positive regulation of dendrite extension
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24898855]
Positive regulation of dendrite extension is a complex biological process that involves the intricate interplay of various signaling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics, and gene expression. Dendrites, the branched extensions of neurons, are critical for receiving and integrating incoming signals from other neurons. Their extension and branching are essential for neuronal development, plasticity, and proper function.
The process of positive regulation of dendrite extension is initiated by a variety of external cues, including neurotrophic factors, cell-cell interactions, and electrical activity. These cues activate signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, a key component of the dendritic arbor.
One of the most well-studied signaling pathways involved in dendrite extension is the Ras/MAPK pathway. Activation of this pathway, triggered by neurotrophic factors such as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), leads to the phosphorylation and activation of downstream targets, including ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase). ERK can then phosphorylate a variety of substrates, including transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in dendrite growth.
Another important signaling pathway is the Rho GTPase pathway. Rho GTPases, such as Rac1 and Cdc42, act as molecular switches that regulate the activity of downstream effector proteins involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 promotes the formation of actin filaments, which are essential for dendrite extension.
In addition to signaling pathways, the regulation of dendrite extension also involves the precise coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics. The actin cytoskeleton, which provides structural support to dendrites, is constantly being remodeled during dendrite extension. This remodeling is regulated by a complex interplay of actin polymerization, depolymerization, and cross-linking proteins.
Finally, the expression of genes involved in dendrite growth is also tightly regulated. This regulation involves a variety of transcription factors, including CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), which is activated by signaling pathways such as the Ras/MAPK pathway. CREB binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of genes involved in dendrite growth, leading to their transcription and translation.
The precise mechanisms underlying positive regulation of dendrite extension are still being investigated. However, it is clear that this process involves a complex and highly coordinated interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics, and gene expression. Disruptions in any of these processes can lead to defects in dendrite development, which can have profound consequences for neuronal function and behavior.'
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Phospholipase A-2-activating protein | A phospholipase A-2-activating protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y263] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit | A voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62955] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 | A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P61073] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (23)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| tacrine | tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| theophylline | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent | |
| nimodipine | nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| leucine | leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| phenylalanine | L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tryptophan | tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan; tryptophan zwitterion | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| homoarginine | L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine. | homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite |
| zalcitabine | zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| levamisole | levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6) | 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole | antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator |
| 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(1-imidazolyl)ethanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| plerixafor | plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2 | azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant |
| benzylaniline | benzylaniline: major metabolite of antazoline; RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| terephthalamide | benzenedicarboxamide | ||
| krh 1636 | KRH 1636: structure in first source | ||
| amd 8664 | |||
| 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]ethanone | aromatic ketone | ||
| 2,5-dimethoxy-n-(quinolin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide | 2,5-dimethoxy-N-(quinolin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide: a tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor; structure in first source | quinolines | |
| cyclo(d-tyrosyl-arginyl-arginyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-glycyl) | oligopeptide | ||
| ith 4012 | |||
| fr 148083 | 5Z-7-oxozeaenol : A macrolide that is the 7-oxo derivative of zeaenol (the 5Z stereoisomer). Isolated from Fungi, it exhibits cytotoxic, antibacterial and inhibitory activity against NF-kappaB. | aromatic ether; macrolide; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| amd 070 | mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker | aminoquinoline | |
| wz 811 | |||
| tn14003 | TN14003: synthetic antagonist 14-mer peptide inhibiting metastasis in an animal model |