fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination profile

Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	56841124
MeSH ID	M000602345

Synonym
airduo respiclick
fluticasone propionate mixt. with salmeterol
136112-01-1
salmeterol-fluticasone propionate mixt.
seretide accuhaler
seretide diskus
seroflo
fluticasone-salmeterol drug combination
advair hfa inhalation aerosol
adoair
fluticasone / salmeterol
fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate
androsta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioic acid, 6,9-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16-methyl-3-oxo-17-(1-oxopropoxy)-, s-(fluoromethyl) ester, (6alpha,11beta,16alpha,17alpha)-, mixt. with 4-hydroxy-alpha1-(((6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-1,3-benzenedimethanol
seretide
advair diskus 250/50
advair diskus 100/50
advair diskus 500/50
advair hfa
advair
fluticasone, salmeterol drug combination
[(6s,8s,10s,11s,13s,14s,16r,17r)-6,9-difluoro-17-(fluoromethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-11-hydroxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] propanoate;2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[1-hydroxy-2-[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexylamino]eth

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Safety evaluations were based on clinical adverse events and COPD exacerbations."	( The efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate/salmeterol and ipratropium/albuterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an eight-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study. Brown, CP; Emmett, A; Hanania, NA; Kalberg, C; Knobil, K; Make, B; ZuWallack, R, 2005)	0.33
" The type and incidence of adverse events were similar between the 2 groups."	( The efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate/salmeterol and ipratropium/albuterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an eight-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study. Brown, CP; Emmett, A; Hanania, NA; Kalberg, C; Knobil, K; Make, B; ZuWallack, R, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events, clinical laboratory test results, and vital signs were recorded throughout the 2 clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety data from two randomized, double-blind studies in patients with asthma and an in vitro study comparing two dry-powder inhalers delivering a combination of salmeterol 50 microg and fluticasone propiona Daley-Yates, PT; Gillett, B; House, KW; Ortega, HG; Parkins, DA; Thomas, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" Drug-related adverse events occurred in both groups (2 [dysphagia and tremor] in the RPID group and 3 [2 cases of dysphonia, 1 case of mucous-membrane irritation] in the Diskus group)."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety data from two randomized, double-blind studies in patients with asthma and an in vitro study comparing two dry-powder inhalers delivering a combination of salmeterol 50 microg and fluticasone propiona Daley-Yates, PT; Gillett, B; House, KW; Ortega, HG; Parkins, DA; Thomas, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" The 2 SFC 50/250 inhalers were well tolerated and had comparable safety profiles; no serious adverse events were attributed to the study product."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety data from two randomized, double-blind studies in patients with asthma and an in vitro study comparing two dry-powder inhalers delivering a combination of salmeterol 50 microg and fluticasone propiona Daley-Yates, PT; Gillett, B; House, KW; Ortega, HG; Parkins, DA; Thomas, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" Both treatments were well tolerated, with no clinically relevant effect on urinary cortisol excretion or vital signs and no treatment-related serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol compared with fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination in adult and adolescent patients with persistent asthma: a randomized trial. Bateman, ED; Bleecker, ER; Busse, WW; Ellsworth, A; Jacques, L; Lötvall, J; Medley, H; O'Byrne, PM; Woodcock, A, 2013)	0.39
" Six patients in the FF/VI (2%) and three in the FP/SAL (1%) arm experienced serious adverse events, none of which were considered to be drug related."	( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol with twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in moderate to very severe COPD. Agustí, A; Barnes, N; Bourbeau, J; Crim, C; De Backer, W; de Teresa, L; Locantore, N; Zvarich, MT, 2014)	0.4
" Overall incidence of adverse events (including COPD exacerbations) was 55·4% (143 of 258) for the QVA149 group and 60·2% (159 of 264) for the SFC group."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with twice-daily salmeterol-fluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Alagappan, VK; Banerji, D; Bateman, ED; Chen, H; D'Andrea, P; Pallante, J; Vogelmeier, CF, 2013)	0.39
" Pooled adverse events (FF/VI 27%; FP/SAL 28%) and serious adverse events (FF/VI 2%; FP/SAL 3%) were similar between treatments."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (100/25 mcg) versus twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50 mcg) in COPD patients. Crim, C; Dransfield, MT; Feldman, G; Korenblat, P; LaForce, CF; Locantore, N; Martinez, FJ; Pistolesi, M; Watkins, ML, 2014)	0.4
" This systematic review tested the hypothesis that the bronchodilator effect of the LABA/LAMA combination, umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VIL), would translate into better outcomes without incurring increased adverse events (AEs)."	( A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol for the Treatment of COPD. Neffen, H; Rodrigo, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" Primary outcomes were trough FEV1, serious adverse events (SAEs), and serious cardiovascular events (SCVEs)."	( A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol for the Treatment of COPD. Neffen, H; Rodrigo, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" The most common adverse events with dupilumab compared with placebo were upper respiratory tract infections (33-41% vs 35%) and injection-site reactions (13-26% vs 13%)."	( Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting β2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Castro, M; Corren, J; Eckert, L; Evans, RR; Graham, NM; Joish, VN; Louis-Tisserand, M; Maspero, J; Pirozzi, G; Stahl, N; Sutherland, ER; Teper, A; Wang, L; Wenzel, S; Yancopoulos, GD; Zhang, B, 2016)	0.43
" The safety measurement included the incidences of adverse event (AE)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Salmeterol/fluticasone Combination Therapy in Infants and Preschool Children with Asthma Insufficiently Controlled by Inhaled Corticosteroids. Aoki, Y; Arisaka, O; Fukuda, H; Fukuda, N; Hasegawa, M; Hasegawa, S; Igarashi, H; Ikeda, M; Kanno, N; Manki, A; Tamura, M; Terada, A; Teraoka, M; Tsuji, T; Wakiguchi, H; Yoshihara, S, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored."	( Efficacy and safety comparison: Fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate, after step down from fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in Japanese patients with well-controlled asthma, a randomized trial. Adachi, M; Goldfrad, C; Jacques, L; Nishimura, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Safety and efficacy were assessed by adverse events (AE) and pulmonary function and asthma symptoms, respectively."	( A 6-month safety and efficacy study of fluticasone propionate and fluticasone propionate/salmeterol multidose dry powder inhalers in persistent asthma. Caracta, C; Liu, S; Mansfield, L; Sakov, A; Yiu, G, 2017)	0.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), efficacy, and safety data for 2 DPIs delivering a combination of salmeterol 50 microg plus fluticasone propionate (FP) 250 microg (SFC 50/250) to investigate assumptions of bioequivalence."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety data from two randomized, double-blind studies in patients with asthma and an in vitro study comparing two dry-powder inhalers delivering a combination of salmeterol 50 microg and fluticasone propiona Daley-Yates, PT; Gillett, B; House, KW; Ortega, HG; Parkins, DA; Thomas, MJ, 2009)	0.35
"Airway absorption and bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) may be influenced by differences in pharmacokinetic properties such as lipophilicity and patient characteristics such as lung function."	( The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Borgström, L; Dalby, C; Edsbäcker, S; Harrison, TW; Larsson, T; Polanowski, T, 2009)	0.35
" In COPD patients, the Tmax and the mean residence time in the systemic circulation were shorter for budesonide versus fluticasone (15."	( The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Borgström, L; Dalby, C; Edsbäcker, S; Harrison, TW; Larsson, T; Polanowski, T, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, the strengths and limitations of the PK approach to detect differences in product performance compared with in vitro and pharmacodynamic (PD)/clinical/therapeutic equivalence (TE) studies were discussed."	( Role of pharmacokinetics in establishing bioequivalence for orally inhaled drug products: workshop summary report. Adams, WP; Chen, ML; Daley-Yates, P; Davis, J; Derendorf, H; Ducharme, MP; Fuglsang, A; Herrle, M; Hochhaus, G; Holmes, SM; Lee, SL; Li, BV; Lyapustina, S; Newman, S; O'Connor, D; Oliver, M; Patterson, B; Peart, J; Poochikian, G; Roy, P; Shah, T; Sharp, SS; Singh, GJ, 2011)	0.37
"The in vitro tests and systemic pharmacodynamic endpoints revealed no major differences between the two inhalers, but lacked predictive power and sensitivity to guide in vivo drug delivery performance and systemic exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol delivered as a combination dry powder from a capsule-based inhaler and a multidose inhaler in asthma and COPD patients. Chan, RH; Daley-Yates, PT; Despa, SX; Louey, MD; Mehta, R, 2014)	0.4
" The lack of pharmacokinetic comparability between the inhalers for SFC 50/100 μg requires further evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol delivered as a combination dry powder via a capsule-based inhaler and a multi-dose inhaler. Bianco, J; Chan, RH; Daley-Yates, PT; Jenkins, K; Louey, MD; Mehta, R; Stylianou, A, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted over 12 h post-dose on the last day of each treatment."	( Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate 50/100 µg Delivered in Combination as a Dry Powder Via a Capsule-Based Inhaler and a Multi-Dose Inhaler. Chan, RH; Gupta, A; Louey, MD; Mehta, R; Riddell, K, 2015)	0.42
"SFC 50/100 µg Rotacaps(®)/Rotahaler(®) showed comparable fluticasone propionate and salmeterol systemic exposure to Diskus(®) for all pharmacokinetic endpoints with GMR and both upper and lower limits of 90 % CIs within conventional acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (0."	( Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate 50/100 µg Delivered in Combination as a Dry Powder Via a Capsule-Based Inhaler and a Multi-Dose Inhaler. Chan, RH; Gupta, A; Louey, MD; Mehta, R; Riddell, K, 2015)	0.42
"Current pharmacokinetic (PK) bioequivalence guidelines do not account for batch-to-batch variability in study design or analysis."	( Batch-to-batch pharmacokinetic variability confounds current bioequivalence regulations: A dry powder inhaler randomized clinical trial. Benet, LZ; Burmeister Getz, E; Carroll, KJ; Jones, B, 2016)	0.43
"We previously demonstrated pharmacokinetic differences among manufacturing batches of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved dry powder inhalation product (Advair Diskus 100/50) large enough to establish between-batch bio-inequivalence."	( Between-Batch Pharmacokinetic Variability Inflates Type I Error Rate in Conventional Bioequivalence Trials: A Randomized Advair Diskus Clinical Trial. Benet, LZ; Burmeister Getz, E; Carroll, KJ; Jones, B; Mielke, J, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this study was to test the systemic pharmacodynamic effects of the salmeterol component of two pressurized metered dose inhalers that delivered a combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate (SM/FP)."	( Comparison of systemic pharmacodynamic effects of two combination pressurized metered dose inhalers that deliver salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Chalmers, D; Efthimiou, J; Harrison, LI; Leung, P; Sessions, V; Wiggenhorn, CJ, 2017)	0.46
"The safety equivalence of the systemic pharmacodynamic effects of the SM component of the test and reference SM/FP products was demonstrated."	( Comparison of systemic pharmacodynamic effects of two combination pressurized metered dose inhalers that deliver salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Chalmers, D; Efthimiou, J; Harrison, LI; Leung, P; Sessions, V; Wiggenhorn, CJ, 2017)	0.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" We examined the effect of inhaled salmeterol, alone and in combination with fluticasone propionate, on the management of patients with COPD."	( The effect of inhaled salmeterol, alone and in combination with fluticasone propionate, on management of COPD patients. Boskabady, M; Boskabady, MH; Mansori, F; Nemat Khorasani, A, 2010)	0.36

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Airway absorption and bioavailability of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) may be influenced by differences in pharmacokinetic properties such as lipophilicity and patient characteristics such as lung function."	( The bioavailability and airway clearance of the steroid component of budesonide/formoterol and salmeterol/fluticasone after inhaled administration in patients with COPD and healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Borgström, L; Dalby, C; Edsbäcker, S; Harrison, TW; Larsson, T; Polanowski, T, 2009)	0.35
" Two separate randomized cross-over studies were performed to compare the systemic bioavailability of test vs."	( Systemic bioavailability of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of fluticasone/salmeterol in healthy volunteers via pMDI alone and spacer. Clearie, KL; Du Bois, J; Lipworth, BJ; Nell, H; Vaidyanathan, S; Williamson, PA, 2010)	0.36
"This study compares the in vivo relative lung bioavailability of Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Seretide delivered via unprimed and unwashed Aerochamber Plus (AP) or Volumatic (VM) spacers, a integrated breath-actuated vortex Synchro-Breathe (SB) device and an Evohaler pMDI (EH) device using adrenal suppression and early fall in serum potassium (K) as surrogates for respirable dose."	( Comparative lung bioavailability of fluticasone/salmeterol via a breath-actuated spacer and conventional plastic spacers. Burns, P; Lipworth, BJ; McKinlay, L; Nair, A; Short, P; Williamson, P, 2011)	0.37
"The breath-actuated SB device was comparable to 'out of the box' small and large volume spacers and produced similar improvements in relative systemic lung bioavailability for fluticasone and salmeterol."	( Comparative lung bioavailability of fluticasone/salmeterol via a breath-actuated spacer and conventional plastic spacers. Burns, P; Lipworth, BJ; McKinlay, L; Nair, A; Short, P; Williamson, P, 2011)	0.37
"This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, replicate treatment design comparative bioavailability study of SFC 50/250 delivered in a capsule-based inhaler (Rotahaler®) and a multidose dry powder inhaler (Diskus®)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol delivered as a combination dry powder from a capsule-based inhaler and a multidose inhaler in asthma and COPD patients. Chan, RH; Daley-Yates, PT; Despa, SX; Louey, MD; Mehta, R, 2014)	0.4
" Body weight was found to affect significantly absorption rate constant, inter-compartmental clearance, and volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment."	( Population pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol using two different dry powder inhalers. Karalis, V; Macheras, P; Rizea Savu, S; Silvestro, L; Soulele, K, 2015)	0.42

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In the US, twice-daily salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50/250 microg is approved for use in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with chronic bronchitis, and in the EU, the twice-daily 50/500 microg dosage is approved for use in patients with severe COPD, repeat exacerbations and significant symptoms despite bronchodilator therapy."	( Inhaled salmeterol/fluticasone propionate: a review of its use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fenton, C; Keating, GM, 2004)	0.32
" Fixed dosing with budesonide/formoterol or salmeterol/fluticasone provides effective asthma control in line with guideline goals."	( Combination therapy in asthma--fixed or variable dosing in different patients? Lötvall, J, 2004)	0.32
" The results highlight a more significant effect of inspiratory flow on variable dosage emission when using the Symbicort Turbuhaler compared with the Seretide Diskus."	( Emitted dose estimates from Seretide Diskus and Symbicort Turbuhaler following inhalation by severe asthmatics. Assi, KH; Chrystyn, H; Pearson, SB; Tarsin, WY, 2006)	0.33
" Further studies are needed to elucidate the clinical benefit of combination inhalers versus the individual components in different inhalers, and to investigate the clinical benefit of flexible dosing of combination inhalers in patients with COPD."	( Comparison and optimal use of fixed combinations in the management of COPD. Aalbers, R; Mensing, M, 2007)	0.34
" No significant dose-response or difference in T : R ratio was noted for OUCC."	( Systemic bioavailability of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of fluticasone/salmeterol in healthy volunteers via pMDI alone and spacer. Clearie, KL; Du Bois, J; Lipworth, BJ; Nell, H; Vaidyanathan, S; Williamson, PA, 2010)	0.36
" Single dosing studies with fluticasone/salmeterol 250/25 microg via pMDI or with spacer showed pharmacokinetic equivalence with FP, but not SM."	( Systemic bioavailability of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of fluticasone/salmeterol in healthy volunteers via pMDI alone and spacer. Clearie, KL; Du Bois, J; Lipworth, BJ; Nell, H; Vaidyanathan, S; Williamson, PA, 2010)	0.36
" The greatest challenge in the use of PD measurements with some OIPs (particularly inhaled corticosteroids) is the demonstration of a dose-response relationship (for local effects), without which the bioassay, and hence a PD study, may not have sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in product performance."	( Role of pharmacokinetics in establishing bioequivalence for orally inhaled drug products: workshop summary report. Adams, WP; Chen, ML; Daley-Yates, P; Davis, J; Derendorf, H; Ducharme, MP; Fuglsang, A; Herrle, M; Hochhaus, G; Holmes, SM; Lee, SL; Li, BV; Lyapustina, S; Newman, S; O'Connor, D; Oliver, M; Patterson, B; Peart, J; Poochikian, G; Roy, P; Shah, T; Sharp, SS; Singh, GJ, 2011)	0.37
"FSC or other ICS exposure was not associated with an increased odds of cataracts or glaucoma, nor was a dose-response relationship observed in this population-based nested case-control study of COPD patients in the United Kingdom."	( Long-term use of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol fixed-dose combination and incidence of cataracts and glaucoma among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in the UK General Practice Research Database. Davis, KJ; Miller, DP; Sampson, T; Watkins, SE, 2011)	0.37
"For the primary outcome there was significant protection after single and long-term dosing with fluticasone alone and fluticasone-salmeterol combination, whereas salmeterol alone only afforded protection after the first dose."	( Effects of intranasal salmeterol and fluticasone given alone and in combination in persistent allergic rhinitis. Burns, P; Lipworth, BJ; Nair, A; Short, P, 2012)	0.38
"Chronic dosing with fluticasone but not salmeterol confers anti-inflammatory activity against nasal AMP challenge, but there was no potentiation of fluticasone when given in combination with salmeterol."	( Effects of intranasal salmeterol and fluticasone given alone and in combination in persistent allergic rhinitis. Burns, P; Lipworth, BJ; Nair, A; Short, P, 2012)	0.38
" Patients remaining on FP-SAL (n=1,146) were compared with those switched to efBDP-FOR at an equivalent or lower inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dosage (n=382)."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
"05) odds of achieving overall asthma control (no asthma-related hospitalisations, bronchial infections, or acute oral steroids; salbutamol ≤200μg/day) and lower daily short-acting β2-agonist usage at a lower daily ICS dosage (mean -130μg/day FP equivalents; p<0."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
"Asthma patients may be switched from FP-SAL to efBDP-FOR at an equivalent or lower ICS dosage with no reduction in clinical effectiveness but a significant reduction in cost."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
" A subsample of 259 families had controller medication use monitored objectively for approximately 1 month by MDILog (fluticasone propionate), TrackCap (montelukast), or dosage counter (fluticasone/salmeterol combination)."	( Complementary and alternative medicine use and adherence to asthma medications among Latino and non-Latino white families. Adams, SK; Canino, G; Fedele, DA; Fritz, GK; Jandasek, B; Koinis-Mitchell, D; Kopel, SJ; McQuaid, EL; Mitchell, J; Seifer, R, )	0.13
" Primary endpoints were area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval [AUC0-τ] and maximum plasma concentration [Cmax]."	( Pharmacokinetics of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol delivered as a combination dry powder via a capsule-based inhaler and a multi-dose inhaler. Bianco, J; Chan, RH; Daley-Yates, PT; Jenkins, K; Louey, MD; Mehta, R; Stylianou, A, 2014)	0.4
" Co-primary endpoints were fluticasone propionate area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC0-τ ) and salmeterol maximum plasma concentration (C max) on the last day of treatment."	( Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Salmeterol and Fluticasone Propionate 50/100 µg Delivered in Combination as a Dry Powder Via a Capsule-Based Inhaler and a Multi-Dose Inhaler. Chan, RH; Gupta, A; Louey, MD; Mehta, R; Riddell, K, 2015)	0.42
" In contrast, dosage forms containing non-respirable carriers (e."	( Quantitative Macro-Raman Spectroscopy on Microparticle-Based Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Hoe, S; Lechuga-Ballesteros, D; Vehring, R; Wang, H; Williams, L, 2015)	0.42
" Optimal inhaler use ensures optimal dosing and supports appropriate inhaler treatment in lieu of oral agents."	( Optimizing inhaler use by pharmacist-provided education to community-dwelling elderly. Bouwmeester, C; Bungay, KM; Kraft, J, 2015)	0.42

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	111 (28.61)	29.6817
2010's	245 (63.14)	24.3611
2020's	32 (8.25)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	189 (45.87%)	5.53%
Reviews	47 (11.41%)	6.00%
Case Studies	16 (3.88%)	4.05%
Observational	18 (4.37%)	0.25%
Other	142 (34.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	3.42	1	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.47	1	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.47	1	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	22.02	282	142	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
theophylline [no description available]	5.8	3	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.1	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	4.41	1	1	methoxybenzenes
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	3.1	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.89	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	14.17	32	20	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.31	2	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	5.6	3	2	quaternary ammonium salt
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.98	4	0	lactose
mannitol [no description available]	4.77	2	1	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.17	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	9.26	8	4	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	3.46	1	1	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	5.01	2	1
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	11.71	25	16	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	8.22	11	5	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.34	1	1	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	14.67	46	20	naphthoic acid
apaflurane [no description available]	4.9	4	2
metachloridine metachloridine: structure	3.41	1	1
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.1	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.31	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	4.37	1	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
lopinavir [no description available]	3.1	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
3-(2-(4-azidobenzamidino)ethyl)-5-hydroxyindole 3-(2-(4-azidobenzamidino)ethyl)-5-hydroxyindole: structure given in first source	4.34	1	1
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.83	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	9.83	12	5	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
roflumilast [no description available]	5.01	2	1	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.44	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.1	1	0
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	15.49	55	24	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	8.22	11	5	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	17.42	85	49	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.42	1	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	14.63	38	18
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	3.1	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	4.4	2	2	organic molecular entity
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	11.74	16	8	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	10.44	10	8	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
vilanterol [no description available]	12.11	16	9	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
gsk573719 GSK573719: Muscarinic Antagonist. umeclidinium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is quinuclidine substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl and hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl groups respectively.	9.26	8	4
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	12.45	24	9	21-hydroxy steroid
combivent respimat Albuterol, Ipratropium Drug Combination: A combined pharmaceutical preparation of Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate that is used to treat the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.47	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.42	1	1
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.04	1	0
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	14.13	43	17
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.1	1	0
mometasone furoate, formoterol fumarate drug combination Mometasone Furoate, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of mometasone furoate and formoterol fumarate that is used as an inhaled dosage form for the treatment of ASTHMA.	7.24	5	3
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.1	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	21.19	240	138
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	21.19	240	138
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	22.38	275	174
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	22.38	275	174
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	3.93	2	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	6.52	9	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	6.52	9	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.21	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	16.84	66	49
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.25	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.61	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	3.51	2	0
ADDH [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	3.37	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	7.97	8	4
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	7.97	8	4
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.17	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.17	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.17	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.48	2	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	2.17	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.3	4	1
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.75	3	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.75	3	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.46	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.9	8	6
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.9	8	6
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	3.47	1	1
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	5.29	4	3
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	3.48	1	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.44	2	2
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.88	2	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.88	2	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	8.12	5	5
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	4.31	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	4.41	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	4.41	1	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.11	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.13	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	5.67	2	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	5.67	2	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.13	1	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	2.13	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	4.41	2	2
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	3.87	2	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.13	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	7.71	6	4
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.71	6	4
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.15	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.47	2	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.15	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.04	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	5.6	6	3
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	3.43	1	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	12.63	26	25
Low Bone Density [description not available]	12.59	25	25
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	12.59	25	25
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	12.59	25	25
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	12.59	25	25
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	12.63	26	25
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	3.43	1	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.44	1	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.85	2	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.44	1	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.97	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.97	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.05	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.46	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	3.45	1	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.37	1	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	6.35	9	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.35	9	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	6.35	9	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	5.32	2	2
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	5.32	2	2
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	3.39	2	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	5.59	3	2
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	5.59	3	2
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.46	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.02	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.02	1	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.03	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.42	1	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.92	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	2.92	1	0

fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination

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Research Demand Index: 8.30

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