2022)
" The median daily dosage of TG was 20 mg/d (range 10-40 mg/d), and the median duration of TG use was 21."	1.62	Relationship Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Genotype/Phenotype and 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in 316 Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on 6-Thioguanine. ( Anderson, S; Ansari, AR; Bayoumy, AB; Boekema, PJ; Derijks, LJJ; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Sanderson, JD, 2021)
"Thiopurines are important for treating inflammatory bowel disease, but are often discontinued due to adverse effects."	1.62	Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective population-based cohort study. ( de Boer, A; Egberts, ACG; Houwen, JPA; Houwen, RHJ; Lalmohamed, A; van Maarseveen, EM, 2021)
"Azathioprine is a first-line drug used to maintain the remission of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.62	Population pharmacokinetics of azathioprine active metabolite in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and dosage regimens optimisation. ( Dong, J; Huang, P; Jiao, Z; Lin, C; Lin, R; Lin, W; Liu, Y; Wang, C; Zeng, D; Zheng, W, 2021)
"that describes potential risk of acute myeloid leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder among thiopurine therapy."	1.62	The Age-Old Conundrum With Thiopurines: Are the Accumulating Risks Greater Than Benefits? ( Ha, C, 2021)
"Our primary aim was to assess infection rate and our secondary aims were to assess adverse reactions to vaccinations, growth, autoimmune diseases and malignancies."	1.62	Health outcomes of 1000 children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease in their first 5 years of life. ( Beukers, R; Bodelier, A; de Boer, N; de Lima, A; Depla, ACTM; Dijkstra, G; Erler, N; Escher, JC; Gilissen, L; Hoentjen, F; Jansen, JM; Kanis, SL; Kuyvenhoven, J; Mahmmod, N; Mallant-Hent, RC; Modderman, S; Noruzi, A; Oldenburg, B; Oostenbrug, LE; Pierik, M; Romberg-Camps, M; Ter Borg, PCJ; Thijs, W; van der Meulen-de Jong, AE; van der Woude, CJ; van Dijk, ARM; West, R, 2021)
" Dosing was guided by thiopurine S-methyltransferase-activity at baseline and by clinical response and toxicity at 4 months; 1 year into the study, therapeutic drug monitoring at 4 months was also considered in the decision making."	1.56	Role of Thiopurines in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Real-Life Prospective Cohort Study. ( Atia, O; Beeri, R; Ben-Moshe, T; Ledder, O; Lev-Tzion, R; Meyer, EO; Rachmen, Y; Renbaum, P; Shamasneh, I; Shteyer, E; Turner, D, 2020)
" The routine clinical use of thiopurines has, however, been questioned due to a number of potential adverse effects."	1.56	Safety of Thiopurine Use in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. ( Benninga, MA; Broekaert, I; Dolinsek, J; Mas, E; Miele, E; Orel, R; Pienar, C; Ribes-Koninckx, C; Thapar, N; Thomassen, RA; Thomson, M; Tzivinikos, C, 2020)
" However, their use is limited by adverse effects in a subset of patients."	1.56	Toxicity profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort analysis. ( Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Fekih, M; Hafi, M; Labidi, A; Serghini, M, 2020)
"Thioguanine (TG) is a thiopurine which has been used for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), who have failed azathioprine (AZA) or mercaptopurine (MP) due to adverse events or suboptimal response."	1.56	Efficacy, safety and drug survival of thioguanine as maintenance treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective multi-centre study in the United Kingdom. ( Anderson, S; Ansari, A; Bayoumy, AB; de Boer, NK; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Nolan, J; Sanderson, JD; Simsek, M; van Liere, ELSA; Warner, B, 2020)
"Thiopurines are the most widely used immunosuppressants in IBD although drug-related adverse events (AE) occur in 20%-30% of cases."	1.51	Increased risk of thiopurine-related adverse events in elderly patients with IBD. ( Argüelles, F; Arias, L; Calafat, M; Calvet, X; Calvo, M; Cañete, F; Cimavilla, M; de Francisco, R; Domènech, E; García-López, S; Garcia-Planella, E; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Iglesias, E; Mañosa, M; Martín-Arranz, MD; Martínez-Cadilla, J; Mesonero, F; Mínguez, M; Nos, P; Ricart, E; Rivero, M; Rodríguez-Moranta, F; Taxonera, C; Zabana, Y, 2019)
" The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of TMPT genotyping in reducing the incidence of adverse effects of azathioprine."	1.51	TPMT Genotype and Adverse Effects of Azathioprine among Jordanian Group. ( Gharaibeh, MG; Mhanna, M; Rashid, M; Sharab, A; Shehab, M; Zihlif, M, 2019)
" We aimed to compare 6-month outcomes between standard and optimized dosing strategies and define long-term predictors of thiopurine durability."	1.51	The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD. ( Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C, 2019)
" This study suggests that AZA dosage may be determined according to the high or low prevalence of a TPMT genotype."	1.51	Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genetic Polymorphisms and Activity and Metabolic Products of Azathioprine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Asadi, J; Khoshnia, M; Marjani, A; Pashazadeh, P, 2019)
" Low AZA dosing was defined as 6-thioguanine levels <125 pmol/8 × 10 erythrocytes and 6-methylmercaptopurine levels <5700 pmol/8 × 10 erythrocytes."	1.51	Prediction of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Based on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters. ( Bronsky, J; Hradsky, O; Karaskova, E; Lerchova, T; Mihal, V; Potuznikova, K; Siroka, J; Spenerova, M; Urbanek, L; Velganova-Veghova, M, 2019)
"Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with IBD."	1.48	Clinical factors are associated with vitamin D levels in IBD patients: A retrospective analysis. ( Glass, Ä; Huth, A; Lamprecht, G; Reiner, J; Schäffler, H; Schmidt, M, 2018)
" Dosing history, concomitant therapy, and comorbidity data were assessed."	1.48	Late-onset Rise of 6-MMP Metabolites in IBD Patients on Azathioprine or Mercaptopurine. ( Barclay, ML; Mulder, CJ; Munnig-Schmidt, E; Zhang, M, 2018)
" Indications for switch, dosing and subsequent clinical outcomes (including thiopurine persistence) were recorded."	1.48	Low-dose thiopurine with allopurinol co-therapy overcomes thiopurine intolerance and allows thiopurine continuation in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Haridy, J; Moltzen, A; Raghunath, A; Sparrow, M; van Langenberg, D; Vasudevan, A, 2018)
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."	1.48	Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ( Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)
"Despite NUDT15 variants showing significant association with thiopurine-induced adverse events (AEs) in Asians, it remains unclear which variants of NUDT15 or whether additional genetic variants should be tested to predict AEs."	1.48	NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study. ( Andoh, A; Araki, H; Endo, K; Hanai, H; Hiraoka, S; Hisamatsu, T; Hokari, R; Ikeya, K; Ishiguro, Y; Kakuta, Y; Kawai, Y; Kinouchi, Y; Kobayashi, T; Masamune, A; Matsumoto, T; Miura, M; Mizuno, S; Moroi, R; Motoya, S; Naganuma, M; Nagasaki, M; Naito, T; Nakagawa, S; Nakagawa, T; Nakamura, S; Nakase, H; Nishida, A; Okamoto, D; Onodera, K; Sakuraba, H; Sasaki, M; Shiga, H; Shimosegawa, T; Shinozaki, M; Suzuki, Y; Takagawa, T; Takahara, M; Toyonaga, T; Yanai, S, 2018)
"All patients discontinuing thiopurines displayed first-order elimination kinetics of 6-TGN, with a median elimination half-life of 6."	1.48	Pharmacokinetics and Immune Reconstitution Following Discontinuation of Thiopurine Analogues: Implications for Drug Withdrawal Strategies. ( Ben-Horin, S; Chen, MH; Chowers, Y; Eliakim, R; Fudim, E; Gueta, I; Kopylov, U; Loebstein, R; Mao, R; Markovits, N; Peled, Y; Picard, O; Ungar, B; Van Assche, G; Yavzori, M, 2018)
" To assess if IFX influenced thiopurine metabolites, eight patients who had responded to 12 weeks of intensified IFX at a constant thiopurine dosing were included."	1.48	A Role for Thiopurine Metabolites in the Synergism Between Thiopurines and Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Ainsworth, MA; Brynskov, J; Mogensen, DV; Nersting, J; Schmiegelow, K; Steenholdt, C, 2018)
" The median dosage for NUDT15 c."	1.46	Combined Detection of NUDT15 Variants Could Highly Predict Thiopurine-induced Leukopenia in Chinese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multicenter Analysis. ( Cao, Q; Chao, K; Gao, X; Hu, P; Huang, M; Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Lan, P; Liang, J; Lin, L; Qian, J; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Wu, K; Xue, X; Yang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2017)
"The outcomes were congenital abnormalities (CAs), preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)."	1.46	Reassuring results on birth outcomes in children fathered by men treated with azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine within 3 months before conception: a nationwide cohort study. ( Friedman, S; Larsen, MD; Magnussen, B; Nørgård, BM, 2017)
"Mercaptopurine was effective in 39% of cases (95% CI 31-48%)."	1.46	Mercaptopurine and inflammatory bowel disease: the other thiopurine. ( Aicart, M; Algaba, A; Bermejo San José, F; Bonillo, D; de Lucas, M; Garrido, E; Guerra, I; Hernández-Tejero, M; López Durán, S; López Sanromán, A, 2017)
"Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) were analyzed separately."	1.46	Do Thiopurines Reduce the Risk of Surgery in Elderly Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A 20-Year National Population-Based Cohort Study. ( Alexakis, C; Cecil, E; Chhaya, V; Curcin, V; Pollok, R; Saxena, S, 2017)
"Azathioprine dose was titrated on therapeutic efficacy (response and adverse effects)."	1.46	Multicentric Case-Control Study on Azathioprine Dose and Pharmacokinetics in Early-onset Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Aloi, M; Arrigo, S; Barabino, A; Cuzzoni, E; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Knafelz, D; Martelossi, S; Martinelli, M; Miele, E; Naviglio, S; Romano, C; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2017)
"AZA-induced acute pancreatitis is a common adverse event in IBD patients, but in this study had a mild course in all patients."	1.43	Azathioprine-induced Acute Pancreatitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases--A Prospective Study on Incidence and Severity. ( Bokemeyer, B; Bündgens, B; Büning, J; Drabik, A; Helwig, U; Hüppe, D; Klugmann, T; Kruis, W; Maaser, C; Miehlke, S; Mohl, W; Siegmund, B; Stallmach, A; Teich, N; Weismüller, J, 2016)
" Weight-based dosing did not improve rates of therapeutic TGN levels (under-dosed 31."	1.43	Thiopurine metabolite testing in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bell, S; Brown, S; Connell, W; Cunningham, G; Goldberg, R; Kamm, MA; Lust, M; Marsh, P; Moore, G; Schulberg, J, 2016)
" The aim of the study was to investigate frequencies of TPMT and ITPA polymorphisms in Lithuanian IBD patients and analyze their association with AZA-related adverse events."	1.43	TPMT and ITPA genetic variants in Lithuanian inflammatory bowel disease patients: Prevalence and azathioprine-related side effects. ( Denapiene, G; Jonaitis, L; Kiudelis, G; Kupcinskas, J; Kupcinskas, L; Skieceviciene, J; Steponaitiene, R; Survilaite, S; Valantinas, J; Varkalaite, G, 2016)
"The fibroscan data showed significant liver fibrosis (F2-F3)."	1.43	Idiopathic portal hypertension regarding thiopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Abreu García, L; Calleja Panero, JL; Calvo Moya, M; González Lama, Y; González Partida, I; Llop Herrera, E; Matallana Royo, V; Suárez Ferrer, C; Vera Mendoza, MI, 2016)
"Data of 678 incident IBD patients (Crohn's disease/ulcerative colitis(CD/UC): 331/347) diagnosed from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2012 were analyzed (CD: m/f: 176/155, median age at diagnosis: 28, IQR: 21-40 years, disease duration: 6, IQR: 2-9 years; UC: m/f: 200/147, median age at diagnosis: 36, IQR: 26-50 years, duration: 7, IQR: 4-10 years)."	1.43	Association of extraintestinal manifestations and anaemia with disease outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Balogh, M; Golovics, PA; Gonczi, L; Kurti, Z; Lakatos, L; Lakatos, PL; Lovasz, BD; Pandur, T; Rogler, G; Szita, I; Vavricka, SR; Vegh, Z, 2016)
"Azathioprine was considered as the treatment for which the risks versus benefits were perceived as the highest."	1.43	Patients and gastroenterologists' perceptions of treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases: do their perspectives match? ( Burnand, B; Froehlich, F; Maillard, MH; Michetti, P; Pittet, V; Vaucher, C, 2016)
" However, nearly 20% of patients discontinue thiopurines due to adverse events."	1.43	Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)
" In this subgroup, thiopurine dosing was modified in 64% (dosage reduction: 32%, medication discontinued: 32%)."	1.43	The Impact of Azathioprine-Associated Lymphopenia on the Onset of Opportunistic Infections in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ( Biedermann, L; Frei, P; Fried, M; Rogler, G; Scharl, M; Scharl, S; Sulz, MC; Vavricka, SR; Vögelin, M; Zeitz, J, 2016)
"No significant risk for other intestinal cancers was found, especially for small bowel carcinoma."	1.43	Cancer in Elderly Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study. ( Charpentier, C; Cheddani, H; Dauchet, L; Dupas, JL; Fumery, M; Gower-Rousseau, C; Marie Bouvier, A; Pariente, B; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Savoye, G, 2016)
"Retrospective review of AILD [autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and 2 (AIH1, AIH2), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC)] seen at two pediatric liver units in Malaysia."	1.42	Characteristics and outcome of autoimmune liver disease in Asian children. ( Boey, CC; Chong, SY; Khoh, KM; Lee, WS; Lim, CB; Lum, SH; Ng, RT; Pailoor, J; Teo, KM, 2015)
"A total of 500 patients (404 with Crohn's disease, 96 with ulcerative colitis) who received anti-TNF agents between June 2002 and July 2013 were identified and retrospectively investigated."	1.42	Concomitant use of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine decreases the risk of anti-TNF-induced skin lesions. ( Byeon, JS; Kim, JH; Kim, KJ; Myung, SJ; Park, SH; Soh, JS; Won, CH; Yang, DH; Yang, SK; Ye, BD; Yun, WJ, 2015)
"A positive correlation was observed between AZA dosage and 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN) level (P < 0."	1.42	Relationship between azathioprine dosage, 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels, and therapeutic response in pediatric patients with IBD treated with azathioprine. ( Choe, YH; Choi, SY; Kang, B; Kim, JW; Kim, MJ; Lee, MN; Lee, SY; Woo, SY, 2015)
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a thiopurine prodrug which is widely used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.42	The impact of glutathione S-transferase genotype and phenotype on the adverse drug reactions to azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. ( Bi, H; Ding, L; Gao, X; Hu, P; Huang, M; Liu, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2015)
"Azathioprine is a prodrug and requires conversion to its active form mercaptopurine, which has no intrinsic activity, and is activated by the enzymes of the purine salvage pathway to TGNs."	1.40	Deletion of glutathione-s-transferase m1 reduces azathioprine metabolite concentrations in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bartoli, F; Cont, G; Cuzzoni, E; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Londero, M; Malusà, N; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2014)
"We aimed to analyse malignancy rates and predictors for the development of malignancies in a large German inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort treated with thiopurines and/or anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies."	1.40	Risk of malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines or anti-TNF alpha antibodies. ( Beigel, F; Brand, S; Breiteneicher, S; Göke, B; John, JM; Laubender, RP; Ochsenkühn, T; Schnitzler, F; Seiderer, J; Steinborn, A; Tillack, C; Van Steen, K, 2014)
"The cumulative risk of first recurrence after 1, 5 and 7 years was 40%, 63%, and 66% in CD patients and 51%, 75%, and 79% in UC patients, respectively."	1.40	Hospitalisation, surgical and medical recurrence rates in inflammatory bowel disease 2003-2011—a Danish population-based cohort study. ( Andersson, M; Bendtsen, F; Bengtsson, BG; Blixt, T; Jess, T; Munkholm, P; Prosberg, MV; Vester-Andersen, MK; Vind, I, 2014)
"There is a high prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) although there is a lack of clinical data on the impact of IBD specific medications and recommended vitamin D (VD) and calcium (Ca) supplements on it."	1.40	Combination therapy with an immunomodulator and anti-TNFα agent improves bone mineral density in IBD patients. ( Cierny, D; Hlavaty, T; Huorka, M; Killinger, Z; Koller, T; Krajcovicova, A; Letkovsky, J; Miznerova, E; Nevidanska, M; Payer, J; Toth, J; Zelinkova, Z, 2014)
"Azathioprine (AZA) has been widely used in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)."	1.40	Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients. ( Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)
" Increased disease activity during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes."	1.39	Editorial: Are thiopurines and anti-TNFα agents safe to use in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease? ( Mahadevan, U; Sheibani, S, 2013)
"This study explored the relationship between the weight-based dosage of AZA and metabolites levels in 86 pediatric IBD patients using multilevel analysis."	1.39	Relationship between azathioprine dosage and thiopurine metabolites in pediatric IBD patients: identification of covariables using multilevel analysis. ( Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH, 2013)
"Azathioprine use was associated with an increased risk of overall cancer (rate ratio = 1."	1.39	Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Hviid, A; Jess, T; Pasternak, B; Schmiegelow, K; Svanström, H, 2013)
" With conventional dosing of thiopurines, patients with homozygous variant TPMT alleles consistently suffer from severe myelosuppression."	1.39	Successful azathioprine treatment with metabolite monitoring in a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patient homozygous for TPMT*3C. ( Choe, YH; Kang, B; Kim, JW; Lee, MN; Lee, SY; Lee, YM; Woo, HI, 2013)
" In-vivo study in rabbit shows delayed T(max), prolonged absorption time, decreased C(max) and absorption rate constant (Ka) indicating reduced systemic toxicity of the drug as compared to other dosage forms."	1.39	Formulation development and in-vitro/in-vivo correlation for a novel Sterculia gum-based oral colon-targeted drug delivery system of azathioprine. ( Nath, B; Nath, LK, 2013)
" In responders, adherence and dosing issues were identified and TGN-guided dose-reduction was possible without precipitating relapse."	1.39	The impact of introducing thioguanine nucleotide monitoring into an inflammatory bowel disease clinic. ( Anderson, S; Arenas, M; Blaker, P; Escuredo, E; Irving, P; Marinaki, A; Patel, C; Sanderson, J; Smith, M, 2013)
"The treatment with thiopurines and anti-TNF-α drugs does not seem to increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and does seem to be safe for the newborn."	1.39	Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-α drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Beltrán, B; Bermejo, F; Botella, B; Calvet, X; Calvo, M; Casanova, MJ; Chaparro, M; Domènech, E; Dueñas, C; Esteve, M; García-López, S; García-Planella, E; García-Sánchez, V; Garrido, E; Ginard, D; Gisbert, JP; Gómez-García, M; Gomollón, F; Iglesias, E; López, M; Mañosa, M; Maté, J; Pérez-Calle, JL; Piqueras, M; Ponferrada, A; Rodrigo, L; Saro, C; Taxonera, C, 2013)
"In up to 80% of cases primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	1.39	Inflammatory bowel diseases and primary sclerosing cholangitis: hepatic and pancreatic side effects due to azathioprine. ( Astegiano, M; Bonagura, AG; Cisarò, F; Pallavicino, F; Pellicano, R; Reggiani, S; Rizzetto, M; Sguazzini, C; Simondi, D, 2013)
" Long-term use of these agents has been linked to a greatly increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and lymphatic cancer in organ transplant recipients."	1.38	Use of thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in an at-risk population: a cohort study. ( Epstein, D; Hift, R; Myer, L; Setshedi, M; Watermeyer, G; Winter, TA, 2012)
" The primary outcome was the occurrence of 6-thioguanine induced hepatotoxicity, scaled according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."	1.38	Hepatotoxicity associated with 6-methyl mercaptopurine formation during azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy does not occur on the short-term during 6-thioguanine therapy in IBD treatment. ( de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Asseldonk, DP; van Bodegraven, AA, 2012)
"We report 2 cases of thiopurine-induced acute pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease."	1.38	[Two cases of thiopurine-induced acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease]. ( Ando, T; Fujinami, H; Hosokawa, A; Kajiura, S; Kudo, T; Mihara, H; Miyazaki, T; Nishikawa, J; Ogawa, K; Sugiyama, T; Ueda, A, 2012)
" Since it is likely that response to therapy and adverse events depends on the genetic background of patients our study aimed to evaluate retrospectively response to therapy and safety in a mixed IBD population in Southern Europe."	1.38	Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: response predictors, safety, and withdrawal in follow-up. ( Alibrandi, A; Belvedere, A; Costantino, G; Fries, W; Furfaro, F, 2012)
"Azathioprine therapy was associated with a reduction in total natural killer cells in blood and lamina propria, preferentially of the CD16(+) subset."	1.37	Increased proportion of CD16(+) NK cells in the colonic lamina propria of inflammatory bowel disease patients, but not after azathioprine treatment. ( Gazzard, BG; Goodier, MR; Lindsay, JO; Mela, CM; Steel, AW, 2011)
"Lymphopenia is a recognized effect of this treatment, but lymphopenia-related complications in IBD patients have not been widely reported."	1.37	Natural history of azathioprine-associated lymphopenia in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective observational study. ( Al Rifai, A; Campbell, S; McBurney, H; Newman, W; Prasad, N; Pushpakom, S; Robinson, A; Shuttleworth, E, 2011)
" In this study, we investigated whether the enzyme phenotype is also related to adverse effects (AEs)."	1.37	Association between adverse effects under azathioprine therapy and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. ( Abe, M; Andus, T; Franz, J; Klett, C; Shipkova, M; Wieland, E, 2011)
"Preterm birth was seen in 26."	1.37	The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ( Eslick, GD; Murray, H; Shim, L; Simring, AA; Weltman, MD, 2011)
" Almost all gastroenterologists (97%) used weight-based dosing that was gradually escalated."	1.37	How are thiopurines used and monitored by Swedish gastroenterologists when treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease? ( Andersson, P; Hindorf, U, 2011)
"The age-adjusted 8-year incidence of malignant lymphoma in the Netherlands was retrieved from the Central Bureau of Statistics."	1.37	Risk of malignant lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a Dutch nationwide study. ( Bakkal, N; Casparie, MK; de Jong, DJ; Dijkstra, G; Hommes, DW; Minnee, RC; Oldenburg, B; Pierik, M; Stokkers, P; van Bodegraven, AA; van der Woude, CJ; Vos, AC, 2011)
" Measuring thiopurine metabolites is useful for dosage adjustment in children, and for the detection of potential toxicity."	1.37	Evaluating the use of metabolite measurement in children receiving treatment with a thiopurine. ( Armstrong, L; Bishop, J; Galloway, P; McGrogan, P; Russell, RK; Sharif, JA, 2011)
"Mercaptopurine is a safe alternative in patients with digestive intolerance or hepatotoxicity due to azathioprine."	1.37	Common misconceptions about 5-aminosalicylates and thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Chaparro, M; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F, 2011)
" Dosing was guided by measuring thiopurine methyltransferase (for UK patients) or thioguanine nucleotides and methyl-6MP (Australian patients)."	1.36	Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can bypass many adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Ansari, A; Duley, JA; Florin, TH; O'Donohue, J; Patel, N; Sanderson, J, 2010)
"Azathioprine is an accepted treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but concerns exist regarding its carcinogenic potential."	1.36	Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine: a UK population-based case-control study. ( Armstrong, RG; Card, TR; West, J, 2010)
"This retrospective review examines 32 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 19 Crohn's disease (CD) patients (12."	1.36	Monitoring 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations in Japanese children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Aoyagi, Y; Arai, K; Baba, Y; Fujii, T; Ikuse, T; Inage, E; Kudo, T; Nagata, S; Ohtani, K; Ohtsuka, Y; Shimizu, T; Suzuki, R; Yamakawa, Y, 2010)
"Allopurinol has been presented as a safe and effective adjunct to thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.36	Combination of thiopurines and allopurinol: adverse events and clinical benefit in IBD. ( Govani, SM; Higgins, PD, 2010)
"Azathioprine treatment is a long-term therapy and therefore it is at risk for non-adherence, which is considered an important determinant of treatment inefficacy."	1.36	Usefulness of the measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the assessment of non-adherence. ( Bartoli, F; Campanozzi, A; Decorti, G; Londero, M; Malusa, N; Marino, S; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2010)
"Azathioprine (AZA) has a slow onset of action in treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.36	Steady-state of azathioprine during initiation treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. ( Beránek, M; Chládek, J; Dědek, P; Hroch, M; Krásničanová, P; Malý, J; Pozler, O, 2010)
"Pancreatitis is a potentially severe condition."	1.35	Acute pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel disease, with special reference to azathioprine-induced pancreatitis. ( Algaba, A; Bermejo, F; Calvo, M; Carneros, JA; Gisbert, JP; López, P; Lopez-Sanroman, A; Luna, M; Martín-Arranz, MD; Menchén, L; Mendoza, JL; Opio, V; Pérez-Calle, JL; Taxonera, C; Van-Domselaar, M; Vera, I, 2008)
"This study was to evaluate the frequency and the course of the adverse effects of AZA/6-MP in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.35	[The frequency and the course of the adverse effects of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease]. ( Cheon, JH; Kim, JH; Kim, WH, 2008)
"Twenty nine previously confirmed Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 14) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 15) patients with a known previous (AZA) hypersensitivity reaction were studied prospectively."	1.35	Efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine treatment after azathioprine hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Farkas, K; Lonovics, J; Molnar, T; Nagy, F; Nyari, T; Szepes, Z, 2008)
"The variation in the bioavailability of the drug was reflected in a wide range of peak plasma values of 6-mercaptopurine within the first 3 h."	1.35	Azathioprine treatment during lactation. ( Christensen, LA; Dahlerup, JF; Fallingborg, JF; Nielsen, MJ; Schmiegelow, K, 2008)
"Sweet syndrome is a reactive, sterile, pustular dermatosis that occurs in association with infection, malignancy, or connective tissue disease or in response to the use of certain medications."	1.35	Sweet syndrome as a manifestation of azathioprine hypersensitivity. ( Brunner, KL; El-Azhary, RA; Gibson, LE, 2008)
"Mercaptopurine was tolerated in 71% (12/17) with hepatotoxicity and in 68% (13/19) with arthralgia/myalgia during azathioprine treatment."	1.35	Mercaptopurine treatment should be considered in azathioprine intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Almer, SH; Eriksson, A; Hindorf, U; Johansson, M; Kvifors, E, 2009)
"Azathioprine intolerance is a common clinical problem, requiring drug withdrawal in up to 30% of patients."	1.35	Tolerability and safety of mercaptopurine in azathioprine-intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Arnott, ID; Hansoti, B; Lees, CW; Maan, AK; Satsangi, J, 2008)
" Closely monitored dose escalation beyond the standard dosing range is effective and well-tolerated."	1.35	Increased dosing requirements for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease patients six years and younger. ( Baldassano, RN; Grossman, AB; Mamula, P; Noble, AJ, 2008)
"To investigate the occurrence of adverse events and efficacy of azathioprine with or without mesalazine."	1.35	Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome. ( Edwards, CM; Probert, CS; Shah, JA, 2008)
" The association between polymorphisms of GST-M1, GST-P1, GST-T1, and TPMT genes and the adverse effects of azathioprine was therefore investigated."	1.34	Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Gotti, A; Martelossi, S; Montico, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2007)
" The addition of allopurinol enabled a reduction in mean daily prednisone dosage from 17."	1.34	Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. ( Cao, D; Friedman, S; Hanauer, SB; Hande, SA; Sparrow, MP, 2007)
"Two patients developed acute pancreatitis."	1.34	Thiopurine metabolite monitoring in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bohane, TD; Day, AS; Lee, D; Naidoo, D; Ooi, CY, 2007)
" However, there are inconsistencies in dosing regimes, blood monitoring and duration of therapy."	1.34	A triangulation study of the clinician and patient experiences of the use of the immunosuppressant drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Holbrook, K, 2007)
"Purine analogues are major drugs in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)."	1.33	Azathioprine induced nodular regenerative hyperplasia in IBD patients. ( Cadranel, JF; Cazier, A; Coutarel, P; Daniel, F; Duong Van Huyen, JP; Jian, R; Loison, P; Marteau, P; Seksik, P; Ziol, M, 2005)
"61); among the 34 responders, the median dosage of the drug required to obtain remission was lower for mutated than for wild type patients (1."	1.33	TPMT genotype and the use of thiopurines in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. ( Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Fezzi, M; Fontana, M; Giraldi, T; Lionetti, P; Malusà, N; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2005)
"Azathioprine is an important steroid sparing agent in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease."	1.33	Re-introduction of azathioprine in previously intolerant patients. ( Green, CJ; Mee, AS, 2006)
"There is an increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.33	Distal adenomatous polyps are rare in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Dixon, A; Hart, A; Robinson, R; Wurm, P, 2006)
"Diagnostic criteria for CD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and indeterminate colitis (IC) were defined."	1.33	Incidence of Crohn disease in the Czech Republic in the years 1990 to 2001 and assessment of pediatric population with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bonova, O; Dedek, P; Frühauf, P; Havlickova, A; Janatova, T; Jimramovsky, F; Klimova, L; Klusacek, D; Kocourkova, D; Kolek, A; Kotalova, R; Maly, J; Marx, D; Nevoral, J; Petro, R; Petru, O; Plasilova, I; Pozler, O; Schreierova, I; Seidl, Z; Sekyrova, I; Semendak, N; Stanek, J; Sulakova, A; Sykora, J; Toukalkova, L; Travnickova, R; Volf, V; Zahradnicek, L; Zenisková, I, 2006)
"To evaluate the influence of thiopurine methyltransferase status and thiopurine metabolites in a large patient population for the risk of developing adverse event."	1.33	Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Almer, S; Fagerberg, U; Hildebrand, H; Hindorf, U; Lindqvist, M, 2006)
"To prospectively evaluate whether a relationship between thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and incidence of adverse effects (especially myelotoxicity) exists, in a long-term follow-up study of a large group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine."	1.33	Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and adverse effects of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 394 patients. ( Cara, C; Gisbert, JP; Guijarro, LG; Niño, P; Rodrigo, L, 2006)
"Azathioprine is a safe and well-tolerated maintenance therapy at 3 mg/kg for children with IBD."	1.32	High-dose azathioprine in children with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Fuentes, D; Heuschkel, RB; Keady, S; Murch, SH; Thirrupathy, K; Thomson, MA; Torrente, F; Walker-Smith, JA, 2003)
"6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine was used by 24% of patients with Crohn's disease and 12% of patients with ulcerative colitis (95% CI for the difference: 8."	1.32	A national survey on the patterns of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada. ( Best, A; Hilsden, RJ; Pocobelli, G; Verhoef, MJ, 2003)
"We investigated the postoperative infection risk for patients undergoing elective bowel surgery who were receiving corticosteroids and/or 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine before surgery compared with patients not receiving these medications."	1.32	Corticosteroids and immunomodulators: postoperative infectious complication risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients. ( Aberra, FN; Hass, D; Lewis, JD; Lichtenstein, GR; Osborne, B; Rombeau, JL, 2003)
"The subgroups with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and the effect of taking azathioprine were compared."	1.32	Bone density improves with disease remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Jugdaohsingh, R; Meenan, J; Powell, JJ; Reffitt, DM; Sanderson, JD; Thompson, RP, 2003)
"Seventy-two patients were studied (66 Crohn's disease and six ulcerative colitis)."	1.32	Experience with the use of low-dose methotrexate for inflammatory bowel disease. ( Ansari, A; Hirst, J; Raoof, S; Sanderson, JD; Soon, SY; Yaneza, M, 2004)
" However, their use is limited by serious adverse effects that can lead to cessation of therapy."	1.32	Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Barclay, ML; Burt, MJ; Chapman, BA; Collett, JA; Gearry, RB, 2004)
"Azathioprine is a useful agent in the management of inflammatory bowel disease."	1.32	Cost-effectiveness of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype screening in patients about to commence azathioprine therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Gaffney, D; Mills, PR; Shapiro, D; Spooner, RJ; Walker, A; Winter, J, 2004)
" Optimal dosage for AZA is around 2."	1.32	[Immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: consensus by the Austrian working group on IBD]. ( Dejaco, C; Knoflach, P; Petritsch, W; Reinisch, W; Tilg, H; Vogelsang, H, 2004)
"Azathioprine was given to 626 of 2204 patients (855 with Crohn's disease and 1349 with ulcerative colitis)."	1.31	Long-term risk of malignancy after treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine. ( Fraser, AG; Jewell, DP; Orchard, TR; Robinson, EM, 2002)
"Azathioprine treatment is limited in some patients by hypersensitivity reactions or other side effects."	1.31	Use of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease previously intolerant of azathioprine. ( Bowen, DG; Selby, WS, 2000)
" In 22 patients with refractory Crohn's disease despite long term azathioprine therapy, their dosage was increased by 25 mg/day at eight week intervals as needed."	1.31	Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bayless, T; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2001)
"Azathioprine is an effective treatment for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."	1.31	Is neutropenia required for effective maintenance of remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease? ( Campbell, S; Ghosh, S, 2001)
"Leukopenia was significantly associated with high 6-TG levels ( P = 0."	1.31	6-mercaptopurine metabolite levels in children with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Gokhale, R; Gupta, P; Kirschner, BS, 2001)
"Azathioprine was definitively withdrawn due to side effects in 9 cases (12."	1.31	Adverse effects of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Garrigues, V; Martínez, F; Nos, P; Pastor, M; Ponce, J, 2001)
"Azathioprine was efficacious in 70% of patients, but ineffective in 20% and induced severe toxicity in 7%."	1.31	Azathioprine in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: an Italian multicentre survey. ( Barabino, A; Barbera, C; Castro, M; Cucchiara, S; Torrente, F; Ventura, A, 2002)
" Three patients were treated with intravenous acyclovir with concomitant reduction of steroid dosage and recovered completely."	1.30	Management of varicella infection during the course of inflammatory bowel disease. ( Balasubramanian, S; Giannadaki, E; Greenstein, AJ; Manousos, ON; Mouzas, IA; Sachar, DB, 1997)
" Medical files were reviewed for adverse side effects: fever, pancreatitis, infections, gastrointestinal intolerance, aminotransferase level increase, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia."	1.30	Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Kirschner, BS, 1998)
"Among patients with extensive chronic ulcerative colitis there was no difference in cancer frequency between 86 who had received azathioprine and 180 matched patients who had never received it."	1.29	Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. ( Balkwill, AM; Connell, WR; Dickson, M; Kamm, MA; Lennard-Jones, JE; Ritchie, JK, 1994)
"Isolated thrombocytopenia was never clinically severe."	1.29	Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. ( Connell, WR; Kamm, MA; Lennard-Jones, JE; Ritchie, JK, 1993)
"Eighty-one percent had Crohn's disease, 8% ulcerative colitis, and 11% indeterminant colitis."	1.29	Immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: results of a survey of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Subcommittee on Immunosuppressive Use of the Pediatric IBD Collaborative Research Forum. ( Daum, F; Grancher, K; Mandel, F; Markowitz, J, 1993)
"Nine patients had ulcerative colitis and 12 patients had Crohn disease; the patients' ages ranged from 3 to 17 years."	1.28	Azathioprine in the treatment of children with inflammatory bowel disease. ( Grand, RJ; Verhave, M; Winter, HS, 1990)

Research

Studies (728)

Authors

Clinical Trials (20)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

6-Methylmercaptopurine Levels in Blood

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	37 (5.08)	18.2507
2000's	239 (32.83)	29.6817
2010's	343 (47.12)	24.3611
2020's	109 (14.97)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Zins, BJ	1
Sandborn, WJ	13
McKinney, JA	1
Mays, DC	3
van Os, EC	1
Tremaine, WJ	5
Mahoney, DW	1
Zinsmeister, AR	2
Lipsky, JJ	3
Vázquez Rodríguez, JA	1
Merino Gallego, E	1
Baños Arévalo, AJ	1
Gallardo Sánchez, F	1
Miras Lucas, L	1
Pérez González, Á	1
Bayoumy, AB	5
Mulder, CJJ	10
Loganayagam, A	2
Sanderson, JD	9
Anderson, S	3
Boekema, PJ	1
Derijks, LJJ	4
Ansari, AR	3
Rahim, MN	1
Heneghan, MA	1
Deben, DS	4
van Adrichem, AJ	2
Drent, R	2
Puts, S	1
Pelzer, KEJM	1
van Bodegraven, AA	22
Wong, DR	12
Leers, MPG	2
van Liere, ELSA	2
Warner, B	2
Hayee, B	1
Mateen, BA	1
Nolan, JD	1
de Boer, NKH	12
Anderson, SHC	1
Wang, Q	2
Mailloux, J	1
Schwarz, UI	2
Kim, RB	6
Wilson, A	4
Eskazan, T	1
Bozcan, S	1
Atay, K	1
Yildirim, S	1
Demir, N	1
Celik, S	1
Tuncer, M	1
Hatemi, I	1
Celik, AF	1
Erzin, Y	1
Sattler, L	1
Hanauer, SB	5
Malter, L	2
Classen, JM	1
Muzalyova, A	1
Nagl, S	1
Fleischmann, C	1
Ebigbo, A	1
Römmele, C	1
Messmann, H	1
Schnoy, E	1
Kobayashi, T	2
Udagawa, E	1
Hibi, T	3
Crouwel, F	1
Buiter, HJC	1
de Boer, NK	19
Luo, X	1
Yan, S	1
Jin, L	1
Zhu, H	1
Zhang, X	3
Ge, W	1
Ås, J	1
Bertulyte, I	1
Eriksson, N	1
Magnusson, PKE	1
Wadelius, M	1
Hallberg, P	1
Giri, S	1
Sundaram, S	1
Fraser, SD	1
Lin, SX	1
Stammers, M	1
Culliford, D	1
Ibrahim, K	1
Barrett, R	1
Howard, C	1
Johnson, R	1
Barnes, N	1
Batchelor, J	1
Holroyd, C	1
Adams, J	1
Rischin, A	1
Roderick, P	1
Rutter, P	1
Edwards, CJ	1
Ranjan, MK	2
Kante, B	2
Vuyyuru, SK	2
Kumar, P	2
Mundhra, SK	2
Golla, R	2
Sharma, R	2
Sahni, P	2
Das, P	2
Makharia, G	2
Kedia, S	2
Ahuja, V	2
Freitas, M	1
Lima Capela, T	1
Macedo Silva, V	1
Arieira, C	2
Cúrdia Gonçalves, T	2
Dias de Castro, F	2
Moreira, MJ	2
Firmino-Machado, J	1
Cotter, J	2
Santos, RCFD	1
Catapani, WR	1
Takahashi, AAR	1
Waisberg, J	1
Rodda, SE	1
Fildes, KJ	1
Shelton, E	1
Goldberg, R	2
Moore, GT	1
Barnes, A	1
Ooi, SJ	1
Lynch, KD	1
Parthasarathy, N	1
Bishara, M	1
Gounder, M	1
Grafton, R	2
Leach, P	1
Bampton, P	5
Sechi, A	1
Ng, W	1
Connor, S	1
van Langenberg, D	2
Mountifield, R	1
Andrews, JM	4
Blesl, A	1
Petritsch, W	2
Binder, L	1
Fürst, S	1
Wenzl, H	1
Baumann-Durchschein, F	1
Kump, P	1
Högenauer, C	1
Alhalabi, M	1
Ali Deeb, S	1
Ali, F	1
Abbas, A	1
Bianchetti, D	1
Salvador Nunes, L	1
André, P	1
Schoepfer, A	1
Moradpour, D	1
Chtioui, H	1
Wasserbauer, M	1
Hlava, S	1
Trojanek, M	1
Stovicek, J	1
Milota, T	1
Drabek, J	1
Koptová, P	1
Cupkova, A	1
Pichlerová, D	1
Kucerova, B	1
Coufal, S	1
Keil, R	1
van Moorsel, SAW	2
Creemers, RH	2
Winkens, B	1
Bus, P	2
Pierik, MJ	1
Simsek, M	6
Jagt, JZ	2
van Wering, HM	1
de Ridder, L	2
Hummel, T	1
Wolters, VM	1
Stapelbroek, J	1
Benninga, MA	3
de Meij, TGJ	2
Merry, AHH	1
Choi, SY	3
Choi, S	1
Kang, B	4
Choe, BH	1
Lee, YJ	2
Park, JH	1
Kim, YB	1
Kim, JY	1
Lee, K	1
Lee, KJ	1
Kang, KS	1
Lee, YM	2
Kim, HJ	2
Kang, Y	1
Jang, HJ	1
Yi, DY	1
Hong, SJ	1
Choi, YJ	1
Hong, J	2
Kim, SC	2
Adam de Beaumais, T	1
Medard, Y	2
Amblard, O	1
Goldwirt, L	1
Simonin, M	1
Martinez Vinson, C	1
Petit, A	1
Jacqz-Aigrain, E	2
Turbayne, AK	1
Sparrow, MP	12
Gutiérrez-Valencia, M	1
Leache, L	1
Saiz, LC	1
Beloqui, JJ	1
Barajas, M	1
Vicuña, M	1
Erviti, J	1
Mahajna, H	3
Verstockt, B	4
Bergemalm, D	3
Castiglione, F	4
Rodríguez-Moranta, F	5
Savarino, E	3
Hoentjen, F	10
Bessissow, T	3
Pokryszka, J	3
Cremer, A	3
Eder, P	3
Truyens, M	3
Yerushalmy-Feler, A	3
García, MJ	3
Kopylov, U	5
Selvestrel, D	3
Stocco, G	13
Aloi, M	5
Arrigo, S	4
Cardile, S	3
Cecchin, E	3
Congia, M	3
Curci, D	3
Gatti, S	3
Graziano, F	3
Langefeld, CD	3
Lucafò, M	4
Martelossi, S	12
Martinelli, M	6
Pagarin, S	3
Scarallo, L	3
Stacul, EF	3
Strisciuglio, C	4
Thompson, S	3
Zuin, G	3
Decorti, G	14
Bramuzzo, M	4
Schepers, F	1
Kaplan, S	1
van Asseldonk, D	1
van Boeckel, P	1
Boekema, P	1
Dijkstra, G	7
Fidder, H	1
Gisbertz, I	1
Jharap, B	5
Kubben, F	1
de Leest, M	1
Meijssen, M	1
Petrak, A	1
van de Poel, E	1
Russel, M	1
de Boer, N	2
Cococcioni, L	1
Pensabene, L	1
Puoti, MG	1
El-Kouly, S	1
Chadokufa, S	1
Buckingham, R	1
Gaynor, E	1
Saliakellis, E	1
Kiparissi, F	1
Borrelli, O	1
Swanson, GR	1
Biglin, M	1
Raff, H	1
Chouhan, V	1
Jochum, S	1
Shaikh, M	1
Francey, L	1
Bishehsari, F	1
Hogenesch, J	1
Keshavarzian, A	1
Kokkotis, G	1
Zampeli, E	2
Tzouvala, M	2
Giotis, I	1
Orfanos, P	1
Benetou, V	1
Stoupaki, M	1
Leontidis, N	1
Leonidakis, G	1
Kitsou, V	1
Gaki, A	1
Lagiou, P	1
Michopoulos, S	2
Bamias, G	1
Nemati, S	1
Mohammad Rahimi, H	1
Meyfour, A	1
Pazoki, H	1
Asadzadeh Aghdaei, H	2
Shahrokh, S	2
Mirjalali, H	2
Fortes, FML	1
Rocha, R	2
Santana, GO	2
Jansen, FM	2
Smits, LJT	2
Thomas, PWA	2
de Jong, DJ	13
Kreijne, JE	3
van Dop, WA	2
den Broeder, N	3
Florin, TH	6
Duley, JA	6
Meijer, B	9
Neurath, MF	8
van Bodegraven, A	2
Suzuki, S	1
Uchiyama, K	3
Motoi, Y	1
Yoshii, Y	1
Inoue, Y	1
Kubota, T	2
Odahara, S	2
Ohtaki, Y	1
Takami, S	2
Ito, Z	2
Sato, N	1
Ohkusa, T	2
Koido, S	2
Saruta, M	1
Crepaldi, M	1
Maniero, D	1
Massano, A	1
Pavanato, M	1
Barberio, B	1
Savarino, EV	1
Zingone, F	1
Nouha, T	1
Asma, M	1
Nadia, B	1
Emna, BM	1
Yosra, Z	1
Yosra, S	1
Yan, Y	1
Wang, Z	1
Zhou, YL	1
Gao, Z	1
Ning, L	1
Zhao, Y	1
Xuan, B	1
Ma, Y	1
Tong, T	2
Huang, X	1
Hu, M	1
Fang, JY	1
Cui, Z	1
Chen, H	1
Lubeek, SFK	1
Savelkoul, EHJ	1
Marcus, CM	1
Ludz, C	1
Stirnimann, G	1
Semela, D	1
Mertens, J	1
Kremer, AE	1
Filipowicz Sinnreich, M	1
Sokollik, C	1
Bernsmeier, C	1
Bresson-Hadni, S	1
McLin, V	1
Rock, N	1
Braegger, C	1
Posovszky, C	1
Müller, P	1
Cremer, M	1
De Gottardi, A	1
Galante, A	1
Furlano, R	1
Righini-Grunder, F	1
Becker, B	1
Böhm, S	2
Heyland, K	1
Nydegger, A	1
Limoni, C	1
Vergani, D	1
Mieli-Vergani, G	1
Di Bartolomeo, C	1
Cerny, A	1
Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, B	1
Calafat, M	2
Mañosa, M	5
Cañete, F	2
Ricart, E	3
Iglesias, E	3
Calvo, M	5
Taxonera, C	5
Nos, P	6
Mesonero, F	2
Martín-Arranz, MD	3
Mínguez, M	2
Gisbert, JP	18
García-López, S	3
de Francisco, R	1
Gomollón, F	8
Calvet, X	3
Garcia-Planella, E	6
Rivero, M	1
Martínez-Cadilla, J	1
Argüelles, F	1
Arias, L	1
Cimavilla, M	1
Zabana, Y	1
Domènech, E	7
Chang, JY	1
Park, SJ	2
Jung, ES	2
Jung, SA	1
Moon, CM	2
Chun, J	1
Park, JJ	2
Kim, ES	4
Park, Y	1
Kim, TI	2
Kim, WH	4
Cheon, JH	4
Wu, Y	1
Ghaly, S	2
Kerr, S	1
Jackson, B	1
Hanigan, K	1
Martins, D	1
Krishnaprasad, K	2
Mountifield, RE	2
Whiteman, DC	1
Bampton, PA	1
Gearry, RB	17
Radford-Smith, GL	1
Lawrance, IC	3
Martinez-Fierro, ML	1
Garza-Veloz, I	1
Rocha-Pizaña, MR	1
Cardenas-Vargas, E	1
Cid-Baez, MA	1
Trejo-Vazquez, F	1
Flores-Morales, V	1
Villela-Ramirez, GA	1
Delgado-Enciso, I	1
Rodriguez-Sanchez, IP	1
Ortiz-Castro, Y	1
Mhanna, M	1
Gharaibeh, MG	1
Rashid, M	2
Sharab, A	2
Shehab, M	1
Zihlif, M	2
Cao, Y	1
Wang, X	2
Liu, W	1
Feng, N	1
Xi, J	1
You, X	1
Chen, R	1
Liu, Z	1
Luan, Y	1
Franca, R	4
Favretto, D	4
Giurici, N	1
Del Rizzo, I	1
Locatelli, F	1
Vinti, L	1
Biondi, A	1
Colombini, A	1
Fagioli, F	1
Barisone, E	1
Pelin, M	2
Martellossi, S	1
Ventura, A	11
Rabusin, M	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effectiveness of Tailored Therapeutic Model According to the Expression of Genes Related to Immunomodulator-induced Myelosuppression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients[NCT03719118]		215 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-01	Completed
Relationship Between Baseline Burden of Disease and Anti-TNF Drug Trough Levels in Ulcerative Colitis.[NCT03808506]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-09-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to no recruitment during COVID pandemic)
Intestinal Stem Cells Characterization in Intestinal Organoid Culture From Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Intestinal Polyposis Patients[NCT02874365]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Recruiting
Pharmacogenetic Testing in the Clinical Setting: is Screening for TPMT Genotype a Cost-effective Treatment Strategy? - The First Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Within the Dutch Health Care System.[NCT00521950]		853 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Bone Density in Children With IBD Treated With Amorphous Calcium or Commercial Crystalline Calcium: A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial[NCT02470663]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to company and Sheba did not reach an agreement)
Skeletal Health and Bone Marrow Composition in Newly Diagnosed Adolescents With Crohn Disease[NCT04508088]		92 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-09-10	Recruiting
A Pilot Study of Allopurinol As A Modifier of 6-MP Metabolism in Pediatric ALL[NCT02046694]	Early Phase 1	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-06	Completed
Counseling to Optimize Medication Adherence in Expectant Mothers With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (COACH-IBD)[NCT03091309]		220 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-01	Recruiting
The Correlation Between Anemia of Chronic Diseases, Hepcidin and Vitamin D in IBD Patients[NCT03145896]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Aloe Vera in the Inflammation of Patients With Mild Ulcerative Colitis[NCT01783119]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Recruiting
Chronotherapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease[NCT04304950]	Phase 4	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-25	Completed
Manitoba Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study[NCT03262649]		388 participants (Actual)	Observational	2002-03-01	Completed
Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Patients With Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis[NCT02684734]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-12-31	Completed
Cytomegalovirus Infection in Steroid-refractory Ulcerative Colitis[NCT03467841]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-08-01	Not yet recruiting
[NCT00167882]	Phase 4	24 participants	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Assessment of Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis by Endoscopic Ultrasound[NCT01852760]		60 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-09-30	Completed
Risk-stratified Randomized Controlled Trial in Paediatric Crohn Disease:Methotrexate vs Azathioprine or Adalimumab for Maintaining Remission in Patients at Low or High Risk for Aggressive Disease Course, respectively-a Treatment Strategy[NCT02852694]	Phase 4	312 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-02-28	Recruiting
Genetic Markers as Predictors of Phenotypes in Pediatric Onset Crohn's Disease[NCT00783575]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2002-10-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to PI has left institution)
Comparative Analysis of the Th17 Cellular Response in Active and Inactive Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients[NCT04096222]		42 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-06-29	Recruiting
Clinical Hypnosis in Pediatric Crohn's Disease[NCT03809195]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-02-14	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

This is to examine if the intervention results in a lower level of 6-Methylmercaptopurine in the participants. If so, the participants are expected to have less symptom severity. Comparing baseline taken at visit one to visit two levels 10 weeks after intervention start. (NCT04304950)
Timeframe: 10 weeks post baseline visit.

Harvey Bradshaw Activity Index

Intervention	pmol/8 x 10 ^8 RBC (Mean)
Evening Group Medication Administration	2395.27
Morning Group Medication Administration	825.15

Harvey Bradshaw Activity Index has 5 questions. The final score is totaled and will fall into the following categories, which are used to define the severity of the disease: >16 severe diseases, 8-16 moderate disease, 5-7 mild disease, <5 remission. Scores range from 0 ( lowest possible score) to 17. (NCT04304950)
Timeframe: 10 weeks post baseline visit.

Munich Chronotype Questionnaire ( MCTQ)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Evening Group Medication Administration	2.15
Morning Group Medication Administration	3.09

This questionnaire is used to collect primary sleep times, such as bed- and rise-times, including the time a person is fully awake, sleep latency and inertia, in addition to other time points. The MCTQ uses the midpoint of sleep between sleep onset and offset to assess chronotype. Chronotype is your body's natural time to be awake or asleep at certain times. Total scores can range from 16 to 86, with the lowest values representing extreme-late chronotype. For this study corrected midpoint of sleep (MSFc) was calculated. This information is combined to determine the mean time of day at which respondents were more likely to feel most alert. The numbers provided in the outcome measure data table represent time (hour and minute). The hour has been converted to military time and the minutes were converted to decimals. (NCT04304950)
Timeframe: 10 weeks post baseline visit.

Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Evening Group Medication Administration	3.70
Morning Group Medication Administraion	2.57

Quality of Life Measure Score:1-7 (The higher the number the greater the quality of life) (NCT04304950)
Timeframe: 10 weeks post baseline visit.

Thioguanine Levels in Blood (Morning Versus Evening Dosing)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Evening Group Medication Administration	5.83
Morning Group Medication Administration	5.91

This is to examine if the intervention results in a greater level of thioguanine in the participants. If so, the participants are expected to have less symptom severity. Comparing baseline taken at visit one to visit two levels 10 weeks after intervention start. (NCT04304950)
Timeframe: 10 weeks post baseline visit.

Article	Year
Immunomodulatory Agents for Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Review safety of anti-TNF, Anti-Integrin, Anti IL-12/23, JAK Inhibition, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator, Azathioprine / 6-MP and Methotrexate). Current gastroenterology reports, 2021, Dec-16, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Immunomodulating Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Int	2021
Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2022, Volume: 67, Issue:12 Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel	2022
Role of Pharmacogenomics in the Efficacy and Safety of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2023, 08-01, Volume: 57, Issue:7 Topics: Azathioprine; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; P	2023
DNA methylation of the TPMT gene and azathioprine pharmacokinetics in children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2023, Volume: 157 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; DNA Methylation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bow	2023
DNA methylation of the TPMT gene and azathioprine pharmacokinetics in children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2023, Volume: 157 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; DNA Methylation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bow	2023
DNA methylation of the TPMT gene and azathioprine pharmacokinetics in children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2023, Volume: 157 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; DNA Methylation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bow	2023
DNA methylation of the TPMT gene and azathioprine pharmacokinetics in children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2023, Volume: 157 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; DNA Methylation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bow	2023
Drug rediscovery in gastroenterology: from off-label to on-label use of thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2023, Volume: 72, Issue:10 Topics: Azathioprine; Gastroenterology; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Merca	2023
Clinical Application of Thiopurine Pharmacogenomics in Pediatrics. Current drug metabolism, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Genetic Markers; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Pediatrics; Pharmacogenetics; Pr	2020
Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020, Volume: 51, Issue:12 Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Guanine Nucleotides; Hep	2020
Association between Thiopurines Use and Pregnancy Outcomes in Female Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Current pharmaceutical design, 2021, Volume: 27, Issue:19 Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Pregnancy; Preg	2021
Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics, 2021, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Genetic Markers; Humans; Immunosuppre	2021
Pancreatic Disorders in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestive diseases and sciences, 2022, Volume: 67, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autoimmune Pancreatitis; Azathioprin	2022
Inflammatory bowel disease in primary immunodeficiency disorders is a heterogeneous clinical entity requiring an individualized treatment strategy: A systematic review. Autoimmunity reviews, 2021, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Delayed Diagnosis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Prim	2021
American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 153, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Body Weight; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents	2017
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric IBD: Current Application and Future Perspectives. Current medicinal chemistry, 2018, Volume: 25, Issue:24 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Biological Products; Child; Drug Monitoring; Humans	2018
Analytical Pitfalls of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Thiopurines in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2017, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine;	2017
[Effect of Immunomodulators and Biologic Agents on Malignancy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease]. The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi, 2017, Oct-25, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Adalimumab; Azathioprine; Biological Factors; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory	2017
Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Findings and Perspectives. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2018, Apr-27, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents;	2018
Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on the use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2018, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurin	2018
[Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism study and metabolites measurement for patients treated by azathioprine]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2018, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Azathioprine; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Methyltransferases; Polymorphism, Genet	2018
Effective long-term solution to therapeutic remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Azathioprine. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, Volume: 100 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Methyltransferases; Pol	2018
Combination Immunosuppression in IBD. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2018, 02-15, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunosuppressiv	2018
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Current gastroenterology reports, 2018, Apr-05, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Biological Products; Child; Drug Monitoring; Gastro	2018
Update on the Use of Thiopurines and Methotrexate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Current gastroenterology reports, 2018, Sep-28, Volume: 20, Issue:11 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Biological Factors; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gast	2018
Risk of skin cancers in thiopurines-treated and thiopurines-untreated patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2019, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Databases, Bibliographic; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Melanoma; Mercaptopurin	2019
Aminosalicylates, thiopurines and methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease: Is it possible to discontinue the treatment? Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2019, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammator	2019
A nearly fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with low NK-cell counts in a patient receiving azathioprine: a case report and review of literature. BMC infectious diseases, 2019, May-10, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Biopsy; Child; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Im	2019
Is there still a room for azathioprine monotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease? Current drug targets, 2013, Volume: 14, Issue:12 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; I	2013
A trial of mercaptopurine is a safe strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease intolerant to azathioprine: an observational study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2013, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; I	2013
Azathioprine induced serious portal hypertension: a case series of three IBD patients and review of the literature. Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica, 2013, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Humans; Hypertension, Portal; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Dise	2013
Use of thiopurines and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:11 Topics: Azathioprine; Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Risk	2013
Allopurinol enhanced thiopurine treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: safety considerations and guidelines for use. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2014, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunosuppressive Age	2014
Adverse events in IBD: to stop or continue immune suppressant and biologic treatment. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Azathioprine; Biological Products; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inf	2014
The role of thiopurine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatological disorders. International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2014, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans;	2014
The role of thiopurine metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Me	2014
Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 2014, Apr-07, Volume: 20, Issue:13 Topics: Adalimumab; Antibodies; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Dru	2014
From conception to delivery: managing the pregnant inflammatory bowel disease patient. World journal of gastroenterology, 2014, Apr-07, Volume: 20, Issue:13 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azathioprine; Biological Produc	2014
Clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease in the organ recipient. World journal of gastroenterology, 2014, Apr-07, Volume: 20, Issue:13 Topics: Azathioprine; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Colectomy; Colorectal Neoplasms; End Stage Liver Disease; Gra	2014
Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase? World journal of gastroenterology, 2014, Apr-07, Volume: 20, Issue:13 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Azathioprine; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Immunosuppressive Ag	2014
Toward a personalized medicine approach to the management of inflammatory bowel disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2014, Volume: 109, Issue:7 Topics: Algorithms; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Dise	2014
Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2015, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Ly	2015
Systematic review: Monotherapy with antitumour necrosis factor α agents versus combination therapy with an immunosuppressive for IBD. Gut, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Disease Management;	2014
The potential for medical therapy to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and optimize surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Cholagogues and Choleretics;	2014
[Therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Standards, controversies and perspectives]. Der Internist, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:8 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; I	2014
The role and advances of immunomodulator therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2015, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Immunomodulation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopu	2015
Higher risk of tuberculosis reactivation when anti-TNF is combined with immunosuppressive agents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of medicine, 2014, Volume: 46, Issue:7 Topics: Adalimumab; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Certolizumab Pe	2014
Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α monotherapy versus combination therapy with an immunomodulator in IBD. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2014, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combina	2014
The liver in pediatric gastrointestinal disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Celiac Disease; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver In	2014
Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Disease Management; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mer	2015
[Optimized thiopurine treatment in chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2014, May-26, Volume: 176, Issue:22 Topics: Algorithms; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Thera	2014
Pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease following exposure to thiopurines and antitumor necrosis factor drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Human & experimental toxicology, 2015, Volume: 34, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab; Pregnancy; Pregnancy C	2015
Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:16 Topics: Adalimumab; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azat	2014
Update on thiopurine pharmacogenetics in inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics, 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects a	2015
New Applications for Traditional Drugs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Do Cochrane Reviews Tell Us? Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Budesonide; Colitis, Ulcerative; Congresses as Topic; Crohn	2015
[Optimized thiopurine treatment in chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2015, Jun-22, Volume: 177, Issue:26 Topics: Algorithms; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Thera	2015
Drug resistance in inflammatory bowel diseases. Current opinion in pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 25 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combin	2015
Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2016, Volume: 43, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenet	2016
Thiopurine Metabolism in the Era of Combotherapy. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2016, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Algorithms; Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hum	2016
Advances in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews, 2016,Spring, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Huma	2016
Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future. World journal of gastroenterology, 2016, Sep-28, Volume: 22, Issue:36 Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Asia, Southeastern; Azathioprine; Biological Products; B	2016
Promises and Dangers of Combination Therapy. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2017, Volume: 35, Issue:1-2 Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antibodies; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel	2017
Clinical impact of immunomonitoring in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Jan-21, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adalimumab; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gast	2017
Thiopurine-induced myelotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a review. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:7 Topics: Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Diseases; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Leukopenia; Mercaptopurine	2008
[New therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (infliximab)]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:7 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppres	2008
Clinical pharmacogenomics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase. Current clinical pharmacology, 2006, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Genetic Therapy; Genotype; Humans; Inflammat	2006
Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol. Expert opinion on drug safety, 2008, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2008
Laboratory evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease. Current opinion in pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Colit	2008
[Benefits and risks of immunosuppression in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2008, Volume: 133, Issue:38 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory	2008
Are we giving azathioprine too much time? World journal of gastroenterology, 2008, Sep-28, Volume: 14, Issue:36 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Practice Guidelines as	2008
Azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: improved molecular insights and resulting clinical implications. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2008, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	2008
Immunosuppression in inflammatory bowel disease: traditional, biological or both? Current opinion in gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Biological Products; Colitis, Ulcerati	2009
Reproductive issues in inflammatory bowel disease. Medicine and health, Rhode Island, 2009, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathio	2009
[The problems of compliance and adherence, using the example of chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 134, Issue:27 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Gluc	2009
Inflammatory bowel diseases and management considerations: fertility and pregnancy. Current gastroenterology reports, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Breast Feeding; Drug Therapy, Combination; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; F	2009
The future of inflammatory bowel disease care. Reviews in gastroenterological disorders, 2009,Summer, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Adalimumab; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal	2009
Pancreatitis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2010, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Dis	2010
Pharmacogenomics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics, 2010, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transpo	2010
Novel strategies in the thiopurine treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids, 2010, Volume: 29, Issue:4-6 Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel	2010
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and thiopurine toxicity in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 2010, Jul-07, Volume: 16, Issue:25 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Databases, Factual; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Im	2010
The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. World journal of pediatrics : WJP, 2010, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Interleukin-2	2010
Thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2010, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Evidence-Based Medicine;	2010
Optimizing thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methylt	2011
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2010, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Immunosup	2010
IBD in 2010: optimizing treatment and minimizing adverse events. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2011, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hu	2011
Review article: remission rates achievable by current therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2011, Volume: 33, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Enteral Nutrit	2011
Inflammatory bowel disease therapy: current state-of-the-art. Current opinion in gastroenterology, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Ant	2011
[Inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoproliferative disorders]. The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi, 2011, Oct-25, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; In	2011
Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2012, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Algorithms; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflam	2012
Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine therapy in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 2011, Oct-07, Volume: 17, Issue:37 Topics: Azathioprine; Disease Management; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mer	2011
Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infant, Low Birth	2013
An aggressive medical approach for inflammatory bowel disease: clinical challenges and therapeutic profiles in a retrospective hospital-based series. Current clinical pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Cyclosporine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hosp	2012
Lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders in inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Azathioprine; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflamma	2013
The fetal safety of thiopurines for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Animals; Azathioprine; Birth Weight; Case-Contro	2013
Inflammatory bowel disease: sorting out the treatment options. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2002, Volume: 69, Issue:8 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclosporine; Fish Oils; Humans; I	2002
Feline inflammatory bowel disease--current perspectives on etiopathogenesis and therapy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 2002, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Azathioprine; Cat Dise	2002
[Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) -- critical discussion of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapy]. Der Radiologe, 2003, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Bude	2003
[Conservative therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases]. Orvosi hetilap, 2002, Dec-15, Volume: 143, Issue:50 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Chro	2002
[Therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. Clinico-pharmacologic aspects]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2003, Feb-21, Volume: 128, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inf	2003
Thiopurine therapy: when to start and when to stop. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2003, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent	2003
Optimizing treatment with thioguanine derivatives in inflammatory bowel disease. Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology, 2003, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercap	2003
Inflammatory bowel disease: management issues during pregnancy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2004, Volume: 270, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; A	2004
Bioequivalence of azathioprine products. Reviews in gastroenterological disorders, 2003,Fall, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; M	2003
Safety of thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 2003, Issue:239 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunosuppre	2003
Pharmacogenetics and inflammatory bowel disease: progress and prospects. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2004, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fo	2004
Pharmacogenomics and IBD: TPMT and thiopurines. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2004, Volume: 10 Suppl 1 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Humans; Immunosuppressive Ag	2004
General principles of medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2004, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; G	2004
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2004, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Randomi	2004
Medical management of the pregnant patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2004, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies,	2004
[Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2004, Oct-15, Volume: 129, Issue:42 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents;	2004
Efficacy of conventional immunosuppressive drugs in IBD. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2004, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptop	2004
Therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease based on the immunopathogenesis. Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku (1995), 2004, Volume: 49 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Cyclophosphamide; Cyclosporine;	2004
Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Novartis Foundation symposium, 2004, Volume: 263 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Azathioprine; Gastr	2004
Review article: monitoring of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2005, Feb-15, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Di	2005
[Inflammatory bowel disease--diagnosis and therapy]. Praxis, 2005, Feb-02, Volume: 94, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ul	2005
Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacogenetics, therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical recommendations. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2005, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Inflammatory B	2005
[Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease]. Orvosi hetilap, 2005, May-22, Volume: 146, Issue:21 Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immuno	2005
Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut, 2005, Volume: 54, Issue:8 Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Lymphoma; Male;	2005
[New therapies for inflammatory bowel disease]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai zasshi = The Japanese journal of gastro-enterology, 2005, Volume: 102, Issue:7 Topics: Adalimumab; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcera	2005
Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine pharmacogenetics and metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Erythrocytes; Guanine Nucleotides; Human	2005
The use of medications for inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and nursing. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2005, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; B	2005
American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2006, Volume: 130, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Calcineurin Inhibitors; Cyclosporine;	2006
Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators. The British journal of surgery, 2006, Volume: 93, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflamma	2006
Review article: thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2006, Sep-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Gastrointestinal Agents; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Disea	2006
Apoptosis of T cells and the control of inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic implications. Gut, 2007, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Apoptosis; Azathioprine; Cell Survival; Crohn Disease; Huma	2007
Novel signal transduction pathways: analysis of STAT-3 and Rac-1 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006, Volume: 1072 Topics: Apoptosis; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; rac1 GTP-Bin	2006
Thiopurine-induced liver injury in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2007, Volume: 102, Issue:7 Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Global Health	2007
[Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases: Crohn's disease]. Orvosi hetilap, 2007, Jun-17, Volume: 148, Issue:24 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2007
Chemoprophylaxis of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Colorectal Neopl	2007
Lymphoma risk in inflammatory bowel disease: is it the disease or its treatment? Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:10 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infla	2007
Review article: Reproduction in the patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2007, Aug-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Breast Feeding; Female; Fertility; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammato	2007
Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: toward a standard of care. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Chemoprevention; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppre	2008
[Common errors in the management of outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease]. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2007, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anemia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine	2007
[Current status of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease]. Cirugia espanola, 2007, Volume: 82, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, H	2007
Pharmacogenomics in gastrointestinal disorders. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2008, Volume: 448 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Colorectal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Agent	2008
Start low, go slow, but don't go this way yet. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2008, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine	2008
Optimizing drug therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Current gastroenterology reports, 2007, Volume: 9, Issue:6 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adalimumab; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal	2007
Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:10 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; Inflammatory Bowe	2008
[Infectious mononucleosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under treatment with azathioprine]. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2008, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infectious Mononucleosis; Inflammatory Bowel	2008
Review article: immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 1993, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptop	1993
Review article: the risks of malignancy from either immunosuppression or diagnostic radiation in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 1995, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporins; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammato	1995
A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate. The American journal of gastroenterology, 1996, Volume: 91, Issue:3 Topics: Algorithms; Azathioprine; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressi	1996
Newer treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Primary care, 1996, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerat	1996
Refractory IBD: medical management. The Netherlands journal of medicine, 1997, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Interleuk	1997
Azathioprine: state of the art in inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 1998, Volume: 225 Topics: Azathioprine; Half-Life; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopuri	1998
Immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Seminars in gastrointestinal disease, 1998, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Dise	1998
Medical therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Hospital practice (1995), 1998, May-15, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Female; Humans	1998
Azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease, a safe alternative? Mediators of inflammation, 1998, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Fertility; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent	1998
Azathioprine: an update on clinical efficacy and safety in inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 1999, Volume: 230 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Remission Induction; Sa	1999
New strategies in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Acta clinica Belgica, 1999, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprin	1999
[Histopathologic diagnosis of the activity of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Evaluation of the effect of drug treatment. Use of histological scores]. Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique, 1999, Volume: 23, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Colitis, Ulc	1999
[Use of immunosuppressors in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases]. Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique, 1999, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Pt 2 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methotr	1999
Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Current gastroenterology reports, 2000, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Di	2000
Clinical pharmacology of inflammatory bowel disease therapies. Current gastroenterology reports, 2000, Volume: 2, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Colitis,	2000
Evolving treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease. Annual review of medicine, 2001, Volume: 52 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathiopri	2001
Frequency of use and standards of care for the use of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature and a survey of Canadian gastroenterologists. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Azathioprine; Canada; Drug Utilization; Gastroenterology; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Immunosuppres	2001
Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel disease: possible determinants and implications for therapy with aminosalicylates and other drugs. Gut, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biological Availabi	2001
Review article: the risk of lymphoma associated with inflammatory bowel disease and immunosuppressive treatment. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Epidemiologic Studies; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immuno	2001
Neutropenia is not required for clinical remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2001, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Long-Term Care;	2001
Review article: the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:11 Topics: Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; DNA Damage; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflam	2001
Review article: monitoring for drug side-effects in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acids; Azathioprine; Blood Cell Count; Creatinine; Drug Moni	2002
[Indications for azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease]. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2002, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	2002
Reversal of anti-drug antibodies against tumor necrosis factor inhibitors with addition of immunomodulators: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 2020, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Immunologic Factors; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Me	2020
Optimising use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert review of clinical immunology, 2017, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Allopurinol; Drug Dosage Calculations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Infla	2017
Pharmacogenetics of thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease in East Asia: prospects for clinical application of NUDT15 genotyping. Journal of gastroenterology, 2018, Volume: 53, Issue:2 Topics: Asian People; Gastrointestinal Agents; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine	2018
Reduced Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-associated Colorectal Neoplasia with Use of Thiopurines: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2018, Apr-27, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Merc	2018
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease: a possible thiopurine-induced chromosomal abnormality. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2010, Volume: 105, Issue:10 Topics: Chromosome Disorders; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Lymphoma, T-Cell; Mercaptopurine; Splenic	2010

Intervention	pmol/8 x 10^8 RBC (Mean)
Evening Group Medication Administration	175.04
Morning Group Medication Administration	225.65

azathioprine and Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory