azathioprine has been researched along with Substance Withdrawal Syndrome in 31 studies
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "In most patients with autoimmune hepatitis, remission can be maintained with prednisolone, usually in combination with azathioprine, but the majority of patients have a relapse when treatment is stopped and therefore require long-term therapy." | 9.08 | Azathioprine for long-term maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis. ( Johnson, PJ; McFarlane, IG; Williams, R, 1995) |
| "The combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone leads to marked improvement of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease." | 7.69 | Combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone for perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. ( Aichbichler, B; Fickert, P; Hinterleitner, TA; Krejs, GJ; Petritsch, W; Ranner, G, 1997) |
| "In most patients with autoimmune hepatitis, remission can be maintained with prednisolone, usually in combination with azathioprine, but the majority of patients have a relapse when treatment is stopped and therefore require long-term therapy." | 5.08 | Azathioprine for long-term maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis. ( Johnson, PJ; McFarlane, IG; Williams, R, 1995) |
| "The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term adverse effect (AE) profile of azathioprine (AZA) plus methylprednisolone combined immunosuppressive treatment in myasthenia gravis (MG) in a larger patient cohort." | 3.73 | Safety of long-term combined immunosuppressive treatment in myasthenia gravis--analysis of adverse effects of 163 patients. ( Fornadi, L; Komoly, S; Lovas, G; Rozsa, C; Szabo, G, 2006) |
| "The combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone leads to marked improvement of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease." | 3.69 | Combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone for perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. ( Aichbichler, B; Fickert, P; Hinterleitner, TA; Krejs, GJ; Petritsch, W; Ranner, G, 1997) |
| " The primary outcome was time to a major flare of SLE which resulted in either the institution of or an increase in the current dosage of prednisone of 10 mg/day or more, or institution of therapy with immunosuppressive agents." | 2.69 | A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. ( Choquette, D; Cividino, A; Danoff, D; Esdaile, JM; Joseph, L; Osterland, CK; Senécal, JL; Smith, CD; Tsakonas, E; Yeadon, C, 1998) |
| "A total of 79 patients with hepatitis C, B, or both, transplanted between 1973 and 1990, were grouped according to whether they had AZA either withdrawn from the immunosuppressive regimen [group (G) I, n=45] or a dosage reduction only (group II, n=34)." | 2.69 | The impact of azathioprine on chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation: a long-term, single-center, prospective study on azathioprine withdrawal. ( Americo da Fonseca, J; David-Neto, E; Ianhez, LE; Jota de Paula, F; Nahas, WC; Sabbaga, E, 1999) |
| "51 patients with Crohn's disease who were in good health while taking azathiprine, 2 mg/kg body-weight/day, for at least six months were allocated either to a group in which azathioprine was continued or to one in which a control tablet was substituted." | 2.64 | Double-blind withdrawal trial of azathioprine as maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease. ( Bown, RL; Dawson, AM; Lennard-Jones, JE; O'Donoghue, DP; Powell-Tuck, J, 1978) |
| "Current treatment strategies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) include long-term treatment with corticosteroids and/or azathioprine." | 1.39 | Relapse is almost universal after withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission. ( Beuers, U; Bouma, G; Brouwer, JT; Coenraad, MJ; de Man, RA; den Ouden, JW; Drenth, JP; Guichelaar, MM; Koek, GH; Mulder, CJ; van Buuren, HR; van Erpecum, KJ; van Gerven, NM; van Hoek, B; van Nieuwkerk, KM; Verdonk, RC; Verwer, BJ; Witte, BI, 2013) |
| "His tacrolimus dosage was decreased, and azathioprine was discontinued." | 1.33 | Tumor lysis syndrome associated with reduced immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient. ( Deel, C; Hellman, RN; Khan, BA, 2006) |
| "Relapse of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis after drug withdrawal may relate to incomplete histological improvement during corticosteroid therapy and/or persistence of pathogenic mechanisms." | 1.32 | Histological features associated with relapse after corticosteroid withdrawal in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. ( Carpenter, HA; Czaja, AJ, 2003) |
| "Treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone for immunosuppression had been discontinued 1 year before admission." | 1.28 | Idiopathic portal hypertension in a renal transplant patient after long-term azathioprine therapy. ( Becker, K; Brauer, M; Classen, M; Lorenz, R; Tornieporth, N, 1992) |
| "Azathioprine was withdrawn from five recipients after renal transplantation because of hepatic damage." | 1.26 | Acute irreversible rejection after withdrawal of azathioprine in renal allograft recipients. ( Hata, J; Hida, M; Nakamura, K; Nakayama, M; Saitoh, H; Satoh, T; Shinbo, T; Shiramizu, T; Tsuji, K, 1981) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 11 (35.48) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 13 (41.94) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 5 (16.13) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2 (6.45) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Kabaçam, G | 1 |
| Törüner, M | 1 |
| Cassinotti, A | 1 |
| Actis, GC | 1 |
| Duca, P | 1 |
| Massari, A | 1 |
| Colombo, E | 1 |
| Gai, E | 1 |
| Annese, V | 1 |
| D'Albasio, G | 1 |
| Manes, G | 1 |
| Travis, S | 1 |
| Porro, GB | 1 |
| Ardizzone, S | 1 |
| van Gerven, NM | 1 |
| Verwer, BJ | 1 |
| Witte, BI | 1 |
| van Hoek, B | 1 |
| Coenraad, MJ | 1 |
| van Erpecum, KJ | 1 |
| Beuers, U | 1 |
| van Buuren, HR | 1 |
| de Man, RA | 1 |
| Drenth, JP | 1 |
| den Ouden, JW | 1 |
| Verdonk, RC | 1 |
| Koek, GH | 1 |
| Brouwer, JT | 1 |
| Guichelaar, MM | 1 |
| Mulder, CJ | 1 |
| van Nieuwkerk, KM | 1 |
| Bouma, G | 1 |
| Czaja, AJ | 1 |
| Carpenter, HA | 1 |
| Schulak, JA | 2 |
| Rozsa, C | 1 |
| Lovas, G | 1 |
| Fornadi, L | 1 |
| Szabo, G | 1 |
| Komoly, S | 1 |
| Khan, BA | 1 |
| Deel, C | 1 |
| Hellman, RN | 1 |
| Ozaki, A | 1 |
| Iwasaki, Y | 1 |
| Miyajima, T | 1 |
| Shiramizu, T | 1 |
| Nakamura, K | 1 |
| Hida, M | 1 |
| Shinbo, T | 1 |
| Nakayama, M | 1 |
| Saitoh, H | 1 |
| Satoh, T | 1 |
| Hata, J | 1 |
| Tsuji, K | 1 |
| Johnson, PJ | 1 |
| McFarlane, IG | 1 |
| Williams, R | 1 |
| Heim-Duthoy, KL | 1 |
| Chitwood, KK | 1 |
| Tortorice, KL | 1 |
| Massy, ZA | 1 |
| Kasiske, BL | 1 |
| Sandborn, WJ | 1 |
| Hay, JE | 1 |
| Porayko, MK | 1 |
| Gores, GJ | 1 |
| Steers, JL | 1 |
| Krom, RA | 1 |
| Wiesner, RH | 1 |
| Offermann, G | 2 |
| Schwarz, A | 2 |
| Krause, PH | 2 |
| Padbury, RT | 1 |
| Gunson, BK | 1 |
| Dousset, B | 1 |
| Hubscher, SG | 1 |
| Buckels, JA | 1 |
| Neuberger, JM | 1 |
| Elias, E | 1 |
| McMaster, P | 1 |
| Hricik, DE | 1 |
| Seliga, RM | 1 |
| Fleming-Brooks, S | 1 |
| Bartucci, MR | 1 |
| Flachenecker, P | 1 |
| Hartung, HP | 1 |
| Ratcliffe, PJ | 1 |
| Dudley, CR | 1 |
| Higgins, RM | 1 |
| Firth, JD | 1 |
| Smith, B | 1 |
| Morris, PJ | 1 |
| Goldman, MH | 1 |
| Davis, B | 1 |
| Cruz, E | 1 |
| Miller, P | 1 |
| Stevens, SL | 1 |
| Freeman, MB | 1 |
| Tyler, JD | 1 |
| Hinterleitner, TA | 1 |
| Petritsch, W | 1 |
| Aichbichler, B | 1 |
| Fickert, P | 1 |
| Ranner, G | 1 |
| Krejs, GJ | 1 |
| Tsakonas, E | 1 |
| Joseph, L | 1 |
| Esdaile, JM | 1 |
| Choquette, D | 1 |
| Senécal, JL | 1 |
| Cividino, A | 1 |
| Danoff, D | 1 |
| Osterland, CK | 1 |
| Yeadon, C | 1 |
| Smith, CD | 1 |
| David-Neto, E | 1 |
| Americo da Fonseca, J | 1 |
| Jota de Paula, F | 1 |
| Nahas, WC | 1 |
| Sabbaga, E | 1 |
| Ianhez, LE | 1 |
| Schmidt, P | 2 |
| Kopsa, H | 2 |
| Zazgornik, J | 2 |
| Pils, P | 2 |
| Balcke, P | 2 |
| O'Donoghue, DP | 1 |
| Dawson, AM | 1 |
| Powell-Tuck, J | 1 |
| Bown, RL | 1 |
| Lennard-Jones, JE | 1 |
| Dandavino, R | 1 |
| Trunet, P | 1 |
| Descamps, B | 1 |
| Kreis, H | 1 |
| Toussaint, C | 1 |
| Kinnaert, P | 1 |
| Vereerstraeten, P | 1 |
| Dupont, E | 1 |
| Van Geertruyden, J | 1 |
| Lorenz, R | 1 |
| Brauer, M | 1 |
| Classen, M | 1 |
| Tornieporth, N | 1 |
| Becker, K | 1 |
| Johann, D | 1 |
| Neumayer, HH | 1 |
| Scholle, J | 1 |
| Stratta, RJ | 1 |
| Armbrust, MJ | 1 |
| Oh, CS | 1 |
| Pirsch, JD | 1 |
| Kalayoglu, M | 1 |
| Sollinger, HW | 1 |
| Belzer, FO | 1 |
| Mieny, CJ | 1 |
| Nel, PJ | 1 |
| Becker, JH | 1 |
| Pretorius, JP | 1 |
| Karusseit, VO | 1 |
| Brooke, BN | 1 |
| Javett, SL | 1 |
| Davison, OW | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multicenter, Nationwide, Observational, Retrospective and Prospective Study Based on the Development of a Autoimmune Hepatitis Patient's Database Linked to a Biological Sample Storage[NCT06078098] | 10,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2023-03-29 | Recruiting | |||
| Relevance of Monitoring Blood Levels Compared to Salivar Levels of Drugs Used in Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases: Adherence and Understanding the Possible Underlying Mechanisms Involved in Effectiveness and in Adverse Effects[NCT03122431] | Phase 4 | 93 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-06-05 | Completed | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)[NCT03802188] | 3,700 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2018-05-09 | Recruiting | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Serum levels of hydroxycloroquine by LCMS (NCT03122431)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Inactive SLE With Standard Dose of HCQ | 991.6 |
| Inactive SLE With Reduced Dose of HCQ | 569.0 |
Serum levels of thalidomide by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) (NCT03122431)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| SLE/Cutaneous Lupus With Thalidomide | 415.1 |
2 reviews available for azathioprine and Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Can azathioprine 6-mercaptopurine treatment be withdrawn in patients with response in ulcerative colitis: what is the most appropriate time for this?
Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Substance Withd | 2012 |
Steroid immunosuppression in kidney transplantation: a passing era.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Blood Pressure; Cyclosporine; Diabetes Mellitus; Graft Reject | 2004 |
6 trials available for azathioprine and Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Azathioprine for long-term maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arthralgia; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Disease-Free Survival; Femal | 1995 |
Randomised controlled trial of steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving triple immunosuppression.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cadaver; Creatinine; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gra | 1996 |
Effects of azathioprine withdrawal in kidney recipients with stable function two years after transplant.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Graft Rejection; Hematocrit; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney | 1996 |
A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydroxychlo | 1998 |
A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydroxychlo | 1998 |
A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydroxychlo | 1998 |
A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydroxychlo | 1998 |
The impact of azathioprine on chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation: a long-term, single-center, prospective study on azathioprine withdrawal.
Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Azathioprine; Bilirubin; Disease Progression; Dose-Response Relationshi | 1999 |
Double-blind withdrawal trial of azathioprine as maintenance treatment for Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evalua | 1978 |
23 other studies available for azathioprine and Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Maintenance treatment with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: outcome and predictive factors after drug withdrawal.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dose-Response Relati | 2009 |
Relapse is almost universal after withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; He | 2013 |
Histological features associated with relapse after corticosteroid withdrawal in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis, Autoimmu | 2003 |
Safety of long-term combined immunosuppressive treatment in myasthenia gravis--analysis of adverse effects of 163 patients.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Longitudinal Stud | 2006 |
Tumor lysis syndrome associated with reduced immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient.
Topics: Aged; Azathioprine; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver Transplantation; Lymphopr | 2006 |
Withdrawal of azathioprine after renal transplantation.
Topics: Azathioprine; Creatinine; Humans; Immunoglobulin Idiotypes; Kidney Transplantation; Liver Diseases; | 1980 |
Acute irreversible rejection after withdrawal of azathioprine in renal allograft recipients.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syn | 1981 |
Elective cyclosporine withdrawal 1 year after renal transplantation.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Graft Reject | 1994 |
Cyclosporine withdrawal for nephrotoxicity in liver transplant recipients does not result in sustained improvement in kidney function and causes cellular and ductopenic rejection.
Topics: Azathioprine; Creatinine; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Graft | 1994 |
Long-term effects of steroid withdrawal in kidney transplantation.
Topics: Azathioprine; Creatinine; Cyclosporine; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Tran | 1993 |
Steroid withdrawal from long-term immunosuppression in liver allograft recipients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Dose-Response Relation | 1993 |
Determinants of long-term allograft function following steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Follow-Up Studies | 1995 |
[EDMUS--a new European databank for multiple sclerosis. A brief introduction of ongoing and planned multicenter studies within the scope of the "European Concentrated Action for Multiple Sclerosis"].
Topics: Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Databases, Factual; Disability Evaluation; Europe; European | 1996 |
Combination of cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone for perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Cyclosporine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administrat | 1997 |
Renal graft acceptance without azathioprine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Graft Survival; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Transpl | 1978 |
Prolonged withdrawal of azathioprine in kidney transplantation.
Topics: Azathioprine; Creatinine; Graft Survival; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Lymphocyte Activation; Lym | 1978 |
Azathioprine is necessary in kidney transplantation.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Graft Survival; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Subs | 1979 |
Cadaveric renal graft acceptance without azathioprine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Cadaver; Creatinine; Female; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Hematologic Diseases; He | 1979 |
Idiopathic portal hypertension in a renal transplant patient after long-term azathioprine therapy.
Topics: Angiography; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Graft Rejection; Humans; Hyperten | 1992 |
Late conversion from steroids to azathioprine in cyclosporin-treated renal graft recipients.
Topics: Azathioprine; Biopsy; Cyclosporins; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transp | 1989 |
Withdrawal of steroid immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Cyclosporins; Female; Graft Rejection; Haplotypes; Histocompatibility Testing; | 1988 |
Conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine 3 months after renal transplantation--is it safe?
Topics: Azathioprine; Cyclosporins; Graft Survival; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Substance Withdrawal Syn | 1987 |
Further experience with azathioprine for Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Klebsiella Infec | 1970 |