azathioprine has been researched along with thioguanine anhydrous in 215 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 30 (13.95) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 20 (9.30) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 71 (33.02) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 75 (34.88) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 19 (8.84) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Hall, WW; Krenitsky, TA; Selph, JL; Truax, JF; Vinegar, R | 1 |
| Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL | 1 |
| González-Díaz, H; Orallo, F; Quezada, E; Santana, L; Uriarte, E; Viña, D; Yáñez, M | 1 |
| Barnes, JC; Bradley, P; Day, NC; Fourches, D; Reed, JZ; Tropsha, A | 1 |
| Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ | 1 |
| Ekins, S; Williams, AJ; Xu, JJ | 1 |
| Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V | 1 |
| Chen, M; Hu, C; Suzuki, A; Thakkar, S; Tong, W; Yu, K | 1 |
| Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y | 1 |
| Saunders, JE; Wickramasinghe, SN | 1 |
| Bach, JF | 1 |
| Davidson, GS; Maddocks, JL | 1 |
| Anstey, A; Kirby, JD; Lennard, L; Mayou, SC | 1 |
| Iven, H; Kurowski, V | 1 |
| Canafax, DM; Chan, GL; Erdmann, GR; Gruber, SA; Matas, AJ | 1 |
| Finn, OJ; Stanford, WL; Strauss, GH | 1 |
| Harrington, CI; Lennard, L; Maddocks, JL; Wood, M | 1 |
| Johnson, CA; Porter, WR; Vanscoik, KG | 1 |
| Boulton-Jones, M; Cameron, JS; Ogg, C; Robinson, R | 1 |
| Greenwald, ES | 1 |
| De Koning, J; Eernisse, JG; Zwaan, FE | 1 |
| Schrier, SL; Silvergleid, AJ | 1 |
| Burdorf, T; Chgalmers, AH; Murray, AW | 1 |
| Bugge, CJ; Krasny, HC; Nelson, DJ; Zimmerman, TP | 1 |
| Castro, O; Cooper, M; Covey, W; Erichson, R; Finch, SC; McPhedran, P | 1 |
| Strejcek, J | 1 |
| Wilmanns, W | 1 |
| Fischer, J; Jahn, U; Wagner-Jauregg, T | 1 |
| Keitel, W | 1 |
| Forbes, IJ; Smith, JL | 1 |
| Datko, LJ; Kassarich, J; Rosenthale, ME; Schneider, F | 1 |
| Katsuta, Y; Matsuo, H | 1 |
| Gluckman, MI; Rosenthale, ME | 1 |
| Nack, P; Schimmelpfennig, W; Schneider, G; Theuer, D; Wagner, K; Zimmermann, HB | 1 |
| Cowan, RB; Domingo, EO; Warren, KS | 1 |
| Jacquillat, C; Meshaka, G; Sultan, Y | 1 |
| Lennard, L; Maddocks, JL | 1 |
| Phang, JM; Yeh, GC | 1 |
| Dooley, T; Maddocks, JL | 1 |
| Chevet, D; Duperray, F; Escousse, A; Mounier, J; Mousson, C; Rifle, G; Santona, L; Tanter, Y; Zanetta, G | 1 |
| Armstrong, VW; Gummert, J; Mohr, FW; Oellerich, M; Schütz, E | 2 |
| Dawisha, SM; Gmelig-Meyling, F; Steinberg, AD | 1 |
| Bentdal, O; Bergan, S; Endresen, L; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O | 1 |
| Lennard, L; Lilleyman, JS | 1 |
| Bachmann, T; Gossmann, J; Kachel, HG; Scheuermann, EH; Schoeppe, W; Thürmann, P; Weller, S | 1 |
| Bertocchi, M; Boulieu, R; Lenoir, A; Mornex, JF | 1 |
| Aarbakke, J; Elion, GB; Janka-Schaub, G | 1 |
| Sandborn, WJ | 1 |
| Boulieu, R; Dervieux, T | 2 |
| Lennard, L | 2 |
| Duffy, J; Lipsky, JJ; Matteson, EL; Orces, CH; Pike, MG; Sandborn, WJ | 1 |
| Chrzanowska, M; Krzymański, M | 1 |
| Feagan, BG; Fedorak, RN; Gordon, S; Hanauer, SB; Isaacs, KL; Kleoudis, CS; Lipsky, JJ; Mays, DC; McDonald, JW; Murdock, RH; Pike, MG; Sandborn, WJ; Sninsky, CA; Sutherland, LR; Targan, SR; Tremaine, WJ; Wolf, DC | 1 |
| Durez, P; Horsmans, Y | 1 |
| Flores, F; Kerdel, FA | 1 |
| Coulthard, SA; Gandhi, MK; Hall, AG; Howell, C; Jackson, G; McLelland, J; Middleton, PG; Minto, L; O'Brien, H; Pearson, AD; Rabello, C; Reid, MM; Robson, J; Smith, S | 1 |
| Johnson, T; Lipsky, JJ; Mahadevan, U; Mays, DC; Pike, MG; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ | 1 |
| Belaiche, J; Desager, JP; Horsmans, Y; Louis, E | 1 |
| Bayless, T; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S | 1 |
| Callen, JP | 1 |
| Abreu, MT; Dubinsky, MC; Hassard, PV; Kam, LY; Seidman, EG; Targan, SR; Vasiliauskas, EA | 1 |
| Cara, C; Escribano, O; Fernández-Moreno, MD; Fueyo, JA; Guijarro, LG; Menor, C; Román, ID | 1 |
| Franklin, CL; Lipsky, JJ; Loftus, EV; Lowry, PW; Mays, DC; Sandborn, WJ; Szumlanski, CL; Tremaine, WJ; Weaver, AL; Weinshilboum, RM | 1 |
| Gokhale, R; Gupta, P; Kirschner, BS | 1 |
| de Jong, D; Mulder, CJ; van Sorge, AA | 1 |
| Coulthard, SA; Hall, AG | 1 |
| Emerick, KM; Emre, S; Rumbo, C; Shneider, BL | 1 |
| Bloomfeld, RS; Onken, JE | 1 |
| de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Jansen, JB; Mulder, CJ | 1 |
| Herrlinger, K; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Stange, EF | 1 |
| Belaiche, J; Louis, E | 1 |
| El-Azhary, RA | 1 |
| Abreu, MT; Dubinsky, MC; Feldman, EJ; Targan, SR; Vasiliauskas, EA | 1 |
| Belaiche, J; Boitard, J; Bonaz, B; Cadiot, G; Coffin, B; Colombel, JF; Cortot, A; Flourié, B; Lémann, M; Marteau, P; Metman, EH | 1 |
| HOEHN, RJ | 1 |
| EPSTEIN, WL; MAIBACH, HI | 1 |
| Mahadevan, U | 1 |
| Barnes, Y; Bayless, TM; Cuffari, C; Li, DY; Mahoney, J | 1 |
| Carroll, KL; Illichmann, M; Stangl, JR; Striker, R | 1 |
| Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; von Ahsen, N | 1 |
| Lennard, L; Lobo, AJ; Sanders, DS; Wright, S | 1 |
| Ansari, A; Duley, J; Marinaki, T; Sanderson, J | 1 |
| Bernstein, CN; Goldenberg, BA; Rawsthorne, P | 1 |
| Coulthard, SA; Hall, AG; Hogarth, LA; Matheson, EC | 1 |
| Ansari, A; Arenas, M; Duley, JA; Fairbanks, LD; Lewis, CM; Marinaki, AM; Sanderson, J; Shobowale-Bakre, M; Sumi, S | 1 |
| Emre, SH; Rumbo, C; Shneider, BL | 1 |
| Aparicio Pages, MN; de Boer, NK; de Boer, SY; Derijks, LJ; Mulder, CJ; van Nieuwkerk, CM | 1 |
| Barclay, M; Florkowski, C; Gearry, R; George, P; Harraway, J; Pike, L; Sies, C; Walmsley, T | 1 |
| Chrzanowska, M; Hermann, T; Hoffmann, M; Rychlewski, J | 1 |
| Cao, D; Friedman, S; Hanauer, SB; Hande, SA; Lim, WC; Reddy, SI; Sparrow, MP | 1 |
| Hanaoka, F; Harwood, CA; Karran, P; McGregor, JM; Montaner, B; O'Donovan, P; Perrett, CM; Walker, SL; Xu, YZ; Zhang, X | 1 |
| Duley, JA; Florin, TH | 3 |
| de Boer, NK; de Jong, DJ; de-Boer, SY; den Hartog, G; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hommes, DW; Hooymans, PM; Mäkelburg, AB; Mulder, CJ; Naber, AH; Westerveld, BD | 1 |
| Dejaco, C; Harrer, M; Mantl, M; Miehsler, W; Reinisch, W; Schaeffeler, E; Schneider, B; Schwab, M; Teml, A; Vogelsang, H | 1 |
| Coulthard, S; Hogarth, L | 1 |
| Chocair, PR; Duley, JA; Florin, TH | 1 |
| Parrish, JA | 1 |
| de Boer, NK; Derijks, LJ; Gilissen, LP; Mulder, CJ | 1 |
| Derijks, LJ; Hommes, DW | 1 |
| Banks, P; Bousvaros, A; Burakoff, R; Friedman, S; Hande, S; Makrauer, F; Maurer, R; Reddy, S; Wilson-Rich, N; Zholudev, A | 1 |
| Allan, ML; Bornstein, JD; Heneghan, MA; Muir, AJ; Tendler, DA | 1 |
| Derijks, LJ; Gilissen, LP; Hommes, DW; Hooymans, PM | 1 |
| Colletti, RB | 1 |
| Barclay, ML; Begg, EJ; Gardiner, SJ; Gearry, RB; Roberts, RL; Zhang, M | 1 |
| Gisbert, JP; González-Lama, Y; Maté, J | 2 |
| Cao, D; Friedman, S; Hanauer, SB; Hande, SA; Sparrow, MP | 1 |
| Dilger, K; Herfarth, H; Lukas, M; Müller, R; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Strauch, U | 1 |
| Drenth, JP; Hopman, WP; Kristinsson, JO; Oyen, WJ | 1 |
| Bohane, TD; Day, AS; Lee, D; Naidoo, D; Ooi, CY | 1 |
| Eklund, BI; Elfarra, AA; Gunnarsdottir, S; Mannervik, B | 1 |
| Attard, N; Karran, P | 1 |
| Akhdar, H; Guillouzo, A; Langouet, S; Morel, F; Nicolas-Nicolaz, C; Petit, E | 1 |
| Harwood, CA; Karran, P; McGregor, JM; O'Donovan, P; Perrett, CM; Walker, SL; Warwick, J | 1 |
| Howard, D; Roy, S; Sahasranaman, S | 1 |
| Andoh, A; Bamba, S; Ban, H; Fujiyama, Y; Hashimoto, T; Ogawa, A; Saito, Y; Sasaki, M; Tsujikawa, T | 1 |
| Chen, J; Cooke, MS; Cooper, D; Duarte, TL; Evans, MD; Nandagopal, S | 1 |
| Almer, SH; Hindorf, U; Hjortswang, H | 1 |
| Askanase, AD; Belmont, HM; Bernstein, L; Buyon, JP; Ishimori, M; Izmirly, PM; Seidman, E; Tseng, CE; Wallace, DJ; Weisman, MH | 1 |
| Adler, L; Efrati, E; Krivoy, N; Sprecher, E | 1 |
| Biroulet, LP; Flourie, B; Nancey, S; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Phelip, JM; Roblin, X | 1 |
| Alvarez Beltran, M; Infante Pina, D; Redecillas Ferreiro, S; Segarra Cantón, O; Tormo Carnicé, R | 1 |
| Bridges, AG; Davis, MD; Drage, LA; el-Azhary, RA; Farmer, SA; Gibson, LE; McEvoy, MT; Rogers, RS | 1 |
| Almer, SH; Bergquist, A; Björnsson, E; Hindorf, U; Jahed, K; Olsson, R; Peterson, C; Prytz, H; Verbaan, H; Wallerstedt, S; Werner, M | 1 |
| Greenley, RN; Hommel, KA; Kunz, JH | 1 |
| Esaki, M; Iida, M; Jo, Y; Kochi, S; Matsumoto, T | 1 |
| Boulieu, R; Daubard, M; Lachaux, A; Larger, M; Le Gall, C; Nguyen, TM | 1 |
| Ajlouni, Y; Gearry, RB; Gibson, PR; Haines, ML; Irving, PM; Rose, R; Sparrow, MP | 1 |
| Carrillo, M; Evans, WE; Gardner, EE; Klein, TE; Pui, CH; Relling, MV; Sandborn, WJ; Schmiegelow, K; Stein, CM; Yee, SW | 1 |
| Ansari, MT; Booth, RA; Loit, E; Sears, M; Tricco, AC; Tsouros, S | 1 |
| de Boer, NK; Jharap, B; Klimesova, K; Kverka, M; Lukas, M; Mulder, CJ; Rossmann, P; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H; van Bodegraven, AA; Vos, RM | 1 |
| Andersson, P; Hindorf, U | 1 |
| Dinkova-Kostova, AT; Finlayson, S; Kalra, S; Knatko, EV; Yamamoto, M; Zhang, Y | 1 |
| Attard, NR; Karran, P | 1 |
| Anstey, AV; Meggitt, SJ; Mohd Mustapa, MF; Reynolds, NJ; Wakelin, S | 1 |
| Beaune, P; Chouchana, L; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Roblin, X | 1 |
| de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Asseldonk, DP; van Bodegraven, AA | 1 |
| El-Matary, W | 1 |
| Anderson, SH; Blaker, P; Irving, PM; Marinaki, AM; Sanderson, JD; Smith, MA | 1 |
| Cuzzoni, E; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A | 1 |
| Barclay, ML; Chin, P; Sies, CW; van Egmond, R; Zhang, M | 1 |
| de Heij, T; de Jong, DJ; de Vries, HS; Peters, WH; Roelofs, HM; te Morsche, RH | 1 |
| Gisbert, JP; González-Lama, Y | 1 |
| Duley, JA; Martin, JH; Somogyi, AA | 1 |
| Appell, ML; Hindorf, U; Wagner, A | 1 |
| Almer, S; Carlsson, B; Josefsson, M; Peterson, C; Vikingsson, S | 1 |
| Bouma, G; de Boer, NK; de Boer, YS; Mulder, CJ; van Gerven, NM; van Nieuwkerk, CM | 1 |
| Angelberger, S; Bar-Meir, S; Dilger, K; Greinwald, R; Herrlinger, KR; Lukas, M; Mueller, R; Petritsch, W; Reinisch, W; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Shonova, O; Stange, EF; Teml, A | 1 |
| Appell, ML; Berg, J; Coulthard, SA; Duley, J; Evans, WE; Hebert, JM; Kennedy, MA; Klein, TE; Lennard, L; Marinaki, T; McDonagh, EM; McLeod, HL; Relling, MV; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Weinshilboum, R; Yeoh, AE | 1 |
| Bär, F; Fellermann, K; Sina, C | 1 |
| Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV | 1 |
| Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH | 1 |
| Musumba, CO | 1 |
| Bentsen, JL; Dassopoulos, T; Dubinsky, MC; Galanko, JA; Hanauer, SB; Martin, CF; Sandler, RS; Seidman, EG | 1 |
| Abreu, MT; Deshpande, AR; Kerman, DH; Sussman, DA; Yarur, AJ | 1 |
| Beaune, P; Chatellier, G; Chouchana, L; Golmard, JL; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Pineau, B; Roche, D | 1 |
| Almer, S; Andersson, D; Hindorf, U; Peterson, C; Vikingsson, S | 1 |
| Blaker, PA; Escudier, MP; Hullah, EA; Marinaki, AM; Sanderson, JD | 1 |
| Bäumer, W; Cullen, JM; Ehling, S; LaDuke, KE | 1 |
| DiPiero, J; Hicks, JK; Teng, K | 1 |
| Katara, P; Kuntal, H | 1 |
| Dowling, D; Heerasing, NM; Ng, JF | 1 |
| Bell, S; Brown, S; Connell, W; Cunningham, G; Goldberg, R; Kamm, MA; Lust, M; Marsh, P; Moore, G; Schulberg, J | 1 |
| Borowiec, A; Dadlez, M; Hryniewiecka, E; Jazwiec, R; Paczek, L; Samborowska, E; Tszyrsznic, W; Zegarska, J; Zochowska, D | 1 |
| Appell, ML; Chaabane, W | 1 |
| Christensen, E; Rowinski, SA | 1 |
| Capocelli, KE; Mack, CL; McCoy, AM; Pan, Z; Sheiko, MA; Sundaram, SS | 1 |
| Aloi, M; Arrigo, S; Barabino, A; Cuzzoni, E; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Knafelz, D; Martelossi, S; Martinelli, M; Miele, E; Naviglio, S; Romano, C; Stocco, G; Ventura, A | 1 |
| Bouma, G; de Boer, NKH; Meijer, B; Mulder, CJJ; Seinen, ML; van Bodegraven, AA; van Egmond, R | 1 |
| Candia, R; Naimark, D; Nguyen, GC; Sander, B | 1 |
| de Boer, NKH; Meijer, B; Mulder, CJJ; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA | 1 |
| Choi, J; Jee, JG; Lee, YM | 1 |
| Atreya, I; Barclay, ML; Beaugerie, L; Colombel, JF; de Boer, NKH; Jharap, B; Lopez, A; Marinaki, AM; Meijer, B; Neurath, MF; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sanderson, JD; van Bodegraven, AA | 1 |
| Barclay, ML; Mulder, CJ; Munnig-Schmidt, E; Zhang, M | 1 |
| Jing, Y; Ran, Y; Wang, BM; Zhao, J; Zhou, L; Zhou, Z | 1 |
| Cao, Y; Eriksson, C; Halfvarson, J; Montgomery, S; Rundquist, S | 1 |
| Beukers, R; Bouma, G; Brink, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Boer, SY; de Vries, AC; den Hartog, B; Dijkstra, G; Gilissen, LP; Hoentjen, F; Jansen, JM; Meijer, B; Mulder, CJJ; Naber, TH; Oldenburg, B; Ramsoekh, D; Simsek, M; Steinhauser, T; van der Meulen, AE; van der Wouden, EJ; Verhagen, MA | 1 |
| Ben-Horin, S; Chen, BL; Chen, MH; Guo, J; He, Y; Luber, R; Mao, R; Roblin, X; Sparrow, MP; Zeng, ZR | 1 |
| Bungum, M; Christensen, LA; Cordelli, E; Grosen, A; Hvas, CL; Julsgaard, M; Kelsen, J; Larsen, PB; Leter, G; Nersting, J; Schmiegelow, K; Spanò, M | 1 |
| Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C | 1 |
| Bohn Thomsen, S; Gluud, LL; Kiszka-Kanowitz, M; Mertz Nielsen, A; Theede, K | 1 |
| Dokupilová, S; Lučeničová, J; Mikuš, P; Mikušová, V; Pecher, D; Peppelenbosch, M; Zelinková, Z | 1 |
| Canonico, PL; Cargnin, S; Genazzani, AA; Terrazzino, S | 1 |
| Albillos, A; Lopez-Sanroman, A; Mesonero Gismero, F; Ríos León, R; Sánchez Rodríguez, E | 1 |
| Bakker, CM; Bloemena, E; Bouma, G; de Boer, NKH; de Boer, YS; Drenth, JPH; Inderson, A; Mulder, CJJ; Tan, ACITL; Ter Borg, F; Ter Borg, MJ; Tushuizen, ME; van den Brand, FF; van den Hazel, SJ; van Nieuwkerk, CMJ; Verwer, BJ; Vrolijk, JM | 1 |
| Hanauer, SB; Lichtenstein, GR; Sandborn, WJ | 1 |
| George, V; Leong, RW; Ochieng, AO; Selinger, CP | 1 |
| Antillon-Klussmann, FG; Caudle, KE; Evans, WE; Kato, M; Klein, TE; Moyer, AM; Pui, CH; Relling, MV; Schmiegelow, K; Schwab, M; Stein, CM; Suarez-Kurtz, G; Whirl-Carrillo, M; Yang, JJ; Yeoh, AEJ | 1 |
| Alzghari, SK; Caudle, KE; Koutsilieri, S; Monte, AA; Patrinos, GP; Relling, MV | 1 |
| Chang, JY; Cheon, JH | 1 |
| Bronsky, J; Hradsky, O; Karaskova, E; Lerchova, T; Mihal, V; Potuznikova, K; Siroka, J; Spenerova, M; Urbanek, L; Velganova-Veghova, M | 1 |
| Allin, KH; Burisch, J; Gluud, LL; Hansen, S; Jensen, CB; Jess, T; Kiszka-Kanowitz, M; Nielsen, AM; Theede, K; Thomsen, SB | 1 |
| Czaja, AJ | 1 |
| Anderson, S; Ansari, A; Bayoumy, AB; de Boer, NK; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Nolan, J; Sanderson, JD; Simsek, M; van Liere, ELSA; Warner, B | 1 |
| Bolia, R; Goel, A; Srivastava, A | 1 |
| Anderson, S; Ansari, AR; Bayoumy, AB; Boekema, PJ; Derijks, LJJ; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Sanderson, JD | 1 |
| Deben, DS; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR | 1 |
| Buiter, HJC; Crouwel, F; de Boer, NK | 1 |
| Bales, AM; Barbosa, LV; Chocair, PR; Cuvello-Neto, AL; da Silva, FP; Duley, JA; Mohrbacher, S; Neto, MP; Neves, PDMM; Oliveira, ÉS; Sato, VAH | 1 |
| Bayoumy, AB; Benninga, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; de Ridder, L; Hummel, T; Jagt, JZ; Mulder, CJJ; Stapelbroek, J; van Wering, HM; Wolters, VM | 1 |
| Creemers, RH; Deben, DS; Drent, R; Leers, MPG; Merry, AHH; van Adrichem, AJ; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR | 1 |
| Adam de Beaumais, T; Amblard, O; Goldwirt, L; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Martinez Vinson, C; Medard, Y; Petit, A; Simonin, M | 1 |
| Boekema, P; de Boer, N; de Leest, M; Dijkstra, G; Fidder, H; Gisbertz, I; Hoentjen, F; Jharap, B; Kaplan, S; Kubben, F; Meijssen, M; Mulder, CJJ; Petrak, A; Russel, M; Schepers, F; Simsek, M; van Asseldonk, D; van Bodegraven, AA; van Boeckel, P; van de Poel, E | 1 |
| Biglin, M; Bishehsari, F; Chouhan, V; Francey, L; Hogenesch, J; Jochum, S; Keshavarzian, A; Raff, H; Shaikh, M; Swanson, GR | 1 |
| Chouchana, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Loriot, MA; Sogni, P; Terris, B; Treluyer, JM | 1 |
| Bayoumy, AB; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; Jagt, JZ | 1 |
| Christensen, B; Dimovski, S; Elford, AT | 1 |
| de Boer, NKH; Meijer, B; Mulder, CJJ; Neurath, MF; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, A | 1 |
| Atkinson, N; Crews, KR; Li, L; Molinelli, AR | 1 |
43 review(s) available for azathioprine and thioguanine anhydrous
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Databases, Factual; Drug Labeling; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Risk | 2016 |
Pancytopenia related to azathioprine--an enzyme deficiency caused by a common genetic polymorphism: a review.
Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Pancytopenia; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine | 1992 |
Cancer chemotherapy. II.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Asparaginase; Azathioprine; Bleomycin; Cytarabine; Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin; Dimethylamines; Doxorubicin; Floxuridine; Fluorouracil; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Imidazoles; Mercaptopurine; Mitomycins; Mitotane; Neoplasms; Nitrosourea Compounds; Pipobroman; Procarbazine; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin; Thioguanine; Triazenes; Triazines; Vinblastine; Vincristine | 1972 |
Cytotoxic drugs in treatment of nonmalignant diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Cyclophosphamide; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Hepatitis; Humans; Immune Complex Diseases; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infections; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Nephrotic Syndrome; Ophthalmia, Sympathetic; Psoriasis; Thioguanine; Uveitis | 1972 |
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Blood Platelets; Blood Transfusion; Cell Survival; Child; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Male; Mercaptopurine; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Splenectomy; Thioguanine | 1974 |
[Immunosuppresive effects of purine antimetabolites].
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine; Transplantation Immunology | 1969 |
[Antimetabolites].
Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Cell Division; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Cytarabine; DNA, Neoplasm; Fluorouracil; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Leukemia; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Neoplasms; Pyrimidines; Thioguanine | 1971 |
Clinical implications of thiopurine methyltransferase--optimization of drug dosage and potential drug interactions.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Purines; Thioguanine | 1998 |
Other novel immunosuppressants.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chlorambucil; Cyclosporine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Methotrexate; Mycophenolic Acid; Skin Diseases; Tacrolimus; Thioguanine | 2000 |
Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of rheumatic skin disorders.
Topics: Adult; Alkylating Agents; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Chlorambucil; Cladribine; Cyclophosphamide; Cyclosporine; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Methotrexate; Mycophenolic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rheumatic Diseases; Skin Diseases; Thioguanine | 2001 |
Recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of thiopurine methyltransferase.
Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Thioguanine | 2001 |
[Therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. Clinico-pharmacologic aspects].
Topics: Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioguanine | 2003 |
Optimizing treatment with thioguanine derivatives in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2003 |
Azathioprine: current status and future considerations.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Interactions; Erythrocytes; Humans; Methyltransferases; Molecular Structure; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine | 2003 |
Analytic aspects of monitoring therapy with thiopurine medications.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Purines; Thioguanine | 2004 |
Thiopurine methyltransferase: should it be measured before commencing thiopurine drug therapy?
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Thioguanine | 2004 |
The clinical impact of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms on thiopurine treatment.
Topics: Alanine; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; DNA; DNA Methylation; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Models, Biological; Mutation; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Thioguanine; Time Factors; Tyrosine | 2004 |
Promising treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with 6-thioguanine after adverse events on azathioprine.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Thiopurine therapies: problems, complexities, and progress with monitoring thioguanine nucleotides.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Guanosine Diphosphate; Guanosine Triphosphate; Humans; Leukopenia; Mercaptopurine; Methylation; Methyltransferases; Nausea; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Xanthine Oxidase | 2005 |
The thiopurines: an update.
Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Cell Line, Tumor; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukemia; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2005 |
Review article: thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Gastrointestinal Agents; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Purines; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Xanthine Oxidase | 2006 |
[Monitoring of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolites to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease].
Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methylthioinosine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Thioguanine | 2006 |
Thiopurine-induced liver injury in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Global Health; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Liver Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prevalence; Thioguanine | 2007 |
Thiopurines in current medical practice: molecular mechanisms and contributions to therapy-related cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Carcinogens; Cell Survival; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Neoplasms; Purines; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thioguanine | 2008 |
Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of thiopurines.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Humans; Inosine Triphosphatase; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine; White People | 2008 |
Pre-analytic and analytic sources of variations in thiopurine methyltransferase activity measurement in patients prescribed thiopurine-based drugs: A systematic review.
Topics: Aging; Azathioprine; Enzyme Stability; Health Care Surveys; Hematocrit; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Prescription Drugs; Purines; Sex Characteristics; Thioguanine | 2011 |
UVA photosensitization of thiopurines and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Photosensitizing Agents; Skin Neoplasms; Thioguanine; Ultraviolet Rays | 2012 |
Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Algorithms; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Thioguanine | 2012 |
Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease revisited.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Patient Selection; Purines; Remission Induction; Risk Factors; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Wound Healing | 2013 |
Review article: the association between nodular regenerative hyperplasia, inflammatory bowel disease and thiopurine therapy.
Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Focal Nodular Hyperplasia; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; Male; Mercaptopurine; Risk Factors; Thioguanine; Time Factors | 2013 |
Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adalimumab; Antibodies; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Genotype; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Purines; Thioguanine; Thionucleosides; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2014 |
A practical guide to the use of thiopurines in oral medicine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Mouth Diseases; Risk Factors; Thioguanine | 2015 |
TPMT Polymorphism: When Shield Becomes Weakness.
Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Drug Design; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine | 2016 |
Epidemiologic and therapeutic aspects of refractory coeliac disease - a systematic review.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Celiac Disease; Cladribine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; Mesalamine; Prednisolone; Prevalence; Thioguanine | 2016 |
Analytical Pitfalls of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Thiopurines in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2017 |
Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Findings and Perspectives.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab; Mercaptopurine; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Thioguanine | 2018 |
Diagnostic accuracy of NUDT15 gene variants for thiopurine-induced leukopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Humans; Leukopenia; Mercaptopurine; Polymorphism, Genetic; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine | 2018 |
Evolving Considerations for Thiopurine Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-A Clinical Practice Update: Commentary.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Biological Products; Clinical Decision-Making; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Purines; Risk Factors; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2019 |
Optimizing thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: It takes two to tango.
Topics: Female; Genotype; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine | 2019 |
Thiopurine Therapy in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Focus on Metabolism and Pharmacogenetics.
Topics: Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenomic Testing; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine | 2019 |
Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Guanine Nucleotides; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Purines; Quality Improvement; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Treatment Outcome | 2020 |
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels and Biochemical Remission in Autoimmune Hepatitis.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2021 |
Drug rediscovery in gastroenterology: from off-label to on-label use of thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Gastroenterology; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Netherlands; Off-Label Use; Thioguanine | 2023 |
15 trial(s) available for azathioprine and thioguanine anhydrous
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Azathioprine myelotoxicity related to elevated 6-thioguanine nucleotides in heart transplantation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Erythrocytes; Female; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukopenia; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Thioguanine | 1995 |
Should 6-thioguanine nucleotides be monitored in heart transplant recipients given azathioprine?
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Female; Heart Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukocyte Count; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 1996 |
Mechanism of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-related anemia in renal transplant recipients.
Topics: Adult; Anemia; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Drug Interactions; Enalaprilat; Erythrocytes; Erythropoietin; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine | 1996 |
Lack of effect of intravenous administration on time to respond to azathioprine for steroid-treated Crohn's disease. North American Azathioprine Study Group.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Erythrocytes; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infusions, Intravenous; Leukocyte Count; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Remission Induction; Thioguanine | 1999 |
Intravenous azathioprine in severe ulcerative colitis: a pilot study.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Methyltransferases; Pilot Projects; Thioguanine | 2000 |
An open-label pilot study using thioguanine as a therapeutic alternative in Crohn's disease patients resistant to 6-mercaptopurine therapy.
Topics: Adult; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Crohn Disease; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2001 |
6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a short-term safety assessment.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2003 |
A prospective, open-label trial of 6-thioguanine in patients with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methylthioinosine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Orosomucoid; Patient Compliance; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Treatment Outcome | 2005 |
Monitoring of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in postsurgical patients with Crohn's disease during 1 year of treatment with azathioprine or mesalazine.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Female; Gene Frequency; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mesalamine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Postoperative Period; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Time Factors | 2007 |
Monitoring 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Azathioprine; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocyte Count; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Japan; Leukocyte Count; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Mutation; Odds Ratio; Remission Induction; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2008 |
6-Thioguanine therapy in Crohn's disease--observational data in Swedish patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Remission Induction; Severity of Illness Index; Sweden; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2009 |
Use of pharmacogenetics, enzymatic phenotyping, and metabolite monitoring to guide treatment with azathioprine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Monitoring; Female; Heterozygote; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Pharmacogenetics; Phenotype; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2009 |
A 6-thioguanine nucleotide threshold level of 400 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes predicts azathioprine refractoriness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and normal TPMT activity.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Resistance; Erythrocytes; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Treatment Outcome | 2008 |
Randomised clinical trial: individualised vs. weight-based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Body Weight; Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Prodrugs; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2014 |
Impact of Chronotherapy on 6-Mercaptopurine Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Crossover Trial.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chronotherapy; Cross-Over Studies; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2023 |
157 other study(ies) available for azathioprine and thioguanine anhydrous
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Nucleosides of azathioprine and thiamiprine as antiarthritics.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Experimental; Azathioprine; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Nucleosides; Rats | 1989 |
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Artificial Intelligence; Computers; Databases, Factual; Drug Prescriptions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Endpoint Determination; Models, Molecular; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Software; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration | 2004 |
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
Topics: Computational Biology; Drug Design; Humans; Isoenzymes; Molecular Structure; Monoamine Oxidase; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship | 2008 |
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Databases, Factual; Humans; MEDLINE; Mice; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship | 2010 |
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Databases, Factual; Humans; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracyclines; Thiophenes | 2010 |
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Ligands | 2010 |
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Topics: Animals; Benchmarking; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Design; Drug Labeling; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Reproducibility of Results; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration | 2011 |
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Benzbromarone; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chromans; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Thiazolidinediones; Troglitazone | 2016 |
Results of three years' experience with the deoxyuridine suppression test.
Topics: Alcoholism; Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anticonvulsants; Azathioprine; Deoxyuridine; Epilepsy; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoiesis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Antagonists; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Sulfamethoxazole; Thioguanine; Trimethoprim; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency | 1977 |
The mode of action of immunosuppressive agents.
Topics: Alkylating Agents; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Cell Survival; Cyclophosphamide; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunosuppressive Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Mercaptopurine; Metabolism; Thioguanine | 1975 |
Separation and detection of picomole quantities of azathioprine metabolites.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Luminescent Measurements; Mercaptopurine; Methods; Thioguanine | 1975 |
Plasma concentrations and organ distribution of thiopurines after oral application of azathioprine in mice.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Erythrocytes; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Purines; Thioguanine; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Uric Acid | 1991 |
Azathioprine metabolism: pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thiouric acid and 6-thioguanine nucleotides in renal transplant patients.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Time Factors; Uric Acid | 1990 |
Evidence that drug-resistant alloreactive T cells may contribute to human graft rejection.
Topics: Azathioprine; Cell Division; Cell Line; Drug Resistance; Graft Rejection; Humans; T-Lymphocytes; Thioguanine | 1990 |
Metabolism of azathioprine to 6-thioguanine nucleotides in patients with pemphigus vulgaris.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Pemphigus; Thioguanine | 1987 |
Sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 6-thiouric acid.
Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Indicators and Reagents; Kinetics; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Thioguanine; Thiouracil; Uric Acid | 1987 |
Treatment of lupus nephritis with cyclophosphamide.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Azathioprine; Biopsy; Chlorambucil; Cortisone; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney; Leukopenia; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Mechlorethamine; Mercaptopurine; Prednisolone; Proteinuria; Racial Groups; Serum Albumin; Sex Factors; Thioguanine | 1970 |
Acute myelogenous leukemia in two patients treated with azathioprine for nonmalignant diseases.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Graft Rejection; Hepatitis; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Kidney Transplantation; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Male; Prednisone; Thioguanine; Transplantation, Homologous | 1974 |
Immunosuppression by 9-alkyl-6-thiopurines.
Topics: Alkylation; Animals; Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Purines; Sheep; Sulfides; Thioguanine | 1972 |
Separation of 6-thiopurine derivatives on DEAE-sephadex columns and in the high-pressure liquid chromatograph.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methods; Pressure; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfur Isotopes; Thioguanine | 1973 |
Immunosuppressive therapy of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Chronic Disease; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Sex Factors; Splenectomy; Thioguanine | 1974 |
[Cytostatic antiphlogistics. II. Antimicrobial activity range and comparison in the Oedipus test].
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Aspirin; Azaguanine; Azathioprine; Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Depression, Chemical; Edema; Enterococcus faecalis; Flufenamic Acid; Fungi; Indomethacin; Lactobacillus; Mefenamic Acid; Mercaptopurine; Oxyphenbutazone; Phenylbutazone; Purines; Pyrimethamine; Rats; Riboflavin; Salicylates; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Thioguanine | 1970 |
[Immunosuppressive therapy].
Topics: Alkaloids; Alkylating Agents; Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antibody Formation; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Enzyme Therapy; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Prednisone; Pyrimidine Nucleotides; Rats; Thioguanine | 1971 |
Inhibition of protein synthesis in human lymphocytes by thiopurines.
Topics: Azathioprine; Blood Proteins; Carbon Isotopes; Culture Media; Guanine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lectins; Lymphocytes; Mercaptopurine; Plasma; RNA; Thioguanine; Tritium; Uridine | 1970 |
Chemotherapy of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Topics: Allopurinol; Aminocaproates; Analgesics; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Body Weight; Chloroquine; Colchicine; Cortisone; Cyclophosphamide; Cyproheptadine; Diazoxide; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Hydrocortisone; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Methyldopa; Nialamide; Oils; Organ Size; Rats; Strychnine; Talc; Thalidomide; Thioguanine; Thiomalates | 1969 |
[Collagen diseases].
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Collagen Diseases; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Thioguanine | 1970 |
Immunopharmacologic activity of 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Azathioprine; Cortisone; Cyclopentanes; Cyclophosphamide; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Rats; Thioguanine | 1968 |
[Results of therapy of active chronic hepatopathies with 6-mercaptopurine].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antimetabolites; Azaguanine; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Prednisone; Thioguanine | 1969 |
The inhibition of granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs. I. Immunosuppressive drugs.
Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Dactinomycin; Fluocinolone Acetonide; Granuloma; Methotrexate; Mice; Schistosoma; Thioguanine | 1967 |
[The immunosuppressive agents. 3. The immunosuppressive agents in hematology].
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic; Thioguanine | 1967 |
Assay of 6-thioguanine nucleotide, a major metabolite of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine, in human red blood cells.
Topics: Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 1983 |
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate stimulates the conversion of purine antimetabolites to their nucleotide forms by a redox-dependent mechanism.
Topics: Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Humans; Inosine Monophosphate; Inosine Nucleotides; Mercaptopurine; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate; Pyrroles; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 1983 |
Assay of an active metabolite of 6-thioguanine, 6-thioguanosine 5'-monophosphate, in human red blood cells.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chromatography, Liquid; Erythrocytes; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Reference Values; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 1982 |
Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia in homozygous thiopurine methyltransferase-deficient renal transplant recipients: a family study.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Female; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Homozygote; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pancytopenia; Pedigree; Thioguanine | 1995 |
Assessment of clinical parameters associated with increased frequency of mutant T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Cell Division; Clone Cells; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Regression Analysis; T-Lymphocytes; Thioguanine; Time Factors | 1994 |
Kinetics of mercaptopurine and thioguanine nucleotides in renal transplant recipients during azathioprine treatment.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Drug Interactions; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 1994 |
Individualizing therapy with 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine related to the thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Humans; Leukemia; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Patient Compliance; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine | 1996 |
Intracellular thiopurine nucleotides and azathioprine myelotoxicity in organ transplant patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Female; Heart-Lung Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lung Transplantation; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Xanthines | 1997 |
Thiopurine biology and pharmacology.
Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Cloning, Molecular; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Mice; Polymorphism, Genetic; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Purines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioguanine | 1997 |
6-MP metabolite levels: a potential guide to Crohn's disease therapy.
Topics: Antimetabolites; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Crohn Disease; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methylthioinosine; Thioguanine | 1997 |
Simultaneous determination of 6-thioguanine and methyl 6-mercaptopurine nucleotides of azathioprine in red blood cells by HPLC.
Topics: Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Erythrocytes; Heart-Lung Transplantation; Humans; Hydrolysis; Immunosuppressive Agents; Indicators and Reagents; Lung Transplantation; Mercaptopurine; Nucleotides; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thioguanine | 1998 |
A HPLC method for the monitoring of human red cell 6-thioguanine and methyl 6-mercaptopurine in a single run.
Topics: Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Heart-Lung Transplantation; Humans; Hydrolysis; Mercaptopurine; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thioguanine | 1998 |
Induction therapy with an intravenous loading dose of azathioprine for treatment of refractory, active rheumatoid arthritis.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 1999 |
Determination of 6-thioguanine and 6-methylmercaptopurine metabolites in renal transplantation recipients and patients with glomerulonephritis treated with azathioprine.
Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Erythrocytes; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 1999 |
Dramatic response after an intravenous loading dose of azathioprine in one case of severe and refractory ankylosing spondylitis.
Topics: Adult; Antirheumatic Agents; Azathioprine; Blood Sedimentation; C-Reactive Protein; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Pain Measurement; Severity of Illness Index; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2000 |
A comparison of molecular and enzyme-based assays for the detection of thiopurine methyltransferase mutations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Blood Donors; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Mutational Analysis; Female; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infant; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thioguanine | 2000 |
Therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in Crohn disease.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Crohn Disease; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythrocytes; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine; Time Factors | 2001 |
Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Administration Schedule; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Remission Induction; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2001 |
Determination of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in human erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography: comparison with the radiochemical method.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Humans; Linear Models; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Radiochemistry; S-Adenosylmethionine; Thioguanine | 2001 |
Leucopenia resulting from a drug interaction between azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine and mesalamine, sulphasalazine, or balsalazide.
Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Binomial Distribution; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Confidence Intervals; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukopenia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mesalamine; Methyltransferases; Phenylhydrazines; Sulfasalazine; Thioguanine | 2001 |
6-mercaptopurine metabolite levels in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Erythrocytes; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Leukocyte Count; Leukopenia; Liver; Male; Mercaptopurine; Odds Ratio; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2001 |
Why measure thiopurine methyltransferase activity? Direct administration of 6-thioguanine might be the alternative for 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2001 |
Azathioprine metabolite measurements in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in pediatric patients: a preliminary report.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prospective Studies; Steroids; Thioguanine | 2002 |
Mercaptopurine metabolite results in clinical gastroenterology practice.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Patient Compliance; Risk Factors; Thioguanine | 2003 |
Thioguanine: a potential alternate thiopurine for IBD patients allergic to 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Safety; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2003 |
Tioguanine in patients with Crohn's disease intolerant or resistant to azathioprine/mercaptopurine.
Topics: Adult; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Remission Induction; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2003 |
INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO MOUSE TAIL SKIN HOMOGRAFTS BY COMBINING PAIRED IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AND CELLULAR ANTIGENS.
Topics: Adenine; Allografts; Animals; Antigens; Azathioprine; Bromodeoxyuridine; Dactinomycin; Immune Tolerance; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lymph Nodes; Mercaptopurine; Metabolism; Mice; Nucleosides; Pharmacology; Research; Skin Transplantation; Spleen; Thioguanine; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous | 1965 |
IMMUNOLOGIC COMPETENCE OF PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS RECEIVING CYTOTOXIC DRUG THERAPY.
Topics: Allergens; Allergy and Immunology; Aniline Compounds; Antibody Formation; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Benzene; Catechols; Geriatrics; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunocompetence; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Pharmacology; Plague Vaccine; Psoriasis; Thioguanine; Triethylenemelamine; Vinblastine | 1965 |
6TG: when less is more than you bargained for.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2003 |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA 6-thioguanine metabolite levels correlate with decreased interferon-gamma production in patients with Crohn's disease on AZA therapy.
Topics: Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; DNA; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2004 |
Effect of antimetabolite immunosuppressants on Flaviviridae, including hepatitis C virus.
Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites; Antiviral Agents; Azathioprine; Cattle; Cell Line; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hepacivirus; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Mycophenolic Acid; Replicon; Ribavirin; Thioguanine; Virus Replication | 2004 |
Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2004 |
The utility of 6-thioguanine metabolite levels in managing patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Cohort Studies; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2004 |
Mutation in the ITPA gene predicts intolerance to azathioprine.
Topics: Alleles; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Genotype; Heterozygote; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Inosine Triphosphatase; Mutation; Odds Ratio; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic; Pyrophosphatases; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2004 |
Utility of azathioprine metabolite measurements in post-transplant recurrent autoimmune and immune-mediated hepatitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Tacrolimus; Thioguanine | 2004 |
Measurement of thiopurine methyl transferase activity guides dose-initiation and prevents toxicity from azathioprine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Reference Values; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Modeling of purine derivatives transport across cell membranes based on their partition coefficient determination and quantum chemical calculations.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Purines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Allopurinol safely and effectively optimizes tioguanine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease patients not responding to azathioprine and mercaptopurine.
Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Azathioprine and UVA light generate mutagenic oxidative DNA damage.
Topics: Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Azathioprine; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Replication; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Humans; Mutagenesis; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Photosensitivity Disorders; Reactive Oxygen Species; Skin; Thioguanine; Ultraviolet Rays | 2005 |
On tolerability and safety of a maintenance treatment with 6-thioguanine in azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine intolerant IBD patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Safety; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Observations on the use of allopurinol in combination with azathioprine or mercaptopurine.
Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2005 |
Immunosuppression, skin cancer, and ultraviolet A radiation.
Topics: Azathioprine; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; DNA Damage; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mutagenesis; Oxidative Stress; Radiography; Risk Factors; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Thioguanine; Ultraviolet Rays | 2005 |
6-Thioguanine-related hepatotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: dose or level dependent?
Topics: Azathioprine; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Liver; Liver Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2006 |
Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: new strategies for optimization of pharmacotherapy?
Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Methyltransferases; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine | 2006 |
5-aminosalicylate therapy is associated with higher 6-thioguanine levels in adults and children with inflammatory bowel disease in remission on 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mesalamine; Middle Aged; Remission Induction; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2006 |
Utility of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping and phenotyping, and measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Female; Genotype; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Prednisone; Thioguanine | 2006 |
Next steps on the thiopurine methyltransferase 6-thioguanine nucleotide pathway.
Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Erythrocytes; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Nucleotides; Remission Induction; Thioguanine | 2006 |
Exposure to thiopurine drugs through breast milk is low based on metabolite concentrations in mother-infant pairs.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infant; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Mothers; Thioguanine | 2006 |
Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine.
Topics: Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug Synergism; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2007 |
Gastroparesis in patients with inactive Crohn's disease: a case series.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gastroenterostomy; Gastroparesis; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2007 |
Thiopurine metabolite monitoring in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infant; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Leukopenia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Pancreatitis; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Thrombocytopenia; Treatment Refusal | 2007 |
Human glutathione transferases catalyzing the bioactivation of anticancer thiopurine prodrugs.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Azathioprine; Catalysis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Kinetics; Mass Spectrometry; Mercaptopurine; Prodrugs; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thioguanine | 2007 |
Differential toxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine on human hepatocytes.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Flow Cytometry; Hepatocytes; Humans; IMP Dehydrogenase; Mercaptopurine; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Neoplasm; Thioguanine | 2008 |
Azathioprine treatment photosensitizes human skin to ultraviolet A radiation.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Epidermis; Female; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Photosensitivity Disorders; Skin Neoplasms; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Ultraviolet Therapy | 2008 |
Combination of azathioprine and UVA irradiation is a major source of cellular 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine.
Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Comet Assay; Deoxyguanosine; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Glycosylases; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Fibroblasts; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Thioguanine; Ultraviolet Rays | 2008 |
Azathioprine: when less is more.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Azathioprine; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocyte Count; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Japan; Leukocyte Count; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Mutation; Remission Induction; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2008 |
Distribution of TPMT risk alleles for thiopurine [correction of thioupurine] toxicity in the Israeli population.
Topics: Alleles; Azathioprine; Ethnicity; Female; Gene Frequency; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Israel; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Genetic; Purines; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thioguanine | 2009 |
[Optimising azathioprine treatment: determination of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and thiopurine metabolites].
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2009 |
Thioguanine nucleotides and thiopurine methyltransferase in immunobullous diseases: optimal levels as adjunctive tools for azathioprine monitoring.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Pemphigus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2009 |
Characterisation and utility of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite measurements in autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Thioguanine; Thioinosine; Thionucleotides; Treatment Outcome | 2010 |
Health-related quality of life of youth with inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison with published data using the PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Mercaptopurine; Mesalamine; Methylthioinosine; Middle Aged; Parents; Quality of Life; Self Concept; Severity of Illness Index; Sickness Impact Profile; Social Adjustment; Thioguanine | 2010 |
Prediction of 6-thioguanine nucleotides levels in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases during long-term thiopurine administration.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Chi-Square Distribution; Erythrocyte Volume; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Japan; Logistic Models; Male; Mercaptopurine; Nucleotides; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thioguanine | 2010 |
Monitoring of azathioprine metabolites in pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Blood Cell Count; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Liver Function Tests; Male; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2010 |
Clinical usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurines in patients with inadequately controlled inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Treatment Failure; Young Adult | 2011 |
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Thioguanine | 2011 |
Safety and efficacy of the immunosuppressive agent 6-tioguanine in murine model of acute and chronic colitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Alanine Transaminase; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apoptosis; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Colitis; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Female; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Liver; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Models, Animal; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; Thioguanine; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Weight Loss | 2011 |
How are thiopurines used and monitored by Swedish gastroenterologists when treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
Topics: Allopurinol; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gastroenterology; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Methyltransferases; Mycophenolic Acid; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden; Tacrolimus; Thioguanine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2011 |
Oral azathioprine leads to higher incorporation of 6-thioguanine in DNA of skin than liver: the protective role of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Administration, Oral; Animals; Azathioprine; Cells, Cultured; Cytoprotection; Cytoskeletal Proteins; DNA; DNA Damage; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fibroblasts; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Liver; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Major Histocompatibility Complex; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction; Skin; Thioguanine; Ultraviolet Rays; Vesicular Transport Proteins | 2011 |
British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of azathioprine 2011.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Bone Marrow Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Approval; Drug Costs; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Interactions; Female; Genetic Testing; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infections; Kidney Diseases; Lactation; Male; Methyltransferases; Nausea; Neoplasms; Off-Label Use; Patient Education as Topic; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Skin Diseases; Thioguanine; Virus Diseases | 2011 |
Hepatotoxicity associated with 6-methyl mercaptopurine formation during azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy does not occur on the short-term during 6-thioguanine therapy in IBD treatment.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2012 |
Letter: thiopurine blood monitoring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Thioguanine | 2012 |
Optimising outcome on thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease by co-prescription of allopurinol.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Purine Nucleotides; Retrospective Studies; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2012 |
Letter: TPMT activity and age in IBD patients.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Thioguanine | 2012 |
High TPMT enzyme activity does not explain drug resistance due to preferential 6-methylmercaptopurine production in patients on thiopurine treatment.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Resistance; Erythrocyte Membrane; Female; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Statistics as Topic; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2012 |
Infliximab exerts no direct hepatotoxic effect on HepG2 cells in vitro.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatoblastoma; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab; Liver Neoplasms; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thioguanine | 2012 |
Letter: TPMT - not all that glitters is gold.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2012 |
The future of thiopurine pharmacogenomics.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Thioguanine | 2012 |
A skewed thiopurine metabolism is a common clinical phenomenon that can be successfully managed with a combination of low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol.
Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Erythrocytes; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Genotype; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 2013 |
Monitoring of thiopurine metabolites - a high-performance liquid chromatography method for clinical use.
Topics: Adult; Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Pilot Projects; Potassium Permanganate; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Purines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2013 |
Allopurinol safely and effectively optimises thiopurine metabolites in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Salvage Therapy; Thioguanine | 2013 |
Mucosal improvement in patients with moderate to severe postoperative endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease and azathioprine metabolite levels.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Crohn Disease; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Middle Aged; Recurrence; ROC Curve; Severity of Illness Index; Thioguanine; Thioinosine; Thionucleotides; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2013 |
Nomenclature for alleles of the thiopurine methyltransferase gene.
Topics: Alleles; Azathioprine; Genotype; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thioguanine | 2013 |
Usefulness of thiopurine metabolites in predicting azathioprine resistance in pediatric IBD patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Leukopenia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2013 |
Implementation of TPMT testing.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Labeling; Genetic Testing; Genotype; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Thioguanine | 2014 |
Exploring associations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and other predictive factors with therapeutic response to azathioprine in pediatric patients with IBD using multilevel analysis.
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2013 |
Interindividual variability in TPMT enzyme activity: 10 years of experience with thiopurine pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug monitoring.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Databases, Factual; Drug Monitoring; Female; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Individuality; Male; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Pharmacogenetics; Phenotype; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Thioinosine; Thionucleotides; Young Adult | 2014 |
Novel assay to improve therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Female; GTP Phosphohydrolases; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methylthioinosine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Thioinosine; Thionucleotides; Young Adult | 2014 |
Effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine primary hepatocytes.
Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hepatocytes; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2015 |
Should thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity be determined before prescribing azathioprine, mercaptopurine, or thioguanine?
Topics: Azathioprine; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Phenotype; Thioguanine | 2015 |
Does lymphopenia or macrocytosis reflect 6-thioguanine levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine?
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Lymphopenia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2016 |
Thiopurine metabolite testing in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Cohort Studies; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2016 |
Determination of Concentrations of Azathioprine Metabolites 6-Thioguanine and 6-Methylmercaptopurine in Whole Blood With the Use of Liquid Chromatography Combined With Mass Spectrometry.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Chromatography, Liquid; Erythrocytes; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Leukocyte Count; Male; Mercaptopurine; Organ Transplantation; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2016 |
Interconnections between apoptotic and autophagic pathways during thiopurine-induced toxicity in cancer cells: the role of reactive oxygen species.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Azathioprine; Base Pair Mismatch; Caspases; Cell Line, Tumor; Chloroquine; Humans; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction; Thioguanine | 2016 |
Outcomes in Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis and Significance of Azathioprine Metabolites.
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Induction Chemotherapy; Maintenance Chemotherapy; Male; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2017 |
Multicentric Case-Control Study on Azathioprine Dose and Pharmacokinetics in Early-onset Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Thioguanine | 2017 |
Optimizing Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among 2 Real-life Intercept Cohorts: Effect of Allopurinol Comedication?
Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2017 |
Cost-utility Analysis: Thiopurines Plus Endoscopy-guided Biological Step-up Therapy is the Optimal Management of Postoperative Crohn's Disease.
Topics: Adult; Biological Therapy; Canada; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Crohn Disease; Decision Support Techniques; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Male; Markov Chains; Mercaptopurine; Postoperative Period; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Recurrence; Thioguanine | 2017 |
Thiopurine Drugs Repositioned as Tyrosinase Inhibitors.
Topics: Acute Disease; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Catalytic Domain; Drug Repositioning; Enzyme Assays; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Leukemia; Melanins; Melanoma, Experimental; Mercaptopurine; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioguanine; Tumor Cells, Cultured | 2017 |
Late-onset Rise of 6-MMP Metabolites in IBD Patients on Azathioprine or Mercaptopurine.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2018 |
[Role of Rac1 signaling pathway of azathioprine and peptidoglycan in the regulation of monocyte-macrophage apoptosis in Crohn's disease].
Topics: Apoptosis; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Macrophages; Monocytes; Peptidoglycan; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; Signal Transduction; Thioguanine | 2018 |
Impact of thiopurines on the natural history and surgical outcome of ulcerative colitis: a cohort study.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Colectomy; Colitis, Ulcerative; Disease Progression; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2019 |
Clinical Course of Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia in Thiopurine Treated Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Liver Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2019 |
6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels Are Associated With Mucosal Healing in Patients With Crohn's Disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Australia; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; China; Crohn Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; France; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Linear Models; Male; Mucous Membrane; Multivariate Analysis; Retrospective Studies; ROC Curve; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides; Young Adult | 2018 |
Sperm DNA Integrity is Unaffected by Thiopurine Treatment in Men With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; DNA; DNA Fragmentation; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Nucleotides; Prospective Studies; Semen; Semen Analysis; Spermatozoa; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2019 |
The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD.
Topics: Adolescent; Azathioprine; Child; Drug Monitoring; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2019 |
Optimized thiopurine therapy before withdrawal of anti-tumour necrosis factor-α in patients with Crohn's disease.
Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Crohn Disease; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infliximab; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Male; Mercaptopurine; Recurrence; Thioguanine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Withholding Treatment; Young Adult | 2018 |
Analytical and Sample Preparation Protocol for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of 12 Thiopurine Metabolites Related to Clinical Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Thioguanine | 2018 |
Clinical experience of optimising thiopurine use through metabolite measurement in inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biotransformation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Young Adult | 2018 |
Biochemical efficacy of tioguanine in autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective review of practice in the Netherlands.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Azathioprine; Biomarkers; Child; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Remission Induction; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2018 |
The Accuracy of Adherence Self-report Scales in Patients on Thiopurines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparison With Drug Metabolite Levels and Medication Possession Ratios.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Self Report; Thioguanine; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult | 2019 |
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for Thiopurine Dosing Based on TPMT and NUDT15 Genotypes: 2018 Update.
Topics: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Azathioprine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Dosage Calculations; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Pharmacogenetics; Pharmacogenomic Testing; Pyrophosphatases; Thioguanine | 2019 |
Prediction of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Based on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters.
Topics: Adolescent; Area Under Curve; Child; Drug Monitoring; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Medication Adherence; Mercaptopurine; Models, Biological; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thioguanine | 2019 |
Outcome of concomitant treatment with thiopurines and allopurinol in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide Danish cohort study.
Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Azathioprine; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Denmark; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hospitalization; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; Remission Induction; Severity of Illness Index; Signal Transduction; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome | 2020 |
Efficacy, safety and drug survival of thioguanine as maintenance treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective multi-centre study in the United Kingdom.
Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Treatment Outcome; United Kingdom | 2020 |
Relationship Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Genotype/Phenotype and 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in 316 Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on 6-Thioguanine.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Female; Genotype; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2021 |
Current status and future perspectives on the use of therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine metabolites in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2021 |
The Thiopurine Tale: An Unexpected Journey.
Topics: Antimetabolites; Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2022 |
Case Report: Azathioprine: An Old and Wronged Immunosuppressant.
Topics: Azathioprine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Thioguanine | 2022 |
Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Pancreatitis; Retrospective Studies; Thioguanine | 2022 |
A report on the potential of Rac1/pSTAT3 protein levels in T lymphocytes to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of thiopurine therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients.
Topics: Azathioprine; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infliximab; Male; Mercaptopurine; Middle Aged; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; STAT3 Transcription Factor; T-Lymphocytes; Thioguanine | 2022 |
Improved HPLC Quantification of 6-Mercaptopurine Metabolites in Red Blood Cells: Monitoring Data and Literature Analysis.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dithiothreitol; Erythrocytes; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Nucleotides; Thioguanine | 2022 |
Thioguanine is Effective as Maintenance Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Multicentre Registry Study.
Topics: Azathioprine; Colitis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Thioguanine | 2023 |
Azathioprine-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome: The value of early thiopurine metabolism assessment.
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Bile Ducts; Female; Guanine Nucleotides; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Thioguanine; Thionucleotides | 2023 |
Reply to: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for IBD Children on Thioguanine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2023 |
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for IBD Children on Thioguanine.
Topics: Azathioprine; Child; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Mercaptopurine; Thioguanine | 2023 |
Tricks and traps of thioguanine: a case report of myelotoxicity.
Topics: Azathioprine; Bone Marrow; Humans; Thioguanine | 2023 |
Quantification of Thiopurine Metabolites in Human Erythrocytes by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Topics: Azathioprine; Chromatography, Liquid; Erythrocytes; Humans; Mercaptopurine; Methyltransferases; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Thioguanine | 2024 |