juxtaglomerular apparatus development
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure that lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized structure located at the point where the afferent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The development of the JGA involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways and cell-cell interactions, beginning during fetal development and continuing throughout life.
**Early Development:**
* **Mesonephric tubule differentiation:** During fetal development, the mesonephric tubules differentiate to form the nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. The proximal and distal tubules arise from the mesonephric tubules, while the glomerulus develops as a specialized capillary bed surrounded by Bowman's capsule.
* **Differentiation of smooth muscle cells:** The afferent arteriole, the vessel that supplies blood to the glomerulus, contains smooth muscle cells that express renin, a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The development of these smooth muscle cells is regulated by factors such as angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).
* **Formation of the macula densa:** The macula densa is a specialized group of epithelial cells located in the distal convoluted tubule, where it comes into contact with the afferent arteriole. It senses changes in sodium chloride concentration in the tubular fluid, playing a crucial role in regulating renin secretion.
**Maturation and Function:**
* **Interaction between macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells:** The macula densa communicates with the juxtaglomerular cells (smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole) through paracrine signaling pathways. When the macula densa senses a decrease in sodium chloride concentration, it releases signaling molecules that stimulate renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells.
* **Renin secretion and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:** Renin, secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells, initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a cascade of hormonal events that ultimately leads to increased blood pressure and sodium retention.
* **Regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance:** The JGA's role in regulating renin secretion is essential for maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance. By controlling the RAAS, it helps adjust blood volume, renal blood flow, and sodium reabsorption.
**In summary, the development of the juxtaglomerular apparatus involves complex interactions between different cell types, signaling pathways, and growth factors. This process ensures that the JGA is properly formed and functions optimally to regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.**'"
Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Renin | A renin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P00797] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (44)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8-phenyltheophylline | 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist | ||
| acetazolamide | Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| theophylline | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent | |
| caffeine | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic | |
| furfurylamine | |||
| 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine | 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively. | 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | |
| nevirapine | nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS. | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| pirinixic acid | pirinixic acid: structure | aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines | |
| pyrazolanthrone | anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source | anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone | antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector |
| 2-chloroadenosine | 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source | purine nucleoside | |
| captopril | captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| enalkiren | peptide | ||
| toxoflavin | toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7. toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure | carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
| 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide | 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source | ||
| phenylisopropyladenosine | aromatic amine; benzenes; hydrocarbyladenosine; purine nucleoside; secondary amino compound | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent | |
| h 142 | H 142: decapeptide inhibitor of human renin; RN given refers to all L-isomer | ||
| cgp 38560a | |||
| alitretinoin | Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA. | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist |
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea | ureas | ||
| [1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-indolyl]-(1-pyrrolidinyl)methanethione | indoles | ||
| angiotensin i, ile(5)- | angiotensin; peptide zwitterion | human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent | |
| 1,6-dimethyl-3-propylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione | pyrimidotriazine | ||
| ellagic acid | catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol | antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent | |
| n-oleoylethanolamine | N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide. | endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1 | EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine, (s)-isomer | |||
| ditekiren | ditekiren: orally active renin inhibitor | ||
| pepstatin | pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin | pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor |
| norbinaltorphimine | norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source | isoquinolines | |
| aliskiren | aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position. aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor | monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene | antihypertensive agent |
| ro 42-5892 | remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued). | cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent |
| tekturna | fumarate salt | antihypertensive agent | |
| (S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid : L-Norleucine substituted at C-6 with a borono group. | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organoboron compound | |
| n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide | |||
| mk-8141 | MK-8141: renin inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| pf 877423 | |||
| mk-1597 | MK-1597: structure in first source | ||
| vtp-27999 | |||
| gsk1482160 | |||
| 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline-2,3-dione | |||
| ly2811376 | |||
| grassystatin a | grassystatin A: isolated from a cyanobacterium, identified as Lyngbya cf.; structure in first source | ||
| lomofungin | lomofungin: antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces species; reported effective against bacteria as well as fungi & yeasts; probably inhibits nucleic acid & protein synthesis; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENAZINES (76-85) |