theophylline and phenacetin

theophylline has been researched along with phenacetin in 45 studies

Research

Studies (45)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	19 (42.22)	18.7374
1990's	5 (11.11)	18.2507
2000's	8 (17.78)	29.6817
2010's	12 (26.67)	24.3611
2020's	1 (2.22)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Duffy, EM; Jorgensen, WL	1
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ	1
He, Z; Li, H; Liu, J; Liu, X; Sui, X; Sun, J; Sun, Y; Yan, Z	1
González-Díaz, H; Orallo, F; Quezada, E; Santana, L; Uriarte, E; Viña, D; Yáñez, M	1
Barnes, JC; Bradley, P; Day, NC; Fourches, D; Reed, JZ; Tropsha, A	1
García-Mera, X; González-Díaz, H; Prado-Prado, FJ	1
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ	1
Afshari, CA; Eschenberg, M; Hamadeh, HK; Lee, PH; Lightfoot-Dunn, R; Morgan, RE; Qualls, CW; Ramachandran, B; Trauner, M; van Staden, CJ	1
Ekins, S; Williams, AJ; Xu, JJ	1
Annand, R; Gozalbes, R; Jacewicz, M; Pineda-Lucena, A; Tsaioun, K	1
Caradonna, NP; Hallifax, D; Houston, JB; Turlizzi, E; Zanelli, U	1
Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR	1
Afshari, CA; Chen, Y; Dunn, RT; Hamadeh, HK; Kalanzi, J; Kalyanaraman, N; Morgan, RE; van Staden, CJ	1
Collins, C; Richards, PT; Starmer, GA	1
Alvares, AP; Anderson, KE; Conney, AH; Kappas, A; Kuntzman, R; Pantuck, EJ	1
Alvares, AP; Anderson, KE; Conney, AH; Kappas, A; Pantuck, EJ	1
Kellermann, G; Luyten-Kellermann, M	1
Lennard, MS; Loft, S; Otton, SV; Poulsen, HE; Tucker, GT	1
Xu, BM	1
Anderson, KE; Conney, AH; Kappas, A	1
Jatlow, P	1
Nelson, SR; Walaszek, EJ	1
Appel, GB; Franki, N; Gouaux, J; Hays, RM; Lozada, ES	1
Bickers, WM	1
Simon, L; Simonné Talpas, G; Vinkler, E	1
Higuchi, T; Kristiansen, H	1
Guillory, JK; Hwang, SC; Lach, JL	1
Morrison, JC; Orr, JM	1
Luczynska, C; Wilson, K	1
D'Arcy, PF	1
Boobis, AR; Davies, DS; de la Torre, R; Farré, M; Gooderham, NJ; Lynch, AM; Murray, S; Segura, J; Solans, A	1
Rácz, I	1
Brøsen, K; Loft, S; Poulsen, HE; Rasmussen, BB; Skjelbo, E	1
Back, DJ; Eagling, VA; Tjia, JF	1
Boobis, AR; Edwards, RJ; Murray, BP; Murray, S; Odupitan, AO	1
Dannecker, R; Fischer, V; Heitz, F; Tynes, R; Vickers, AE; Zollinger, M	1
DRUBULIS, A; HIGUCHI, T	1
GOECHT, R	1
HIGUCHI, T; PISANO, FD	1
English, JC; Swanson, JK	1
Fukami, T; Katoh, M; Nakajima, M; Sakai, H; Yokoi, T	1
Guo, YL; Li, WJ; Yu, C; Zhang, YH; Zhang, YJ	1
Adcock, JM; Daniels, JS; Locuson, CW; Williams, P	1
Chiba, K; Haraya, K; Kato, M; Sugiyama, Y	1
Cen, H; Dong, D; Guo, L; He, Y; Wu, B; Yang, Y; Zhang, T	1

Reviews

6 review(s) available for theophylline and phenacetin

Article	Year
Nutrition and chemical biotransformations in man. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1977, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Pt 2 Topics: Antipyrine; Charcoal; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Meat; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenacetin; Theophylline; Vegetables	1977
Regulation of drug metabolism in man by environmental factors. Drug metabolism reviews, 1979, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antipyrine; Cattle; Charcoal; Cooking; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Environment; Humans; Meat; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1979
Ethnic differences in reactions to drugs and xenobiotics. Nutrition as an environmental influence on chemical metabolism in man. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1986, Volume: 214 Topics: Animals; Antipyrine; Brassica; Cattle; Charcoal; Cooking; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Estradiol; Ethnicity; Male; Meat; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenacetin; Testosterone; Theophylline	1986
Pharmacology of the central nervous system. Progress in neurology and psychiatry, 1968, Volume: 23 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Acetylcholine; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Amphetamine; Anger; Angiotensin II; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Cats; Central Nervous System; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chick Embryo; Desipramine; Dogs; Guanethidine; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Imipramine; Memory; Mice; Norepinephrine; Parkinson Disease; Phenacetin; Phenothiazines; Phenoxybenzamine; Rabbits; Rats; Reserpine; Serotonin; Sleep; Sleep, REM; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tetrodotoxin; Theophylline	1968
The clinical significance of the effects of cigarette smoking on drug disposition. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1983, Volume: 5, Issue:7 Topics: Acetaminophen; Antipyrine; Benzodiazepines; Chlorpromazine; Clomipramine; Codeine; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenacetin; Propranolol; Smoking; Theophylline; Warfarin	1983
Tobacco smoking and drugs: a clinically important interaction? Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 1984, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Dextropropoxyphene; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Induction; Glutethimide; Humans; Insulin; Lidocaine; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Pentazocine; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenacetin; Phenylbutazone; Propranolol; Smoking; Theophylline	1984

Trials

2 trial(s) available for theophylline and phenacetin

Article	Year
Dysmenorrhea. A multifaceted syndrome. Le Journal medical libanais. The Lebanese medical journal, 1969, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysmenorrhea; Female; Humans; Maleates; Phenacetin; Premenstrual Syndrome; Pyridines; Salicylamides; Tablets; Theophylline; Uterus; Water-Electrolyte Balance	1969
CYP1A2-catalyzed conversion of dietary heterocyclic amines to their proximate carcinogens is their major route of metabolism in humans. Cancer research, 1994, Jan-01, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carcinogens; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Humans; Hydroxylation; Imidazoles; Male; Oxidoreductases; Phenacetin; Quinoxalines; Theophylline	1994

Other Studies

37 other study(ies) available for theophylline and phenacetin

Article	Year
Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 2000, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11 Topics: Monte Carlo Method; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solubility	2000
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2008, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Blood Proteins; Half-Life; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Infusions, Intravenous; Pharmacokinetics; Protein Binding	2008
First-principle, structure-based prediction of hepatic metabolic clearance values in human. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2009, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Computational Biology; Drug Discovery; Hepatocytes; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liver; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Models, Molecular; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Sensitivity and Specificity; Software	2009
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2008, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21 Topics: Computational Biology; Drug Design; Humans; Isoenzymes; Molecular Structure; Monoamine Oxidase; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship	2008
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species. Chemical research in toxicology, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Databases, Factual; Humans; MEDLINE; Mice; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship	2010
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2010, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Molecular Structure; Neural Networks, Computer; Parasitic Diseases; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Species Specificity; Thermodynamics	2010
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Chemical research in toxicology, 2010, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Databases, Factual; Humans; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracyclines; Thiophenes	2010
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2010, Volume: 118, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Assay; Biological Transport; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytoplasmic Vesicles; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Liver; Rats; Reproducibility of Results; Spodoptera; Transfection; Xenobiotics	2010
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Bayes Theorem; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Ligands	2010
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2011, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8 Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Cell Membrane Permeability; Drug Discovery; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacokinetics; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship	2011
Comparison of cryopreserved HepaRG cells with cryopreserved human hepatocytes for prediction of clearance for 26 drugs. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2012, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Cryopreservation; Female; Hepatocytes; Humans; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Predictive Value of Tests	2012
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2012, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10 Topics: Atorvastatin; Biological Transport; Drug Interactions; Estradiol; Estrone; HEK293 Cells; Heptanoic Acids; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; In Vitro Techniques; Least-Squares Analysis; Liver; Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1; Models, Molecular; Multivariate Analysis; Organic Anion Transporters; Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; Protein Isoforms; Pyrroles; Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3; Structure-Activity Relationship; Transfection	2012
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2013, Volume: 136, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Liver; Male; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Toxicity Tests	2013
Caffeine-phenacetin interaction in the rat: effects on absorption, metabolism and locomotor activity. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1977, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Caffeine; Dextroamphetamine; Drug Interactions; Female; Intestinal Absorption; Motor Activity; Phenacetin; Rats; Theobromine; Theophylline; Time Factors	1977
Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and plasma elimination rates of phenacetin, acetanilide and theophylline in man. Pharmacology, 1978, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Acetanilides; Adolescent; Adult; Antipyrine; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Benzopyrenes; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Male; Mitogens; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1978
Characterization of metronidazole metabolism by human liver microsomes. Biochemical pharmacology, 1991, Apr-15, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Acetone; Adult; Benzoflavones; Caffeine; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hydroxylation; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Mephenytoin; Metronidazole; Microsomes, Liver; Middle Aged; Nifedipine; Phenacetin; Quinidine; Theophylline; Tolbutamide	1991
[Studies on gas chromatographic quantitative determination and identification of compound tablets of theophylline]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 1988, Volume: 23, Issue:11 Topics: Caffeine; Chromatography, Gas; Drug Combinations; Ephedrine; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1988
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis of barbiturates: evaluation of potential interferences. American journal of clinical pathology, 1973, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Acetaminophen; Barbiturates; Chlorothiazide; Chlorpropamide; Dicumarol; Humans; Methods; Nicotinic Acids; Oxyphenbutazone; Phenacetin; Phenindione; Phenobarbital; Phenylbutazone; Phenytoin; Salicylates; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfinpyrazone; Sulfisoxazole; Theobromine; Theophylline; Warfarin	1973
Studies of the mode of action of the sulfonylureas and phenylacetamides in enhancing the effect of vasopressin. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1972, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; Animals; Bufo marinus; Chlorpropamide; Cyclic AMP; Drug Synergism; In Vitro Techniques; Osmosis; Phenacetin; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Prostaglandins; Stimulation, Chemical; Sulfonylurea Compounds; Theophylline; Tritium; Urinary Bladder; Vasopressins; Water	1972
[Simultaneous determination of papaverine hydrochloride throphylline and azophen in powder mixture]. Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica, 1969, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Antitussive Agents; Barbiturates; Bronchodilator Agents; Papaverine; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1969
Binding specificity between small organic solutes in aqueous solution: classification of some solutes into two groups according to binding tendencies. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1970, Volume: 59, Issue:11 Topics: Caffeine; Cinnamates; Drug Stability; Mathematics; Phenacetin; Solubility; Theophylline	1970
Interactions between pharmaceutical compounds by thermal methods. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1969, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Atropine; Bile Acids and Salts; Caffeine; Drug Compounding; Drug Incompatibility; Drug Stability; Methods; Phenacetin; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Quinine; Temperature; Theophylline; Thermodynamics; Time Factors; Vitamin K	1969
Analysis of selected pharmaceuticals by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1966, Volume: 55, Issue:9 Topics: Amphetamine; Aspirin; Barbiturates; Caffeine; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Ephedrine; Methamphetamine; Phenacetin; Salicylates; Theophylline	1966
[The formulation aspects of drug liberation]. Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica, 1993, Volume: 63, Issue:3 Topics: Antacids; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Design; Humans; Models, Biological; Nitrofurantoin; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1993
Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4501A2. Biochemical pharmacology, 1993, Mar-24, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Drug Interactions; Fluvoxamine; Humans; Imipramine; Kinetics; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1993
Differential selectivity of cytochrome P450 inhibitors against probe substrates in human and rat liver microsomes. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1998, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Chlorzoxazone; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Ditiocarb; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Ketoconazole; Kinetics; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Phenacetin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substrate Specificity; Sulfaphenazole; Testosterone; Theophylline; Tolbutamide	1998
Inhibition of human CYP1A2 activity in vitro by methylxanthines: potent competitive inhibition by 8-phenyltheophylline. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, 2001, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Acetaminophen; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Binding, Competitive; Caffeine; Chlorzoxazone; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Kinetics; Magnesium Chloride; Microsomes, Liver; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Models, Chemical; Pentoxifylline; Phenacetin; Protein Binding; Serum Albumin; Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; Steroid Hydroxylases; Theophylline; Time Factors; Tromethamine; Xanthines	2001
In vitro metabolism of tegaserod in human liver and intestine: assessment of drug interactions. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2001, Volume: 29, Issue:10 Topics: Biotransformation; Drug Interactions; Drug Stability; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Indoles; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver; Microsomes, Liver; Phenacetin; Serotonin Receptor Agonists; Theophylline	2001
Complexation of organic substances in aqueous solution by hydroxyaromatic acids and their salts. Relative contributions of several factors to the overall effect. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1961, Volume: 50 Topics: Acids; Hydrocortisone; Phenacetin; Prednisolone; Salts; Theophylline	1961
[Experiences with Makara, a successful antiasthmatic power]. Die Medizinische Welt, 1962, Nov-03, Volume: 44 Topics: Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Antipyrine; Asthma; Ephedrine; Papaverine; Phenacetin; Theophylline	1962
COMPLEXATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY HYDROXYAROMATIC ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS. II. INFLUENCE OF HALOGEN, NITRO, AND OTHER SUBSTITUENTS AND CORRELATION OF BINDING TENDENCIES TOWARD PREDNISOLONE, THEOPHYLLINE, AND PHENACETIN. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1964, Volume: 53 Topics: Acids; Benzoates; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Halogens; Naphthalenes; Phenacetin; Phthalic Acids; Prednisolone; Research; Salicylates; Salts; Theophylline	1964
Serum sickness-like reaction to Pamabrom. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 2006, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Arm; Aspirin; Caffeine; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Combinations; Ephedrine; Female; Humans; Leg; Phenacetin; Propanolamines; Serum Sickness; Theophylline	2006
CYP2A13 metabolizes the substrates of human CYP1A2, phenacetin, and theophylline. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2007, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Bronchodilator Agents; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Escherichia coli; Humans; Phenacetin; Theophylline	2007
Astragaloside IV inhibited the activity of CYP1A2 in liver microsomes and influenced theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Astragalus Plant; Astragalus propinquus; Biotransformation; China; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochromes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ethnopharmacology; Half-Life; Kinetics; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Microsomes, Liver; Phenacetin; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saponins; Theophylline; Triterpenes	2013
Evaluation of tizanidine as a marker of canine CYP1A2 activity. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Benzoflavones; Clonidine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors; Dogs; Enrofloxacin; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Microsomes, Liver; Molecular Probes; Phenacetin; Substrate Specificity; Theophylline	2016
Prediction of inter-individual variability on the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 substrates in non-smoking healthy volunteers. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Area Under Curve; Caffeine; Clonidine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lidocaine; Monte Carlo Method; Phenacetin; Theophylline	2016
Circadian oscillator NPAS2 regulates diurnal expression and activity of CYP1A2 in mouse liver. Biochemical pharmacology, 2022, Volume: 206 Topics: Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Circadian Rhythm; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Liver; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Phenacetin; RNA, Messenger; Theophylline	2022