Page last updated: 2024-10-24

dephosphorylation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]

Dephosphorylation is a fundamental biological process that involves the removal of a phosphate group (PO43-) from a molecule. This process is catalyzed by enzymes called phosphatases, which specifically target phosphorylated molecules.

Dephosphorylation plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including:

* **Signal transduction:** Dephosphorylation terminates signaling pathways by removing phosphate groups from signaling molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. This inactivation of signaling molecules ensures that the signal is not perpetuated indefinitely.
* **Protein activity:** Dephosphorylation can activate or inactivate proteins by altering their conformation and binding properties. This is essential for regulating a wide range of cellular functions, such as enzyme activity, transcription, and cell cycle progression.
* **Metabolic pathways:** Dephosphorylation is involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, such as glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. For example, dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase inactivates the enzyme, preventing the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
* **Cellular localization:** Dephosphorylation can influence the localization of proteins within the cell by altering their interactions with other molecules or cellular compartments. This is important for processes such as protein trafficking and organelle function.

The mechanism of dephosphorylation involves the following steps:

1. **Substrate binding:** The phosphatase enzyme binds to the phosphorylated substrate, recognizing the specific phosphate group and its surrounding amino acid residues.
2. **Hydrolysis:** The phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphate group, breaking the bond between the phosphate and the substrate.
3. **Product release:** The dephosphorylated substrate and the phosphate group are released from the phosphatase enzyme.

Dephosphorylation is a highly specific process, with different phosphatases targeting specific substrates. This specificity ensures that the appropriate molecules are dephosphorylated at the right time and place, maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating a wide range of cellular processes.

Dephosphorylation is essential for maintaining cellular function and is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including:

* **Regulation of phosphatase activity:** Phosphatases can be regulated by various factors, such as phosphorylation, protein-protein interactions, and cellular localization.
* **Control of substrate availability:** The availability of substrates for dephosphorylation is also regulated, ensuring that only the appropriate molecules are targeted.

In summary, dephosphorylation is a vital biological process that plays a critical role in regulating various cellular functions. The precise control of dephosphorylation is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper cellular responses to external stimuli.'
"

Proteins (15)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase[no definition available]Bos taurus (cattle)
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozymeAn alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05186]Homo sapiens (human)
Alkaline phosphatase, placental typeAn alkaline phosphatase, placental type that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05187]Homo sapiens (human)
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 22A dual specificity protein phosphatase 22 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NRW4]Homo sapiens (human)
Alkaline phosphatase, germ cell typeAn alkaline phosphatase, germ cell type that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10696]Homo sapiens (human)
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 5A dual specificity protein phosphatase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16690]Homo sapiens (human)
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoformA protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:Q08209]Homo sapiens (human)
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 3A dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51452]Homo sapiens (human)
Protein phosphatase 1AA protein phosphatase 1A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P35813]Homo sapiens (human)
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2An epoxide hydrolase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P34913]Homo sapiens (human)
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase betaA receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P23467]Homo sapiens (human)
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoformA serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P16298]Homo sapiens (human)
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphataseAn intestinal alkaline phosphatase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P09923]Homo sapiens (human)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1A fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P09467]Homo sapiens (human)
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase CA receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P08575]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (137)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate : Conjugate base of 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid.

4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd
phenols
4-nitrophenylphosphate4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.

nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid
aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
pyridoxal phosphatepyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.

Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate
coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-iodo-2-(oxaloamino)benzoic acidorganoiodine compound
rtki cpdaromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
theophyllinedimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
celecoxiborganofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
disulfiramorganic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
ebselenebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
emodinemodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.
trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
indomethacinindometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.

Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.
aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole
analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic;
xenobiotic metabolite
1,3-dicyclohexylurea1,3-dicyclohexylurea: degradation product of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3- cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea; structureureas
oxaprozinoxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.
1,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid
analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pd 1530354-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source

PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
rofecoxibbutenolide;
sulfone
analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roliprampyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
suraminsuramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.

Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
thiramthiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.

Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.
organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
ici 204,219zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonistcarbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide
anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
phlorhizinaryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphateAdenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucineleucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.

Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.
amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid
algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanineL-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.

phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.

Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.
amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophantryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan;
tryptophan zwitterion
antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
9,10-phenanthrenequinone9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structurephenanthrenes
bis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfidebis(1-piperidylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: indicator for analysis of copper; structure
monosulfirammonosulfiram: monosulfide derivative of disulfide DISULFIRAM; structureorganosulfur compound
triclocarbantriclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.

triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas
antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1,3-diphenylurea1,3-diphenylurea : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. It is present in coconut milk (Cocos nucifera).phenylureascytokinin;
plant metabolite
dibenzothiazyl disulfidedibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.

dibenzothiazyl disulfide: vulcanizing accelerant
benzothiazoles;
organic disulfide
allergen
homoarginineL-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
aloe emodinAloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.

aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe
aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
imperatorinimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005
psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
oleanolic acidhydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
plant metabolite
1,2-naphthoquinone1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.

naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source
1,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
diphenyl disulfidebenzenes
methylphosphonic acidmethylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
isobarbaloinaloin B : A C-glycosyl compound that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-10-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl moiety (the 9R diastereoisomer).anthracenes;
C-glycosyl compound;
cyclic ketone;
phenols
laxative;
metabolite
(4-tert-Butyl-phenoxy)-acetic acidmonocarboxylic acid
fuberidazolefuberidazole : A ring assembly consisting of benzimidazole substituted at position 2 by a 2-furyl group. A fungicide used as a seed treatment to control Fusarium spp. in cereals.

fuberidazole: fumigant; structure
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
furans
antifungal agrochemical
levamisolelevamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.

Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
cromolyn sodiumCromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.

disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.
organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
levamisole hydrochlorideorganic molecular entity
1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(1-imidazolyl)ethanonearomatic ketone
zileuton1-benzothiophenes;
ureas
anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aica ribonucleotideAICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.

AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity
1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole
cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
talinololureas
bufrolinbufrolin: inhibits the release of histamine; proposed for treatment of hay fever, asthma and skin allergies; minor descriptor (79-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENANTHROLINES (79-86); RN given refers to parent cpd
methyl fluorone blackmethyl fluorone black: structure
benzylphosphonic acidbenzenes
nsc-87877NSC-87877: potent Shp2 (nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase) inhibitor; structure in first source
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.

rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.

rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
mmv665852MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, and 4' respectively.pentahydroxyflavone
6,7-dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinedione: structure in first source
1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation: structure given in first source
fulvestrantfulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.

Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
cryptotanshinonecryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhizaabietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
biotinvitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.biotins;
vitamin B7
coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ro 21-76342-methoxy-11-oxo-11H-pyrido(2,1-b)quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid: NM same as N1 (9CI); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source
dioxiramdioxiram: structure given in first source
methylphosphonothiolateorganothiophosphorus compound
sorafenib(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1-Anilino-9,10-dioxo-2-anthroic acidanthracenes
4-[(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-7H-purin-8-yl)methylamino]benzoic acidoxopurine
3-(3-pyridinyl)propanoic acidpyridines
nsc 663284NSC 663284: structure in first sourcequinolone
nsc668394
gluco-obtusifolingluco-obtusifolin: isolated from Cassia obtusifolia; structure in first sourceanthraquinone
2-(oxaloamino)benzoic acid(oxaloamino)benzoic acid
cyanoginosin lrcyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.
microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tacrolimustacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.

Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.
macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
mdl29,951
ketoconazole(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
(+)-usnic acidusnic acid
rubrofusarin gentiobiosiderubrofusarin gentiobioside: isolated from seeds of Cassia tora; structure in first source
cefsulodincefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.

Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.
cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide
antibacterial drug
caffeic acidtrans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-nitroethylene4-methoxy-beta-nitrostyrene: has vasodilator activity; structure in first sourcemethoxybenzenes
1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]ethanonearomatic ketone
4-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol4-amino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: a ligand of some antineoplastic metal complexes; structure in first source
1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-phenylethyl)ureabenzenes
N-cycloheptyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-4-piperidinecarboxamidesulfonamide
urb 597cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first sourcebiphenyls
1-phenyl-2-nitropropene1-phenyl-2-nitropropene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
tamoxifenstilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
2,5-dimethoxy-n-(quinolin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide2,5-dimethoxy-N-(quinolin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide: a tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor; structure in first sourcequinolines
via 2291atreleuton: structure given in first source
sodium dodecyl sulfatesodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.
organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
illudalic acidilludalic acid: isolated from Clitocybe illudens; structure in first source
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
linoleic acidlinoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.

Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid
algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
quercitrinalpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
herbacetinherbacetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.

herbacetin: from Ramose Scouring Rush Herb; structure in first source
7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
gossypetingossypetin : A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.

gossypetin: inhibits activity of penicillinase enzyme in E coli
7-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone
plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranosidequercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells

quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source
beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antipruritic drug;
bone density conservation agent;
geroprotector;
histamine antagonist;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rutinHydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antioxidant;
metabolite
baicaleintrihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
hyperosidequercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
myricitrinmyricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.

myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
pentahydroxyflavone
anti-allergic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
scutellareinscutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.

scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein
tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
ellagic acidcatechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol
antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
astragalinkaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.

kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source
beta-D-glucoside;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone
plant metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
cyclosporineramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MFhomodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
beta-nitrostyrenebeta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
isorhamnetin 3-o-glucosideisorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.

isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source
beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone
metabolite
su 11248monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
methyl ferulatemethyl ferulate: inhibits LDL oxidation; isolated from Chrysanthemum coronarium; structure in first source

trans-methylferulate : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of ferulic acid. It has been isolated from Pisonia aculeata.
cinnamate ester;
guaiacols;
methyl ester
plant metabolite
5,6-dichloro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine-2-carboxylic acidimidazopyrazine
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteineN-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferasessesquiterpenoid
indigo carmine3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source

3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.
stigmasterol 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranosidestigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: an antioxidant from Monochoria vaginalis; structure in first source

stigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A steroid saponin that is (3beta,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from Symplocos lancifolia.
beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
phytosterols;
steroid saponin
metabolite
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone: structure in first source
n,n'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl esterN,N'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl ester: structure in first source
alloinalloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structurediastereoisomeric mixtureEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
laxative
6-chlorotacrine6-chlorotacrine: structure given in first source
regorafenib(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
n-benzylhexadecanamideN-benzylhexadecanamide : A macamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with benzylamine. A moderate inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase.

N-benzylhexadecanamide: isolated from Lepidium meyenii; structure in first source
macamide;
secondary carboxamide
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mb 05032
ar 9281
4-(4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyloxy)benzoic acid
N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinaminequinazolines
t-tucb
thiouredopyrenetrisulfonateN-[1-(methanesulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea : A phenylurea that is urea substituted by 1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively.phenylureasEC 3.3.2.10 (soluble epoxide hydrolase) inhibitor
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source
bi 201335faldaprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease
akb-9778AKB-9778: an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase
tenuifoliside atenuifoliside A: isolated from Polygala tenuifolia; structure in first source
rk 682
variabilinvariabilin: an RGD-containing antagonist of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa from the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis; amino acid sequence given in first source
au1235
gsk2256294
zaprinastzaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structuretriazolopyrimidines
salinazidaromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
phthivazide
streptovaricin cstreptovaricin C: structure given in first source
galloflavingalloflavin: structure in first source