long-term memory

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation. [http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.03/lecture4.html, ISBN:0582227089]

Long-term memory (LTM) refers to the enduring storage of information in the brain, enabling us to recall past experiences, knowledge, and skills. Unlike short-term memory, which is limited in capacity and duration, LTM has a virtually unlimited storage capacity and can retain information for years, even a lifetime. The formation of LTM involves intricate processes that transform fleeting sensory input into stable, enduring memories.

The initial stage of LTM formation involves the consolidation of information, a process that occurs over time and transforms fragile memories into more robust ones. This consolidation involves transferring information from short-term memory to LTM. It is believed to occur through a combination of neural activity and synaptic plasticity, where connections between neurons are strengthened or weakened based on experience.

During consolidation, the hippocampus plays a crucial role, acting as a temporary storage center for new memories. It integrates information from different brain regions, binds it together, and then transmits it to other brain regions for permanent storage. As memories consolidate, the hippocampus's involvement decreases, while other brain regions, like the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, become increasingly involved.

There are two main types of LTM: explicit memory and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves conscious recollection of facts and events. It can be further divided into semantic memory, which stores general knowledge about the world, and episodic memory, which stores personal experiences. Implicit memory, on the other hand, involves unconscious learning and memory. It includes procedural memory, which stores motor skills and habits, and priming, which involves the unconscious influence of prior experiences on current behavior.

The retrieval of LTM involves accessing stored information and bringing it to conscious awareness. This process is facilitated by retrieval cues, which are stimuli that activate specific memories. For example, encountering a familiar face or hearing a song might trigger memories associated with that person or song. Retrieval can be influenced by factors like mood, context, and the presence of other cues.

LTM is a dynamic and flexible system. Memories can be strengthened through repeated exposure and retrieval, a phenomenon known as memory consolidation. Conversely, memories can be weakened or forgotten over time due to interference from other memories, lack of use, or even traumatic events.

Overall, long-term memory is a complex and fascinating process that allows us to learn, remember, and navigate the world around us. It is a testament to the brain's remarkable ability to store, retrieve, and adapt information throughout our lives.'
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Proteins (16)

Compounds (731)