Compounds > quinocetone
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

quinocetone

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

quinocetone: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5387181
CHEMBL ID497740
MeSH IDM0488018

Synonyms (16)

Synonym
nsc-621477
nsc621477
CHEMBL497740
(e)-1-(3-methyl-4-oxido-1-oxoquinoxalin-1-ium-2-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one
quinocetone
81810-66-4
2-cinnamoyl-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide
AKOS015889503
85108-59-4
HY-123581
AS-16001
mfcd09753267
CS-0083565
CCG-267535
D70399
2-cinnamoyl-3-methylquinoxaline1,4-dioxide

Research Excerpts

Overview

Quinocetone (QCT) is a new feeding antibacterial agent in the QdNOs family.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Quinocetone (QCT) is a new feeding antibacterial agent in the QdNOs family. "( Mechanism of adrenocortical toxicity induced by quinocetone and its bidesoxy-quinocetone metabolite in porcine adrenocortical cells in vitro.
Cheng, G; Ihsan, A; Li, J; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Wan, D; Wang, X; Yuan, Z, 2015)		2.12

Effects

Quinocetone (QCT) has been used as an animal feed additive in China since 2003. It has been widely used as a growth promoter in China.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Quinocetone (QCT) has been used as an animal feed additive in China since 2003. "( Quinocetone induces mitochondrial apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS-dependent promotion of VDAC1 oligomerization and suppression of Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Dai, C; Deng, S; Li, D; Tang, S; Xiao, X; Yang, X; Zhang, S; Zhou, Y, 2017)		3.34
"Quinocetone (QCT) has been approved and widely used as an animal feed additive in China since 2003. "( ROS-mediated oligomerization of VDAC2 is associated with quinocetone-induced apoptotic cell death.
Li, B; Li, D; Tang, S; Xiao, X; Yang, X, 2018)		2.17
"Quinocetone (QCT) has been widely used as an animal growth promoter in China. "( Investigation of quinocetone-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in HepG2 cells and compared with its metabolites.
Fei, C; Li, T; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wang, X; Xiao, S; Xue, F; Zhang, K; Zhang, L; Zheng, H, 2015)		2.2
"Quinocetone has been widely used as an animal growth promoter in China. "( Quinocetone triggers oxidative stress and induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human peripheral lymphocytes of both genders.
Bao, W; Fu, J; Hao, L; Liu, L; Nussler, AK; Wang, D; Xiao, X; Yan, H; Yang, W; Yao, P, 2013)		3.28

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In contrast, B-QCT had few toxic effects on the cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance."( Mechanism of adrenocortical toxicity induced by quinocetone and its bidesoxy-quinocetone metabolite in porcine adrenocortical cells in vitro.
Cheng, G; Ihsan, A; Li, J; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Wan, D; Wang, X; Yuan, Z, 2015)		0.67
" The relatively new QdNOs, cyadox (CYA), mequindox (MEQ), quinocetone (QCT) and their metabolites, were selected for elucidation of their toxic mechanisms in H295R cells."( High risk of adrenal toxicity of N1-desoxy quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives and the protection of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) in the inhibition of the expression of aldosterone synthetase in H295R cells.
Chen, D; Cheng, G; Dai, M; Guo, P; Ihsan, A; Liu, Z; Luo, X; Wang, X; Yang, C; Yuan, Z, 2016)		0.68
" However, the combined toxic effects of this phenomenon have yet to be addressed."( Combination of oxytetracycline and quinocetone synergistically induces hepatotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of mitochondrial pathway.
Fan, L; Hou, L; Hu, H; Liu, F; Yin, S; Zhao, C, 2022)		1

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of QCT and its desoxy metabolites in real urine samples."( Investigation of the ultrasound effect and target analyte selectivity of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and its application to a quinocetone pharmacokinetic study.
Gao, H; Li, L; Li, M; Li, Y; Peng, B; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhou, W, 2012)		0.58
" Similar QCT plasma concentration-time profiles were found in the three species of cyprinid fish at the same dosage regimen and water temperature, which were all fitted two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following the same experimental conditions.
Ai, X; Liu, Y; Wang, F; Xu, N; Yang, H; Yang, Q, 2015)		0.66
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are scientific methods used to predict veterinary drug residues that may occur in food-producing animals, and which have powerful extrapolation ability."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for quinocetone in pigs and extrapolation to mequindox.
Chen, D; Huang, L; Liu, Z; Pan, Y; Xie, S; Xu, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhu, X, 2017)		0.71

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In this paper, a novel and hydrophilic functionalised material of olaquindox-imprinted polymer was synthesised in aqueous solution by a surface molecular imprinting in combination with a sol-gel process."( Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of trace olaquindox residues in chick feeds.
Chen, H; Qiao, X; Song, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D, 2011)		0.37
" In this study, we assessed the short-term toxicity of enrofloxacin (E) combined with colistin (C) and quinocetone (Q)."( Toxicologic effect and transcriptome analysis for short-term orally dosed enrofloxacin combined with two veterinary antimicrobials on rat liver.
Cheng, L; Han, H; Luan, Y; Shen, J; Tang, S; Zhao, J, 2021)		0.84

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Similar QCT plasma concentration-time profiles were found in the three species of cyprinid fish at the same dosage regimen and water temperature, which were all fitted two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) following the same experimental conditions.
Ai, X; Liu, Y; Wang, F; Xu, N; Yang, H; Yang, Q, 2015)		0.66
" Young male rats were orally dosed drug mixtures and single drugs in 14 consecutive days, each at the dose of 20, 80, and 400 mg/(kg·BW) for environmental toxicologic study."( Toxicologic effect and transcriptome analysis for short-term orally dosed enrofloxacin combined with two veterinary antimicrobials on rat liver.
Cheng, L; Han, H; Luan, Y; Shen, J; Tang, S; Zhao, J, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (15)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID515221Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by microplate alamar blue assay2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 45, Issue:10
E-2-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide: a lead antitubercular agent which alters mitochondrial respiration in rat liver.
AID398099Cytotoxicity against human HSC2 cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398103Growth inhibition of human CEM cells at 10 uM after 3 days relative to melphalan2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398093Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in human MDR1 gene transfected mouse L5178Y cells assessed as fluorescence activity ratio at 200 uM by rhodamine 123 accumulation assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID1294351Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 incubated for 7 days by BacTiter-Glo cell viability assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 26, Issue:9
Design and synthesis of novel quinoxaline derivatives as potential candidates for treatment of multidrug-resistant and latent tuberculosis.
AID398090Growth inhibition of human Molt4/C8 cells after 3 days2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398098Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398095Cytotoxicity against human HGF cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398100Cytotoxicity against human HSC3 cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398091Growth inhibition of human CEM cells after 3 days2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398092Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in human MDR1 gene transfected mouse L5178Y cells assessed as fluorescence activity ratio at 20 uM by rhodamine 123 accumulation assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398102Growth inhibition of human Molt4/C8 cells at 10 uM after 3 days relative to melphalan2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398097Cytotoxicity against human HPLF cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398101Cytotoxicity against human HSC4 cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
AID398096Cytotoxicity against human HPC cells after 48 hrs2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
2-(3-Aryl-2-propenoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides: a novel cluster of tumor-specific cytotoxins which reverse multidrug resistance.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (44)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's3 (6.82)29.6817
2010's39 (88.64)24.3611
2020's2 (4.55)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.98

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index18.98 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.87 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.22 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index15.26 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (18.98)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (2.17%)5.53%
Reviews1 (2.17%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other44 (95.65%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.1310carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.1310N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.1310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.110pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfaquinoxaline
Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.		2.110benzenes;
sulfonamide
aldosterone
[no description available]		7.532011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.13104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		7.63411mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4920dialdehydebiomarker
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.1310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.1310alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.3110cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
olaquindox
olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure		4.2650quinoxaline derivative
quindoxin
quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702		2.1310quinoxaline derivative
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.1310proanthocyanidin
mequindox
Mequindox: a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative which can effectively improve growth and feed efficiency in animals; structure in first source		4.6980
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0510L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.8130aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0510
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		2.1710
3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid
3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid: cytotoxic and genotoxic		2.110
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0510
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.3110
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.4110
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.110purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.1310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cyadox
cyadox: structure		3.8930
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.110guanosinesbiomarker
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		3.8630quinoxaline derivative
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0510
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.0510
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		02.1310
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.1310
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		02.1310
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.4820
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.7630
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7730
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.1110
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.1110
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.1110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1110
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.1310
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.1310
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.1310
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.1310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0510