Page last updated: 2024-10-23

azathioprine and Uveitis

azathioprine has been researched along with Uveitis in 70 studies

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Uveitis: Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"To investigate the effect of infliximab on the frequency of uveitis attacks and the visual prognosis in male patients with Behçet's disease in whom uveitis was resistant to combination therapy with corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine."9.11Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behçet's disease: an open-label trial. ( Gül, A; Inanc, M; Kamali, S; Kasapoglu, E; Mudun, A; Tugal-Tutkun, I; Urgancioglu, M, 2005)
"to evaluate effectiveness and side effects of azathioprine (AZA) in corticosteroid resistant noninfectious uveitis (CRNIU)."7.81Azathioprine for glucocorticoid resistant noninfectious uveitis. ( Ammous, I; Errais, K; Khalfallah, N; Letaief, I; Mili-Boussen, I; Zhioua, R; Zitouni, M, 2015)
"To investigate the therapeutic value of azathioprine as monotherapy or combined with other immunosuppressive drugs for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)."7.77Azathioprine as a treatment option for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ( Ganser, G; Goebel, JC; Heiligenhaus, A; Heinz, C; Michels, H; Roesel, M, 2011)
"Tacrolimus's efficacy for the treatment of uveitis is maintained long-term, and its cardiovascular risk profile is excellent."7.74Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus for the treatment of uveitis. ( Dick, AD; Hogan, AC; Lee, RW; McAvoy, CE, 2007)
"Three weeks after starting AZA for the treatment of uveitis, the patient was admitted to our clinic with cholestasis and constitutional symptoms."5.51Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease. ( Gisi, K; Ispiroglu, M; Kantarceken, B; Sayar, H, 2019)
"To investigate the effect of infliximab on the frequency of uveitis attacks and the visual prognosis in male patients with Behçet's disease in whom uveitis was resistant to combination therapy with corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine."5.11Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behçet's disease: an open-label trial. ( Gül, A; Inanc, M; Kamali, S; Kasapoglu, E; Mudun, A; Tugal-Tutkun, I; Urgancioglu, M, 2005)
"A VKH disease patient, well controlled on azathioprine therapy, presented a uveitis relapse eleven days after the first vaccination for COVID-19."4.12Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Relapse after COVID-19 Vaccination. ( Accorinti, M; Manni, P; Saturno, MC, 2022)
"An immunocompetent, 25-year-old gentleman with bilateral chronic uveitis presented to various uveitis clinics at different points of time with documented typical clinical features of Toxoplasma Chorioretinitis (Headlight in fog appearance), Behcet's Disease (Hypopyon with peripheral retinal vasculitis), and Presumed Ocular Tuberculosis (Granulomatous Intermediate Uveitis with positive Interferon-gamma release assay) and had been treated with anti-toxoplasma drugs, oral prednisolone, and immunomodulation with oral Mycophenolate/oral Azathioprine to no avail."3.96Isolated intraocular histiocytosis-A rarely reported entity masquerading clinically as uveitis. ( Dudani, AI; Moreker, MR; Patel, K; Sharma, TR; Smruti, BK, 2020)
"To report the results of IFNα2a therapy in patients with Behçet uveitis refractory to azathioprine-cyclosporine combination treatment."3.85Interferon Alpha-2a Therapy in Patients with Refractory Behçet Uveitis. ( Aktas, Z; Cubuk, MO; Gurelik, G; Hasanreisoglu, B; Hasanreisoglu, M; Ozdek, S, 2017)
"To investigate the therapeutic value of azathioprine as monotherapy or combined with other immunosuppressive drugs for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)."3.77Azathioprine as a treatment option for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ( Ganser, G; Goebel, JC; Heiligenhaus, A; Heinz, C; Michels, H; Roesel, M, 2011)
"Azathioprine was moderately effective as a single corticosteroid-sparing immunosuppressive agent in terms of control of inflammation and corticosteroid-sparing benefits, but required several months to achieve treatment goals; it seems especially useful for patients with intermediate uveitis."3.75Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. ( Foster, CS; Jabs, DA; Kempen, JH; Levy-Clarke, GA; Liesegang, TL; Newcomb, CW; Nussenblatt, RB; Pasadhika, S; Pujari, SS; Rosenbaum, JT; Suhler, EB; Thorne, JE, 2009)
"Extrapolation from transplant, rheumatology, skin disease, and inflammatory bowel disease cohorts to the ocular inflammation setting suggest that: 1) alkylating agents increase hematologic malignancy risk and cyclophosphamide increases bladder cancer risk, but less so with < or =18 months' duration of therapy and hydration, respectively; 2) calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine probably do not increase total cancer risk to a detectable degree, except perhaps some other risk factors (uncommon in ocular inflammation patients) might interact with the former to raise risk; 3) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors may accelerate diagnosis of cancer in the first six to 12 months, but probably do not increase long-term cancer risk; and 4) changes in risk with methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and daclizumab appear negligible, although nontransplant data are limited for the latter agents."3.74Long-term risk of malignancy among patients treated with immunosuppressive agents for ocular inflammation: a critical assessment of the evidence. ( Daniel, E; Foster, CS; Gangaputra, S; Helzlsouer, KJ; Jabs, DA; Kempen, JH; Levy-Clarke, GA; Nussenblatt, RB; Rosenbaum, JT; Suhler, EB; Thorne, JE, 2008)
"Ability to control ocular inflammation and to taper prednisone to 3.74Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation. ( Dunn, JP; Galor, A; Jabs, DA; Kedhar, SR; Leder, HA; Peters, GB; Thorne, JE, 2008)
"Tacrolimus's efficacy for the treatment of uveitis is maintained long-term, and its cardiovascular risk profile is excellent."3.74Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus for the treatment of uveitis. ( Dick, AD; Hogan, AC; Lee, RW; McAvoy, CE, 2007)
"Twenty-five patients with severe, progressive, chronic uveitis who were poorly responsive or unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy received low-dose prednisone and cytotoxic immunosuppressive therapy."3.66Immunosuppressive therapy for severe chronic uveitis. ( Andrasch, RH; Burns, RP; Pirofsky, B, 1978)
"Azathioprine was superior to placebo in the prevention of new eye disease in group 1 (1 vs."2.67A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet's syndrome. ( Barnes, CG; Lovatt, GE; Oğuz, V; Ozyazgan, Y; Pazarli, H; Serdaroğlu, S; Silman, A; Tüzün, Y; Yazici, H; Yurdakul, S, 1990)
"Atypical Cogan's syndrome is more commonly associated with systemic manifestations than typical disease, and may be refractory to immunosuppressive treatment."2.45Cogan's syndrome: present and future directions. ( Harney, S; Molloy, M; Murphy, G; Shanahan, F; Sullivan, MO, 2009)
"Oral corticosteroids remain the main therapeutical choice in patients with uveitis not responding to topical treatment, however their chronic use can be very toxic, especially for bones (osteoporosis or growth retardation)."2.41[Treatment of uveitis with immunosuppressives: antimetabolites and alkylating agents]. ( Caspers-Velu, LE, 2001)
"To report the clinical profile of Behcet's disease and its management with immunosuppressants and biologics in a cohort of 25 patients from a tertiary eye care center in South India."1.91Clinical profile and management with immunosuppressants and biologics in Behcet's uveitis: A cohort of 25 patients from a tertiary eye care center in South India. ( Ahmed, AS; Biswas, J; Ramdoss, J; Singh, P, 2023)
"Three weeks after starting AZA for the treatment of uveitis, the patient was admitted to our clinic with cholestasis and constitutional symptoms."1.51Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease. ( Gisi, K; Ispiroglu, M; Kantarceken, B; Sayar, H, 2019)
"Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown aetiology with pulmonary involvement in most patients."1.48Atypical sarcoidosis-associated uveitis: diagnostic challenges. ( Cehajic Kapetanovic, J; Jones, NP; Steeples, LR, 2018)
"We report a Chinese man with VKH syndrome presenting with multiple cranial nerve palsy and bilateral pan-uveitis, who developed disseminated high-grade B cell lymphoma after 3-year treatment with azathioprine."1.33High-grade lymphoma after azathioprine treatment for Vogt-Kaganayi-Harada syndrome. ( Au, WY; Ho, SL; Hon, C; Ma, ES; Trendell-Smith, NJ, 2005)
" The CSA-associated toxicity may be reduced by initiating therapy at very low initial doses, with incremental dosage escalation to the desired target range."1.29Low-dose cyclosporin A therapy in treating chronic, noninfectious uveitis. ( Foster, CS; Rodriguez, A; Vitale, AT, 1996)
"Bilateral uveitis was the initial manifestation of a limited form of Wegener granulomatosis in a 47-year-old man."1.25Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign. ( Coutu, RE; Friedman, E; Klein, M; Lessell, S; Snider, GL, 1975)

Research

Studies (70)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199023 (32.86)18.7374
1990's9 (12.86)18.2507
2000's17 (24.29)29.6817
2010's17 (24.29)24.3611
2020's4 (5.71)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Accorinti, M1
Saturno, MC1
Manni, P1
Ramdoss, J1
Singh, P1
Ahmed, AS1
Biswas, J1
Moreker, MR1
Dudani, AI1
Sharma, TR1
Patel, K1
Smruti, BK1
Waszczyk-Łączak, M1
Łazicka-Gałecka, M1
Chomicz, L1
Mucha, K1
Pączek, L1
Szaflik, JP1
Markomichelakis, NN1
Aissopou, EK1
Maselos, S1
Tugal-Tutkun, I3
Sfikakis, PP1
Cehajic Kapetanovic, J1
Jones, NP2
Steeples, LR1
Rossi, DC1
Ribi, C1
Guex-Crosier, Y1
Gisi, K1
Ispiroglu, M1
Kantarceken, B1
Sayar, H1
Lima, BR1
Nussenblatt, RB3
Sen, HN1
Joshi, L1
Talat, L1
Yaganti, S1
Sandhu, S1
Taylor, SR1
Wakefield, D1
McCluskey, P1
Lightman, S1
Tanawade, RG1
Tsierkezou, L1
Bindra, MS1
Patton, NA1
Silva-Fernández, L1
Pérez-Vicente, S1
Martín-Martínez, MA1
López-González, R1
Liu, X1
Zhang, M1
Vitale, A1
Rigante, D1
Caso, F1
Franceschini, R1
Cantarini, L1
Mili-Boussen, I1
Zitouni, M1
Ammous, I1
Letaief, I1
Errais, K1
Zhioua, R1
Khalfallah, N1
Hasanreisoglu, M1
Cubuk, MO1
Ozdek, S1
Gurelik, G1
Aktas, Z1
Hasanreisoglu, B1
Jones, N1
Kempen, JH2
Gangaputra, S1
Daniel, E1
Levy-Clarke, GA2
Rosenbaum, JT2
Suhler, EB2
Thorne, JE3
Foster, CS4
Jabs, DA3
Helzlsouer, KJ1
Galor, A1
Leder, HA1
Kedhar, SR1
Dunn, JP1
Peters, GB1
Murphy, G1
Sullivan, MO1
Shanahan, F1
Harney, S1
Molloy, M1
Angelucci, E1
Cesarini, M1
Vernia, P1
Pasadhika, S1
Newcomb, CW1
Liesegang, TL1
Pujari, SS1
Karadeli, E1
Ulu, EM1
Pye, CC1
Goebel, JC1
Roesel, M1
Heinz, C1
Michels, H1
Ganser, G1
Heiligenhaus, A1
Sreekantam, S1
Denniston, AK1
Murray, PI1
Androudi, S1
Brazitikos, P1
Iaccheri, B1
Fiore, T1
Christen, W1
Meniconi, M1
Kohnen, EM1
Pansdorf, Y1
Zubcov, A1
Mayo, JM1
Colmenarejo, MB1
Vaquerizo, PJ1
Gutierrez, MV1
Hon, C1
Ho, SL1
Ma, ES1
Trendell-Smith, NJ1
Au, WY1
Mudun, A1
Urgancioglu, M1
Kamali, S1
Kasapoglu, E1
Inanc, M1
Gül, A2
Maíz, B1
Odriozola, M1
Blanco, A1
Fernández, J1
Castiella, A1
Sigle, KJ1
McLellan, GJ1
Haynes, JS1
Myers, RK1
Betts, DM1
Hogan, AC1
McAvoy, CE1
Dick, AD2
Lee, RW1
Kulaber, A1
Yentür, SP1
Akman-Demir, G1
Kaneko, F1
Saruhan-Direskeneli, G1
Cuchacovich, M1
Pacheco, P1
Díaz, G1
Rojas, B1
Stoppel, J1
Merino, G1
Verdaguer, JI1
Verdaguer, J1
Villarroel, F1
Gündüz, E1
Korkmaz, C1
Kaşifoğlu, T1
Gülbaş, Z1
Hornstein, OP1
Djawari, D1
Martenet, AC4
Niessen, F1
Campinchi, R1
Bloch-Michel, E1
Anglade, E1
Whitcup, SM1
Vitale, AT1
Rodriguez, A1
de la Serna Higuera, C1
Moreira Vicente, VE1
Sanz de Villalobos, E1
Kilmartin, DJ1
Forrester, JV1
Van Gelder, RN1
Kaplan, HJ1
Grahn, BH1
Cullen, CL1
Wolfer, J1
Caspers-Velu, LE1
Andrasch, RH2
Pirofsky, B2
Burns, RP2
James, DG1
Friedmann, AI1
Graham, E1
Coutu, RE1
Klein, M1
Lessell, S1
Friedman, E1
Snider, GL1
Sundmacher, R1
Goldenstein-Schainberg, C1
Pereira, RM1
Gusukuma, MC1
Messina, WC1
Cossermelli, W1
O'Duffy, JD1
Yazici, H1
Pazarli, H1
Barnes, CG1
Tüzün, Y1
Ozyazgan, Y1
Silman, A1
Serdaroğlu, S1
Oğuz, V1
Yurdakul, S1
Lovatt, GE1
Dottan, S1
Glerstein, S1
Naveh, N1
Smecka, Z1
Smecková, M1
Svec, V1
Obrucníková, E1
Pietruschka, G1
Bonnet, M1
Perkins, ES1
Aronson, SB1
Cerný, M1
Newell, FW1
Krill, AE1
Thomann, H1
Schumacher, K1
Utermann, D1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
First-line Antimetabolites as Steroid-sparing Treatment (FAST) Uveitis Trial[NCT01829295]Phase 3216 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success After Switching to Other Medication (Phase II, 0-6 Months)

Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate for patients who crossed over to other medication following treatment failure at 6 months (or earlier). (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 6 Months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Switched Over to Methotrexate20
Switched Over to Mycophenolate Mofetil7

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success at 12 Months on Same Medication (Phase I, 6-12 Months)

Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate in patients who were a treatment success at the primary outcome of 6 months. (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 12 Months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Methotrexate48
Mycophenolate Mofetil40

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Success at 6 Months (Phase I, 0-6 Months)

Controlled ocular inflammation (≤ 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, ≤ 0.5+ vitreous haze, no active retinal/choroidal lesions in both eyes) with 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone and ≤ 2 drops/day of topical 1% prednisolone acetate. (NCT01829295)
Timeframe: 6 Months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Methotrexate64
Mycophenolate Mofetil56

Reviews

12 reviews available for azathioprine and Uveitis

ArticleYear
Treatment of chronic non-infectious uveitis and scleritis.
    Swiss medical weekly, 2019, 02-25, Volume: 149

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Immunosuppressive Agents; Me

2019
Pharmacogenetics of drugs used in the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.
    Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2013, Volume: 9, Issue:7

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkylating Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine;

2013
Cogan's syndrome: present and future directions.
    Rheumatology international, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:10

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatal Outcome; Femal

2009
[Non-infectious oral aphthous disorders. 2. Behçet's syndrome (malignant aphthosis)].
    Fortschritte der Medizin, 1980, Nov-27, Volume: 98, Issue:44

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Bone Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseas

1980
[Therapy of endogenous uveitis. Immunosuppression].
    Bericht uber die Zusammenkunft. Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, 1980, Volume: 78

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Procar

1980
The diagnosis and management of uveitis.
    Drugs, 1995, Volume: 49, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclophosp

1995
Immunosuppression in uveitis therapy.
    Springer seminars in immunopathology, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Animals; Arrestin; Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Cyclop

1999
[Treatment of uveitis with immunosuppressives: antimetabolites and alkylating agents].
    Bulletin de la Societe belge d'ophtalmologie, 2001, Issue:279

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimetabolites; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Azathioprine; Child; Chlorambucil;

2001
Cytotoxic drugs in treatment of nonmalignant diseases.
    Annals of internal medicine, 1972, Volume: 76, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Chlor

1972
[Immunodepressors in ophthalmology].
    L'Annee therapeutique et clinique en ophtalmologie, 1971, Volume: 22

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antilymphocyte Se

1971
Recent advances in the study of uveitis.
    The British journal of ophthalmology, 1974, Volume: 58, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Aqueous Humor; Azathioprine; Cell Migration Inhibitio

1974
The uvea.
    Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1969, Volume: 81, Issue:5

    Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Methotrexate; Stero

1969

Trials

4 trials available for azathioprine and Uveitis

ArticleYear
Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behçet's disease: an open-label trial.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:8

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Cyclosporine;

2005
[Role of Azathioprine in steroid resistant non infectious ocular inflammatory diseases].
    Revista medica de Chile, 2007, Volume: 135, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Choroid Diseases; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination;

2007
Behçet's syndrome.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1990, Feb-01, Volume: 322, Issue:5

    Topics: Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Clinical Trials as Topic; Eye Diseases; Humans; Suppuration; Uveitis

1990
A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet's syndrome.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1990, Feb-01, Volume: 322, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Double-Blind Method; Eye Diseases; Humans; Male; Patient Compl

1990

Other Studies

54 other studies available for azathioprine and Uveitis

ArticleYear
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Relapse after COVID-19 Vaccination.
    Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:5

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Female; Humans;

2022
Clinical profile and management with immunosuppressants and biologics in Behcet's uveitis: A cohort of 25 patients from a tertiary eye care center in South India.
    Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2023, Volume: 71, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Biological Products; Cyclosporins; Female; Humans;

2023
Isolated intraocular histiocytosis-A rarely reported entity masquerading clinically as uveitis.
    Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2020, Volume: 68, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Histiocytosis; Humans; Male; Retinal Vasculitis; Uveitis

2020
The first investigation on differences in the effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine antimetabolites determined in Polish patients treated for non-infectious uveitis.
    Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2020, Dec-22, Volume: 27, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycophenolic Acid; Po

2020
Biologic Treatment Options for Retinal Neovascularization in Behçet's Disease.
    Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2019, Volume: 27, Issue:1

    Topics: Adalimumab; Administration, Oral; Antirheumatic Agents; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Child; Glucoc

2019
Atypical sarcoidosis-associated uveitis: diagnostic challenges.
    BMJ case reports, 2018, May-30, Volume: 2018

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Choroiditis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Administration Sch

2018
Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease.
    BMJ case reports, 2019, Mar-31, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cholestasis; Humans; I

2019
Outcomes of changing immunosuppressive therapy after treatment failure in patients with noninfectious uveitis.
    Ophthalmology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cyclosporine; Drug S

2014
Visual outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with epiretinal membrane peel in patients with uveitis.
    Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2015, Volume: 35, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endotamponade; Epiretinal Membrane

2015
Variability in the prescription of non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of spondyloarthritis in Spain.
    Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2015, Volume: 44, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Antimalarials; Antirheumatic Agents; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Cyclophosphamide; Cyclospo

2015
[Uveitic macular edema and the pharmacotherapy].
    [Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology, 2015, Volume: 51, Issue:2

    Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized;

2015
Interleukin-1 blockade in neuro-Behçet's disease: a case-based reflection.
    International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2017, Volume: 20, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Dis

2017
Azathioprine for glucocorticoid resistant noninfectious uveitis.
    La Tunisie medicale, 2015, Volume: 93, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Resistance; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mal

2015
Interferon Alpha-2a Therapy in Patients with Refractory Behçet Uveitis.
    Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2017, Volume: 25, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Child; Cyclosporine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resis

2017
Sepsis During Immunosuppression for Sight-threatening Uveitis: The Flip side.
    Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2018, Volume: 26, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Bacteremia; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Immu

2018
Long-term risk of malignancy among patients treated with immunosuppressive agents for ocular inflammation: a critical assessment of the evidence.
    American journal of ophthalmology, 2008, Volume: 146, Issue:6

    Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Daclizumab

2008
Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation.
    Ophthalmology, 2008, Volume: 115, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Glucocorti

2008
Successful resolution of pneumonia developed in a patient affected by Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis and recurrent uveitis during concomitant treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors and conventional immunosuppressi
    Rheumatology international, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:7

    Topics: Aged; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, R

2010
Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases.
    American journal of ophthalmology, 2009, Volume: 148, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans;

2009
Acute sarcoid myositis with unusual radiologic findings.
    Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey), 2010, Volume: 16, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Blood Sedimentation; C-Reactive Protein; Humans; Immunosuppr

2010
Uveodermatologic syndrome in an Akita.
    The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Blindness; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Pigmentation Disorders; Prednisolone;

2009
Azathioprine as a treatment option for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
    The British journal of ophthalmology, 2011, Volume: 95, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunosuppre

2011
Survey of expert practice and perceptions of the supporting clinical evidence for the management of uveitis-related cataract and cystoid macular oedema.
    Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2011, Volume: 19, Issue:5

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azathioprine; Cataract; Cataract Extraction;

2011
Outcomes of early and late immunomodulatory treatment in patients with HLA-B27-associated chronic uveitis.
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2003, Volume: 241, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Cyclophosphamide; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fem

2003
[Recurrent uveitis with bilateral exudative retinal detachment. 10-year-old boy with bilaterally impaired vision and eye pain. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome].
    Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 2004, Volume: 101, Issue:4

    Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combin

2004
Hypersensitivity reaction to azathioprine in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Infrequent manifestations.
    Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2004, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Hypersensitivity; Fever; Hum

2004
High-grade lymphoma after azathioprine treatment for Vogt-Kaganayi-Harada syndrome.
    Leukemia & lymphoma, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Carcinogens; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Lymph Nodes; Ly

2005
[Autoimmune hepatitis in a patient with uveitis].
    Gastroenterologia y hepatologia, 2005, Volume: 28, Issue:10

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female

2005
Unilateral uveitis in a dog with uveodermatologic syndrome.
    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2006, Feb-15, Volume: 228, Issue:4

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Azathioprine; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Diagnosis, Differenti

2006
Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus for the treatment of uveitis.
    Ophthalmology, 2007, Volume: 114, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Cyclosporine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppr

2007
Pro-inflammatory cellular immune response in Behçet's disease.
    Rheumatology international, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; alpha-Crystallin B Chain; Antigens, Bacterial; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Cell Proliferat

2007
Unusual presentation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: polyarthritis and uveitis mimicking a rheumatologic disease.
    Rheumatology international, 2008, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Middl

2008
[Value and complications of immunosuppressive therapy in uveitis of Behcet's disease or of other etiology. Apropos of 40 cases].
    Journal francais d'ophtalmologie, 1982, Volume: 5, Issue:6-7

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Child; Chlorambucil; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female;

1982
[Failures of cytostatic treatment in ophthalmology (author's transl)].
    Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1980, Volume: 176, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Corneal Diseases; Cyclophosphamide; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Immuno

1980
Low-dose cyclosporin A therapy in treating chronic, noninfectious uveitis.
    Ophthalmology, 1996, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Cyclosporine; Drug Therapy, Co

1996
[Mixed hepatitis induced by azathioprine].
    Medicina clinica, 1996, Dec-07, Volume: 107, Issue:20

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent

1996
Cyclosporin A therapy in refractory non-infectious childhood uveitis.
    The British journal of ophthalmology, 1998, Volume: 82, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Cyclosporin

1998
Diagnostic ophthalmology. Necrotic scleritis and uveitis.
    The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:9

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Azathioprine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Immunosuppressive Agents

1999
Immunosuppressive therapy for severe chronic uveitis.
    Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1978, Volume: 96, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorambucil; Chronic Disease; Drug

1978
Immunosuppressive therapy of severe chronic uveitis.
    Transactions of the Pacific Coast Oto-Ophthalmological Society annual meeting, 1976, Volume: 57

    Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorambucil; Female; Humans; Male; Prednisone; U

1976
Uveitis. A series of 368 patients.
    Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom, 1976, Volume: 96, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Presc

1976
Limited form of Wegener granulomatosis. Eye involvement as a major sign.
    JAMA, 1975, Aug-25, Volume: 233, Issue:8

    Topics: Azathioprine; Biopsy; Blindness; Fundus Oculi; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Lung; Male;

1975
Editorial: Immunosuppressive treatment for uveitis.
    The British journal of ophthalmology, 1975, Volume: 59, Issue:8

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Methotrexate;

1975
[Diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-syndrome (uveoencephalitis) (author's transl)].
    Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1975, Volume: 166, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fundus Oculi; Germany, West; Glucocorticoids;

1975
[Results of immunosuppression by cytostatics in ophthalmology].
    Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde, 1976, Volume: 172, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Cyclophosphamide; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans;

1976
Childhood linear scleroderma "en coup de sabre" with uveitis.
    The Journal of pediatrics, 1990, Volume: 117, Issue:4

    Topics: Autoantibodies; Azathioprine; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Hemiatrophy; Humans; Male; Peni

1990
Azathioprine-induced in vitro inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by rabbit retina.
    Prostaglandins, 1987, Volume: 34, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Prostagl

1987
[Personal experience with cytostatic treatment of severe uveitis].
    Ceskoslovenska oftalmologie, 1986, Volume: 42, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fe

1986
[Contribution on the clinical problems of idiopathic panuveitis (author's transl)].
    Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1974, Volume: 165, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chorioretinit

1974
[Indications for immunosuppression by use of cytostatics in ophthalmology].
    Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde, 1972, Volume: 165, Issue:3-4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Child; Corneal Transplantation; Cyclopho

1972
[Therapy of endogenous intraocular inflammation with azathioprine].
    Ceskoslovenska oftalmologie, 1971, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans;

1971
Treatment of uveitis with azathioprine (Imuran).
    Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom, 1967, Volume: 87

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Female; Glucocorticoids; Histoplasmosis; Hum

1967
[Observations on immunosuppressive therapy of chronic eye inflammations].
    Bericht uber die Zusammenkunft. Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, 1970, Volume: 70

    Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Behcet Syndrome; Humans; Male; Prednisone; Prognosis; Uveitis

1970
[The treatment of endogenous uveitis with antimetabolites].
    Bericht uber die Zusammenkunft. Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, 1970, Volume: 70

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Choroiditis; Humans; Prednisone; Uveitis

1970