polysaccharide catabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [PMID:33139480]
Polysaccharide catabolic process is a fundamental biological process that breaks down complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) into simpler sugar units. These polysaccharides serve as a primary energy source for organisms, providing the building blocks for essential cellular processes. This intricate process involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. Here's a detailed breakdown:
**1. Initial Breakdown:** The process begins with the hydrolysis of polysaccharides by enzymes called glycosidases. These enzymes break the glycosidic bonds linking sugar monomers within the polysaccharide chain. This initial step produces smaller oligosaccharides, which are then further broken down.
**2. Oligosaccharide Degradation:** Oligosaccharides, consisting of a few sugar units, are further cleaved by various hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes, such as α-amylase and β-amylase, act specifically on the glycosidic bonds within the oligosaccharide chains.
**3. Monosaccharide Release:** As the oligosaccharides are broken down, individual monosaccharides (single sugar units) are released. These monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the primary products of polysaccharide catabolism.
**4. Cellular Utilization:** The released monosaccharides are transported into cells, where they are further processed for energy production or used as building blocks for various cellular components.
**5. Importance:** Polysaccharide catabolic process plays a crucial role in energy production and cellular metabolism. It allows organisms to obtain energy from dietary carbohydrates and utilize them for growth, development, and various physiological functions.
**6. Regulation:** The breakdown of polysaccharides is carefully regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. These pathways ensure that the process occurs at appropriate rates and provides the required energy and building blocks for cellular processes.
**7. Examples:**
* **Starch Digestion:** In humans, the digestion of starch, a major dietary polysaccharide, begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase. Further digestion occurs in the small intestine, involving pancreatic amylase and various brush border enzymes.
* **Cellulose Degradation:** Cellulose, a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, is broken down by specialized enzymes produced by certain microorganisms. These enzymes play a crucial role in the digestion of plant material by herbivores and in various industrial processes.
In summary, polysaccharide catabolic process is a highly regulated and essential metabolic pathway that enables organisms to extract energy and building blocks from complex carbohydrates. This intricate process involves the coordinated action of various enzymes that break down polysaccharides into simpler sugar units, ultimately providing the essential components for cellular processes.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Acidic mammalian chitinase | An acidic mammalian chitinase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9BZP6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Chitotriosidase-1 | A chitotriosidase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13231] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (9)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| acetazolamide | Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| theophylline | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent | |
| caffeine | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic | |
| kinetin | cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group. Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects. | 6-aminopurines; furans | cytokinin; geroprotector |
| pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
| 8-chlorotheophylline | organochlorine compound; purines | central nervous system stimulant | |
| allosamidin | allosamidin: Anti-Asthmatic | ||
| argadin | argadin: a chitinase inhibitor, produced by Clonostachys sp. FO-7314; structure in first source | ||
| argifin | argifin: possible lead insecticide; isolated from Gliocladium; structure in first source |