Target type: biologicalprocess
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion. [GOC:mtg_heart]
Heart valve development is a complex and highly orchestrated process that involves multiple cell types and signaling pathways. It begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout fetal life.
**Early Development:**
* **Heart tube formation:** The heart starts as a simple tube that folds and forms four chambers.
* **Endocardial cushions:** At the point where the heart tube folds, specialized cells called endocardial cells proliferate and migrate, forming bulges called endocardial cushions. These cushions will become the foundation for the heart valves.
* **Atrioventricular canal:** This is the opening between the atria and ventricles, where the AV valves will eventually develop.
* **Outflow tract:** The connection between the ventricles and the aorta and pulmonary trunk, where the semilunar valves form.
**Valve Formation:**
* **Endocardial cushion remodeling:** Endocardial cushions undergo a series of transformations, including cell death, migration, and differentiation.
* **Valve leaflet formation:** The endocardial cushions eventually split into distinct leaflets, which will form the flaps of the valves.
* **Valve interstitial cells:** These cells populate the valve leaflets and produce the extracellular matrix, providing structural support.
* **Valve endothelium:** The surface of the valve leaflets is covered by a layer of endothelial cells, which help maintain valve function.
**Signal Pathways:**
* **Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs):** Important for endocardial cushion formation and valve leaflet development.
* **Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs):** Regulate valve leaflet growth and differentiation.
* **Wnt signaling:** Contributes to valve leaflet formation and patterning.
* **Notch signaling:** Plays a role in valve endothelial cell development.
**Later Stages:**
* **Valve maturation:** During fetal development, the valves continue to mature and refine their structure.
* **Valve function:** At birth, the valves become functional, ensuring unidirectional blood flow through the heart.
**Genetic Basis:**
* **Mutations in genes involved in valve development can lead to congenital heart defects, including valve abnormalities.**
* **Examples include mutations in genes encoding FGFs, BMPs, and other signaling molecules.**
**Overall, heart valve development is a finely-tuned process involving complex cellular interactions and signaling pathways. Understanding this process is crucial for diagnosing and treating congenital heart defects and for developing new therapeutic strategies for valvular heart disease.**'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Adenomatous polyposis coli protein | An adenomatous polyposis coli protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PMID:11283619, PMID:20823832, PRO:KER] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Dickkopf-related protein 1 | A dickkopf-related protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O94907] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Protein Mdm4 | A protein Mdm4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15151] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase | A cGMP-dependent 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00408] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| my 5445 | MY 5445: potential platelet aggregation inhibitor | pyridazines; ring assembly | |
| theophylline | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent | |
| cilostamide | cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure | quinolines | |
| dipyridamole | dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase | ||
| amrinone | amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine | 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively. | 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | |
| 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one | 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source | chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound | autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| milrinone | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent | |
| papaverine | papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
| proxyphylline | oxopurine | ||
| pyrimethamine | Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| sulmazole | sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent. sulmazole: structure given in first source | imidazopyridine; sulfoxide | adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| trequinsin | trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | pyridopyrimidine | |
| zardaverine | zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4. zardaverine: structure given in first source | organofluorine compound; pyridazinone | anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug |
| 2-chloroadenosine | 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source | purine nucleoside | |
| cycloguanil | cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil. cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source | triazines | antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| cladribine | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent | |
| enoximone | Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | aromatic ketone | |
| imazodan | imazodan: RN & structure given in first source; | ||
| toxoflavin | toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7. toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure | carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
| bufrolin | bufrolin: inhibits the release of histamine; proposed for treatment of hay fever, asthma and skin allergies; minor descriptor (79-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENANTHROLINES (79-86); RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| tadalafil | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent | |
| clofarabine | adenosines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent | |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. | EHNA | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine | (2S,3R)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2S,3R. | EHNA | |
| cilomilast | methoxybenzenes | ||
| rp 73401 | piclamilast : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. piclamilast: an antiasthmatic agent and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source | aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor |
| nutlin 3 | stilbenoid | ||
| cercosporin | cercosporin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora. cercosporin: phyytotoxin from Cercospora beticola Sacc; posses photodynamic action on mice, bacteria & plants | ||
| roflumilast | aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound | anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor | |
| 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2h)-pyridazinone | 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone: RN & structure given in first source | ||
| 1,3-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2h-imidazo(4,5-b)quinolin-2-one | 1,3-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2H-imidazo(4,5-b)quinolin-2-one: structure given in first source | ||
| N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-6-chloro-4-quinazolinamine | quinazolines | ||
| ucn 1028 c | calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides | ||
| nutlin-3a | nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source | stilbenoid | |
| MI-63 | MI-63 : An azaspiro compound resulting from the formal fusion of position 3 of 6-chloro-oxindole with position 3 of (2R,3SS5S)-3-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. It is a potent inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction. | azaspiro compound; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; oxindoles; pyrrolidines; secondary carboxamide | apoptosis inducer |
| (2R,3S)-EHNA hydrochloride | (2R,3S)-EHNA hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of (2R,3S)-EHNA with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. | hydrochloride | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| nutlin-3b | Nutlin; piperazinone | anticoronaviral agent | |
| pf 04217903 | quinolines | ||
| (1-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanamine | WAY-262611: a wingless beta-catenin agonist; structure in first source | naphthalenes | |
| an2728 | crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults. crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source | aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile | antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor |
| pb 12 | |||
| nvp-cgm097 | NVP-CGM097: an MDM2 and HDM2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| amg 232 | |||
| chf6001 | tanimilast: a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| sildenafil | sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| zaprinast | zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure | triazolopyrimidines | |
| vardenafil | vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. | imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| bl 4162a | anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions. anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source | imidazoquinazoline | anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| bay 60-7550 |