Page last updated: 2024-12-06

amezinium

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Amezinium is a quaternary ammonium compound with a unique chemical structure. It is an anticholinergic agent that primarily acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Amezinium is primarily used in ophthalmology for treating conditions like mydriasis (pupil dilation) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle). It is also used in some research studies to investigate the role of acetylcholine in various physiological processes. However, its clinical use is limited due to its potential side effects and the availability of newer, more effective medications.'

amezinium: RN &N1 for parent cpd from 9th CI Form Index; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6252 [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

amezinium : A pyridazinium ion that is pyridazin-1-ium which is substituted by a phenyl, amino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 4 and 6, respectively. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	71927
CHEMBL ID	2110922
CHEBI ID	145698
SCHEMBL ID	148690
MeSH ID	M0090031

Synonyms (22)

Synonym
4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenylpyridazinium
brn 4141517
amezinium
pyridazinium, 4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-
6-methoxy-1-phenylpyridazin-1-ium-4-amine
amezinium(1+)
4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenylpyridazin-1-ium
CHEBI:145698
41658-78-0
4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-pyridazinium
unii-t4va39mo9x
t4va39mo9x ,
5-25-12-00411 (beilstein handbook reference)
SCHEMBL148690
amezinium ion
amezinium [who-dd]
amezinium cation
CHEMBL2110922
NCGC00510028-01
Q27289673
STARBLD0002739
DTXSID60865551

Research Excerpts

Overview

Amezinium metilsulfate is a new, indirectly acting sympathomimetic drug. It exclusively affects postganglionic sympathetic neurons and inhibits both intraneuronal monoamine oxidase and norepinephrine reuptake. Amezinium is a structurally novel substrate of the noradrenaline transport mechanism of the axolemma.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Amezinium is a structurally novel substrate of both the noradrenaline transport mechanism of the axolemma and the transport mechanism of the noradrenaline-storing synaptic vesicles."	( Fate of [3H]amezinium in sympathetically innervated rabbit tissues. Starke, K; Steppeler, A, 1982)	1.36
"Amezinium metilsulfate is a new, indirectly acting sympathomimetic drug which exclusively affects postganglionic sympathetic neurons and inhibits both intraneuronal monoamine oxidase and norepinephrine reuptake. "	( Treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension with amezinium metilsulfate, a new indirect sympathomimetic drug. Hirayama, K; Kita, K, 1988)	1.97

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"2. Amezinium has a high affinity for tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics of amezinium in rat and dog. Brode, E; Kummer, H; Neumann, B; Traut, M, 1981)	1.1
"2. Amezinium has a high affinity for tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics of amezinium in rat and dog. Brode, E; Kummer, H; Neumann, B; Traut, M, 1981)	1.1

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pre-treatment with amezinium ehhanced NE-induced increases in IUP index and MBP."	( Pharmacological effect of amezinium on urethra and bladder of rabbits. Hosoki, K; Ishii, D; Kawashima, K; Oka, M; Shimizu, I, 2001)	0.93

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"0 h half-life and comparably slow elimination (half-life about 12."	( The pharmacokinetics of ameziniummetilsulfate in man. Single and repetitive oral administration of a therapeutically effective dose. Brode, E; Hollmann, M; Vollgraf, C, 1983)	0.57
" In the rat the absorption proceeds with a half-life of 11 min, after a lag phase of 6 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of amezinium in rat and dog. Brode, E; Kummer, H; Neumann, B; Traut, M, 1981)	0.59

Bioavailability

The absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-pyridazinium methyl sulfate (amesiniummetilsulfate, LU 1631, Regulton) were examined.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These properties and the characteristics of amezinium with respect to absorption, bioavailability and elimination are considered favourable for safe and effective handling of the drug."	( The pharmacokinetics of ameziniummetilsulfate in man. Single and repetitive oral administration of a therapeutically effective dose. Brode, E; Hollmann, M; Vollgraf, C, 1983)	0.83
" Absolute bioavailability of the batches used is estimated to be about 50% and 67% resp."	( Pharmacokinetics of amezinium in man. Brode, E; Traut, M, 1981)	0.59
" From the dose-response relationships after parenteral and oral administration a relative enteral efficacy of 50-80% was established, which corresponds well with bioavailability data."	( Haemodynamic effects of amezinium in man. Kessel, R; Lang, E; Neugebauer, G; Wilsmann, K, 1981)	0.57

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In a preceding dose finding study equipotent dosage of the substances used was confirmed."	( [Hemodynamic effects following bolus administration of different vasopressive agents for blood pressure stabilization during peridural anesthesia]. Boldt, J; Börner, U; Brähler, A; Hempelmann, G; Müller, H; Stoyanov, M, 1985)	0.27
" AM was not able to cause contraction of strips obtained from dogs pretreated with reserpine; phentolamine shifted the dose-response curve of AM to the right."	( On the mechanism of action of amezinium methylsulphate on the dog saphenous vein. Araújo, D; Caramona, MM; Osswald, W, 1983)	0.55
" From the dose-response relationships after parenteral and oral administration a relative enteral efficacy of 50-80% was established, which corresponds well with bioavailability data."	( Haemodynamic effects of amezinium in man. Kessel, R; Lang, E; Neugebauer, G; Wilsmann, K, 1981)	0.57
" Second, dose-response curves to increasing doses (1-512ng/min) of noradrenaline infused locally to the dorsal hand vein were determined using a linear variable differential transformer."	( Effect of amezinium metilsulfate on the finger skin vasoconstrictor response to cold stimulation and venoconstrictor response to noradrenaline. Fujimura, A; Harada, K; Ohashi, K; Ohmori, M, 1998)	0.7
"A modified method is described for the determination of 4-amino-6-methoxy-l-phenylpyridazinium methyl sulfate (amezinium metisulfate) in plasma and in the dosage form."	( Determination of amezinium in plasma by RP HPLC and its application to bioequivalence studies. Kokot, Z; Prawdzik, I, )	0.68

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

Role	Description
antihypotensive agent	A cardiovascular drug that tends to raise reduced blood pressure.
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor	An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).
sympathomimetic agent	A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
adrenergic uptake inhibitor	Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

Class	Description
aromatic ether	Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
primary arylamine	A primary amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an aryl group. R-NH2 where R is an aryl group.
pyridazinium ion	An organic cation resulting from the protonation of one of the nitrogens of pyridazine or its derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	11.2202	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Research

Studies (64)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	47 (73.44)	18.7374
1990's	11 (17.19)	18.2507
2000's	5 (7.81)	29.6817
2010's	1 (1.56)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.26

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	24.26 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.36 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	3.95 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	29.35 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (24.26)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	11 (16.67%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (1.52%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (9.09%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	48 (72.73%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
theophylline [no description available]	3.35	1	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	7	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	1.98	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	6.99	1	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.97	1	0	primary amine
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.96	1	0
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.	5.01	5	2	phenols
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	1.99	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	7.7	3	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.97	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	6.96	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.38	2	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfenefrine norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	5.78	6	4	phenols
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	5.78	6	4	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	7.66	3	0	aromatic amine
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	1.98	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
6-nitroquipazine 6-nitroquipazine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	nitro compound; quinolines
tyramine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
corticosterone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.36	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	1.96	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	2	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.76	2	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	1.96	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	8.76	2	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	5.63	5	4	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	7.36	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
u 0521 U 0521: catechol methyltransferase antagonist; structure	1.96	1	0	acetophenones
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	1.96	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.	1.97	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols	antioxidant; drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
droxidopa Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension	7	1	0	catechols; L-tyrosine derivative	antihypertensive agent; prodrug; vasoconstrictor agent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.88	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
or486 OR486: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination: used in therapy of orthostatic hypotensive disorder; combination drug consisting of ethylaminotheophylline derivatives; stimulates blood circulation;	3.35	1	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	6.23	7	2
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	11.23	7	2
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.13	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.43	2	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	6.41	12	4
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	6.41	12	4
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.05	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	7.43	2	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	7.01	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.93	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.6	3	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	1.96	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.07	5	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.34	1	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.96	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	6.98	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.98	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	1.98	1	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	2	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	7	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.37	2	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	1.97	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	1.97	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	1.97	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.97	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	1.96	1	0

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