rifampin and Escherichia-coli-Infections

To develop the 'Stronger Towns Index': a deprivation index that took into account characteristics of areas encompassing towns that may be eligible for redevelopment funding and explore how this index was associated with self-rated health and migration within England between 2001 and 2011.. There were areas in the lowest deciles of Town Strength who did not receive funding. After multiple adjustment, LS members living in areas with higher deciles were significantly more likely (7% to 38%) to report good health than those in the lowest decile in 2001. Remaining in the same decile between 2001 and 2011 was associated with 7% lower odds of good self-rated health in 2011.. It is important to consider health in towns when allocating funding. Areas in the Midlands may have missed out on funding which might help mitigate poor health.. Ferritin levels <30µg/L were associated with unexplained infertility and might be screened in the future. Further studies with a focus on iron deficiency and iron treatment on women with unexplained infertility are warranted.. This EGM provides a valuable resource for researchers, policy-makers and the public to access the available evidence on the determinants of various COVID-19 health-related behaviours. The map can also be used to help guide research commissioning, by evidence synthesis teams and evidence intermediaries to inform policy during the ongoing pandemic and potential future outbreaks of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Evidence included in the map will be explored further through a series of systematic reviews examining the strength of the associations between malleable determinants and the uptake and maintenance of individual protective behaviours.. Patients with polymicrobial bloodstream infections are typically critically ill and harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, to minimize mortality rate in critically ill patients, changes in infectious flora should be monitored, antibiotics selected reasonably, and invasive procedures reduced.. Altogether, these findings clearly revealed the great potential of the in vitro biological activity of linseed extract as a safe source for combatting multidrug-resistant. In this work, the capture of carbon dioxide using a dense hollow fiber membrane was studied experimentally and theoretically. The factors affecting the flux and recovery of carbon dioxide were studied using a lab-scale system. Experiments were conducted using a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide to simulate natural gas. The effect of changing the CO. Persistent gender and racial disparities in high-impact medical and critical care journals underscore the need to revise policies and strategies to encourage greater diversity in critical care research.. Thirty evaluable patients were enrolled. Median age was 60.5 years. Median follow-up for all patients was 17 months. Ten patients (33%) experienced grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events, the most common being neutropenia and diarrhea; 50% required ≥ 1 dose reduction. The disease control rate was 90% (progressive disease: 10%, partial response: 23%, stable disease: 67%). There was zero treatment-related mortality. Twenty-two patients (73%, 90% CI 57-86; p = 0.008) completed all chemotherapy and surgery. Two patients (9%) who successfully underwent resection had minor postoperative complications. Median length of hospital stay was 4 days. Median RFS was 7.1 months. Median OS for the entire cohort was 24 months and was not reached in patients who underwent surgical resection.. Neoadjuvant treatment with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel is feasible and safe prior to resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and does not adversely impact perioperative outcomes.

Topics: Acetogenins; Acute Disease; Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Albumins; Alcoholism; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; alpha-Glucosidases; Anemia; Animals; Anthozoa; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Antihypertensive Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Ascites; Asthma; Bacteria; beta-Lactamases; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biomass; Borderline Personality Disorder; Brain; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Calcium; Carbapenems; Case-Control Studies; Caseins; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Ceftaroline; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Cell Proliferation; Cephalosporins; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; China; Chitin; Chlorella; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Chlorophyta; Cholangiocarcinoma; Cisplatin; Conotoxins; Contrast Media; Conus Snail; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Decapodiformes; Deoxycytidine; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Dietary Fiber; Diterpenes; DNA Methylation; Dogs; Double-Blind Method; Drug Design; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epidermis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feasibility Studies; Feces; Female; Ferritins; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gemcitabine; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucose; Glycerol; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; Immunoassay; Immunoglobulin G; India; Infant, Newborn; Infertility; Inflammation; Intensive Care Units; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Kidney; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; Laurencia; Leukocytes; Lipids; Liver Cirrhosis; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Microalgae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Minerals; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Myeloid Cells; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Nephropidae; Nicotinic Antagonists; Nitrogen; Obesity; Oxaliplatin; Paclitaxel; Panax; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Photobioreactors; Plant Extracts; Plasmalogens; Plasmids; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polynesia; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prebiotics; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nicotinic; Recombinant Proteins; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salinity; Seaweed; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sepsis; Sesquiterpenes; Severity of Illness Index; Shock, Septic; Silicones; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Skin; Snails; Solubility; Solvents; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Stomach Neoplasms; Stramenopiles; Structure-Activity Relationship; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; Technology; Terpenes; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Urinary Catheters; Urinary Tract Infections; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Virulence Factors; Water; Wound Healing

Rifaximin is a rifamycin analogue with a broad spectrum of activity similar to that of rifampin; however, because it is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the focus of its development has been on intestinal infections and diseases. This agent has proven to be as effective as ciprofloxacin in treating travelers' diarrhea due to Escherichia coli, although it is ineffective in treating infections due to Campylobacter jejuni. Other potential uses for rifaximin in gastroenterologic disorders include treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, intestinal gas and gas-related symptoms, diverticular disease, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, pouchitis, ulcerative colitis, and active Crohn's disease. This article highlights several studies demonstrating the efficacy of rifaximin in treating travelers' diarrhea as well as other gastrointestinal diseases and discusses the drug's pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, and dosing.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Gases; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Intestines; Lactulose; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rifampin; Rifamycins; Rifaximin

Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Klebsiella Infections; Leukocytes; Meningitis; Premedication; Pseudomonas Infections; Reoperation; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tobramycin; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacteriuria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rifampin; Sulfadiazine; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacteriuria; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Cystitis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Kanamycin; Methenamine; Methods; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract Infections

To develop the 'Stronger Towns Index': a deprivation index that took into account characteristics of areas encompassing towns that may be eligible for redevelopment funding and explore how this index was associated with self-rated health and migration within England between 2001 and 2011.. There were areas in the lowest deciles of Town Strength who did not receive funding. After multiple adjustment, LS members living in areas with higher deciles were significantly more likely (7% to 38%) to report good health than those in the lowest decile in 2001. Remaining in the same decile between 2001 and 2011 was associated with 7% lower odds of good self-rated health in 2011.. It is important to consider health in towns when allocating funding. Areas in the Midlands may have missed out on funding which might help mitigate poor health.. Ferritin levels <30µg/L were associated with unexplained infertility and might be screened in the future. Further studies with a focus on iron deficiency and iron treatment on women with unexplained infertility are warranted.. This EGM provides a valuable resource for researchers, policy-makers and the public to access the available evidence on the determinants of various COVID-19 health-related behaviours. The map can also be used to help guide research commissioning, by evidence synthesis teams and evidence intermediaries to inform policy during the ongoing pandemic and potential future outbreaks of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Evidence included in the map will be explored further through a series of systematic reviews examining the strength of the associations between malleable determinants and the uptake and maintenance of individual protective behaviours.. Patients with polymicrobial bloodstream infections are typically critically ill and harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, to minimize mortality rate in critically ill patients, changes in infectious flora should be monitored, antibiotics selected reasonably, and invasive procedures reduced.. Altogether, these findings clearly revealed the great potential of the in vitro biological activity of linseed extract as a safe source for combatting multidrug-resistant. In this work, the capture of carbon dioxide using a dense hollow fiber membrane was studied experimentally and theoretically. The factors affecting the flux and recovery of carbon dioxide were studied using a lab-scale system. Experiments were conducted using a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide to simulate natural gas. The effect of changing the CO. Persistent gender and racial disparities in high-impact medical and critical care journals underscore the need to revise policies and strategies to encourage greater diversity in critical care research.. Thirty evaluable patients were enrolled. Median age was 60.5 years. Median follow-up for all patients was 17 months. Ten patients (33%) experienced grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events, the most common being neutropenia and diarrhea; 50% required ≥ 1 dose reduction. The disease control rate was 90% (progressive disease: 10%, partial response: 23%, stable disease: 67%). There was zero treatment-related mortality. Twenty-two patients (73%, 90% CI 57-86; p = 0.008) completed all chemotherapy and surgery. Two patients (9%) who successfully underwent resection had minor postoperative complications. Median length of hospital stay was 4 days. Median RFS was 7.1 months. Median OS for the entire cohort was 24 months and was not reached in patients who underwent surgical resection.. Neoadjuvant treatment with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel is feasible and safe prior to resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and does not adversely impact perioperative outcomes.

Topics: Acetogenins; Acute Disease; Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Albumins; Alcoholism; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; alpha-Glucosidases; Anemia; Animals; Anthozoa; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Antihypertensive Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Ascites; Asthma; Bacteria; beta-Lactamases; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biomass; Borderline Personality Disorder; Brain; Brucella abortus; Brucella melitensis; Brucellosis; Calcium; Carbapenems; Case-Control Studies; Caseins; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Ceftaroline; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Physiological Phenomena; Cell Proliferation; Cephalosporins; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; China; Chitin; Chlorella; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Chlorophyta; Cholangiocarcinoma; Cisplatin; Conotoxins; Contrast Media; Conus Snail; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Decapodiformes; Deoxycytidine; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Dietary Fiber; Diterpenes; DNA Methylation; Dogs; Double-Blind Method; Drug Design; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epidermis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feasibility Studies; Feces; Female; Ferritins; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gemcitabine; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucose; Glycerol; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; Immunoassay; Immunoglobulin G; India; Infant, Newborn; Infertility; Inflammation; Intensive Care Units; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Kidney; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; Laurencia; Leukocytes; Lipids; Liver Cirrhosis; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Microalgae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Minerals; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Myeloid Cells; Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Nephropidae; Nicotinic Antagonists; Nitrogen; Obesity; Oxaliplatin; Paclitaxel; Panax; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Photobioreactors; Plant Extracts; Plasmalogens; Plasmids; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polynesia; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prebiotics; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Nicotinic; Recombinant Proteins; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salinity; Seaweed; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sepsis; Sesquiterpenes; Severity of Illness Index; Shock, Septic; Silicones; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Skin; Snails; Solubility; Solvents; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Stomach Neoplasms; Stramenopiles; Structure-Activity Relationship; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; Technology; Terpenes; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Urinary Catheters; Urinary Tract Infections; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Virulence Factors; Water; Wound Healing

Colistin resistance associated with plasmidic resistance genes is a serious public health issue. We aimed at studying the transmission of an mcr-1 colistin- and rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli strain between inoculated pigs and sentinels in different controlled conditions. Three groups of four pigs were bred in separated animal rooms and inoculated on Day 0 (D0). In each inoculated group, six contact pigs were introduced on D2. The first inoculated-and-contact group was left untreated. The ten pigs in the second inoculated-and-contact group received colistin (100 000 IU/kg) before inoculation or contact (D-7 to D-5), simulating prophylactic administration. Pigs in the third inoculated-and-contact group were treated just after inoculation or before transfer (D0 to D2), simulating metaphylactic administration. Faecal samples were regularly collected and segments of intestinal tracts were obtained at necropsy, on D20-D22. Samples were cultured on rifampicin-supplemented media, and PCR was used to detect the mcr-1 gene. The kinetics of infection, based on culture results, were analysed using an SIR model. The inoculated strain was detected in all inoculated and contact pigs. The SIR model showed that one infected pig could transmit the resistant bacteria to one susceptible individual in less than 3 h on average. Prophylactic administration significantly enhanced the transmission rate and resulted in more samples containing the mcr-1 resistance gene at necropsy. No effect of metaphylactic administration could be detected on the transmission rate, nor on the carriage of the resistant strain. Our study confirms that colistin should not be used in a prophylactic manner.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Feces; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Livestock; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Random Allocation; Rifampin; Swine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Bacteriuria; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Proteus Infections; Recurrence; Rifampin

Polymyxin resistance mediated by the

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane; Clarithromycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Mice; Polymyxins; Rifampin

Bone infection is a devastating condition resulting from implant or orthopaedic surgery. Therapeutic strategies are extremely complicated and may result in serious side effects or disabilities. The development of enhanced 3D scaffolds, able to promote efficient bone regeneration, combined with targeted antibiotic release to prevent bacterial colonization, is a promising tool for the successful repair of bone defects. Herein, polymeric electrospun scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibres decorated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles loaded with rifampicin were fabricated to achieve local and sustained drug release for more efficient prevention and treatment of infection. The release profile showed an initial burst of rifampicin in the first six hours, enabling complete elimination of bacteria. Sustained and long-term release was observed until the end of the experiments (28 days), facilitating a prolonged effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth, which is in agreement with the common knowledge concerning the acidic degradation of the microparticles. In addition, bactericidal effects against gram negative (Escherichia coli) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were demonstrated at concentrations of released rifampicin up to 58 ppm after 24 h, with greater efficacy against S. aureus (13 ppm vs 58 ppm for E. coli). Cell morphology and cytocompatibility studies highlighted the suitability of the fabricated scaffolds to support cell growth, as well as their promising clinical application for bone regeneration combined with prevention or treatment of bacterial infection.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Regeneration; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Drug Delivery Systems; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Nanofibers; Osteoblasts; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, we assessed the selective effect of colistin administered orally to healthy weaned piglets harbouring an intestinal mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli strain. Maximum recommended dose and a higher dose often used in European pig farms were given by gavage. No selection of the mcr-1-positive strain was observed in our controlled conditions, irrespective of the dose. Further investigations in real farming conditions seem necessary.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Farms; Feces; Intestines; Rifampin; Swine

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cell Membrane; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Lipopeptides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Peptidomimetics; Peritonitis; Rifampin; Sepsis

To estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolated from duck faeces in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania.. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus isolation rates from ducks faeces were 91 and 100% respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus was 70.3 and 42%, respectively. E. coli resistant to four antibiotics were 28 (30.8%) and showed high resistance to ampicillin (81.3), tetracycline (75.8) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxine (62.3). Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus were more than 65%. High resistance rates shown by Enterococcus were observed in rifampin (62%), ampicillin (62%) and tetracycline (42%). Almost all farmers (92.3%) left their ducks to scavenge for food around their houses. Antibiotics used in animal treatments were oxytetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin dihydrostreptomycin while in humans were tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asymptomatic Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ducks; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Rifampin; Streptococcal Infections; Tanzania; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

While the action of many antimicrobial drugs is well understood at the molecular level, a systems-level physiological response to antibiotics remains largely unexplored. This work considers fluctuation dynamics of both the chromosome and cytosol in Escherichia coli, and their response to sublethal treatments of a clinically important antibiotic, rifampicin. We precisely quantify the changes in dynamics of chromosomal loci and cytosolic aggregates (a rheovirus nonstructural protein known as μNS-GFP), measuring short time-scale displacements across several hours of drug exposure. To achieve this we develop an empirical method correcting for photo-bleaching and loci size effects. This procedure allows us to characterize the dynamic response to rifampicin in different growth conditions, including a customised microfluidic device. We find that sub-lethal doses of rifampicin cause a small but consistent increase in motility of both the chromosomal loci and cytosolic aggregates. Chromosomal and cytosolic responses are consistent with each other and between different growth conditions.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Rifampin

Hydraphiles are synthetic amphiphiles that form ion-conducting pores in liposomal membranes. These pores exhibit open-close behavior when studied by planar bilayer conductance techniques. In previous work, we showed that when co-administered with various antibiotics to the DH5α strain of Escherichia coli, they enhanced the drug's potency. We report here potency enhancements at low concentrations of hydraphiles for the structurally and mechanistically unrelated antibiotics erythromycin, kanamycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline against Gram negative E. coli (DH5α and K-12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram positive Bacillus subtilis. Earlier work suggested that potency increases correlated to ion transport function. The data presented here comport with the function of hydraphiles to enhance membrane permeability in addition to, or instead of, their known function as ion conductors.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Permeability; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Surface-Active Agents; Tetracycline

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial performance of a rifampin/minocycline-coated, non-cross-linked, acellular porcine dermal matrix (XenMatrix AB) compared to an uncoated, non-cross-linked, acellular porcine dermal matrix (Strattice) after implantation/inoculation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in a dorsal rabbit model.. Forty male New Zealand White rabbits were bilaterally implanted with XenMatrix AB or Strattice grafts and inoculated with clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (5 × 10 colony-forming units/ml) or E. coli (1 × 10 colony-forming units/ml). At 2 and 8 weeks, sites were analyzed for viable methicillin-resistant S. aureus/E. coli colony-forming units, abscess formation, and histologic response (n = 5 rabbits per group per bacterium per time point).. XenMatrix AB completely inhibited bacterial colonization of the graft, inhibited abscess formation, reduced inflammation and encapsulation, and improved neovascularization compared with Strattice. XenMatrix AB implants exhibited significantly fewer colony-forming units compared with Strattice implants at 2 weeks (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) (p < 0.01) and at 2 and 8 weeks (E. coli) (p < 0.05). In addition, XenMatrix AB implants demonstrated a significantly lower abscess score at 2 weeks (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and 8 weeks (E. coli) (p < 0.01 in both cases). For both types of bacteria and both time points evaluated, XenMatrix AB implants exhibited minimal inflammation and encapsulation and a lack of neutrophils. In contrast, Strattice implants displayed marked inflammatory and neutrophilic responses and moderate encapsulation.. This study demonstrated the antimicrobial performance of a rifampin/minocycline-coated bioprosthetic (XenMatrix AB) in a rabbit inoculation model. XenMatrix AB completely inhibited bacterial colonization of the graft, with minimal host inflammation and encapsulation, and improved neovascularization compared with Strattice.

Topics: Acellular Dermis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli Infections; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Minocycline; Rabbits; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Swine; Treatment Outcome

A novel pathotype, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4, was the cause of a severe outbreak that affected European countries, mainly Germany, in 2011. The effect of different regimens of rifampicin and gentamicin were evaluated to determine possible treatment modes for the novel strain, and to evaluate the SOS response and its effect on toxin release.. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on the novel E. coli O104:H4 pathotype and two pre-outbreak E. coli O104:H4 CDC strains. Transcript levels of the stx2 and recA gene (SOS response inducer) were evaluated using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in the novel E. coli O104:H4 samples subjected to different regimens of rifampicin and gentamicin. Consequently, reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA) was used to determine the Stx2 titers in these samples. Western blot was performed to determine the LexA levels (SOS response repressor) in E. coli O104:H4. The efficacy of treatment with antimicrobial agents was assessed in BALB/c mice.. The outbreak and pre-outbreak strains are closely related as shown by PFGE, which demonstrated slight genomic differences between the three strains. The transcription level of the stx2 gene in the new pathotype was 1.41- and 1.75-fold that of the 2009 EL-2050 and 2009 EL-2071 pre-outbreak strains, respectively. Moreover, the transcription level of the stx2 gene in the new pathotype was substantially decreased as a result of treatment with the different concentrations of the antimicrobial agents, but was enhanced when the antibiotics were administered at two subinhibitory levels. RPLA data were in accordance with the qRT-PCR results. E. coli O104:H4 exposed to gentamicin at both sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels led to high transcription levels of the recA gene and lack of expression of the LexA protein, implying that the SOS response was activated. Rifampicin at both sub-MIC levels resulted in low transcript levels of the recA gene, indicating that the SOS response was not induced. In vivo, the highest survival rate in BALB/c mice was observed in the group that was treated with the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of gentamicin.. The use of antimicrobial agents in E. coli O104:H4 infection seems to be effective at the MIC and MBC levels. This provides a promising ground for treatment of E. coli O104:H4.

Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Germany; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; Shiga Toxin 2; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli; SOS Response, Genetics

Bacterial infection of subcutaneous "pockets" housing cardiovascular implantable electronic devices is a significant clinical complication. In this study, pacemakers encapsulated in a blood plasma-based material (PBM) composited with antibiotics were investigated for use as prophylactics against such infections. PBMs, which are made from pooled allogeneic plasma and platelets, are off-the-shelf biomaterials that can be manufactured in the form of complex 3D shapes, extrudable putties, or injectable pastes. In vitro studies with PBM pastes formulated with rifampicin and minocycline demonstrated antibiotic release over 6 days, activity against Escherichia coli, and reduced cytotoxic effects of the antibiotics on fibroblasts. The materials were also evaluated in vivo in a rabbit model in which pacemaker pockets were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain and examined 1 week later. The pockets containing the pacemaker plus S. aureus were grossly purulent and culture positive, whereas pockets into which PBM with antibiotics were injected around the pacemaker were free of purulence and culture negative (p < 0.001). None of the pockets into which PBM without antibiotics were placed demonstrated purulence, but 60% were culture positive. These results demonstrate the potential of PBMs to deliver antibiotics to diminish the incidence of pocket infections for pacemakers and other implantable devices.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Minocycline; Pacemaker, Artificial; Plasma; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rabbits; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections

A series of twenty two novel 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(4-substitutedpiperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid analogues were synthesized, characterized ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LCMS) and screened for their in vitro anti-tubercular and antibacterial activity. Many of these compounds exhibited MIC values in the range 7.32-136.10 μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Eight compounds were further subjected to cytotoxic studies. Furthermore, the title compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (gram positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (gram negative) bacteria. Many of these compounds exhibited MIC values in the range 0.44-34.02 μM. Compound 3f was found to be the most active with an MIC of 0.44 and 0.8 μM respectively against both the strains. In general, the antibacterial activity of title compounds was more prominent.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carboxylic Acids; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Halogenation; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Quinolines; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tuberculosis

The sequelae of infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 include the potentially fatal haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The pathobiological process of E. coli O157:H7 is chiefly dependent on the production of Shiga-like toxins I and II (SLT-I and -II). Antibiotic treatment is currently refrained from since it may lead to enhanced release of SLTs from the bacterium. In this study, the potential utility of rifampicin in treating E. coli O157:H7 infections was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Five strains of E. coli O157:H7 were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the transcription of the SLT-I- and SLT-II-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2, respectively). Treatment of bacterial strains with the rifampicin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), or the MIC followed by the MBC led to the inhibition of stx1 and stx2 gene transcription. Treatment with the MIC or with the MIC followed by the MBC was also capable of limiting toxin release. SLT-I and SLT-II detection by reverse passive latex agglutination showed an effective decrease in toxin titres following treatment with the MIC of rifampicin or with the MIC followed by the MBC. Treatment of cultures with the MBC alone was not as effective in decreasing toxin titres. The efficacy of rifampicin in treating E. coli O157:H7-infected BALB/c mice was also assessed. Rifampicin treatment resulted in enhanced mouse survival and limited the weight loss of infected animals. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo tests showed that rifampicin may be useful in treating E. coli O157:H7 infection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Gene Expression; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; RNA, Messenger; Shiga Toxins; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome

Treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections with antimicrobial agents is controversial due to an association with potentially fatal sequelae. The production of Shiga toxins is believed to be central to the pathogenesis of this organism. Therefore, decreasing the expression of these toxins prior to bacterial eradication may provide a safer course of therapy.. The utility of decreasing Shiga toxin gene expression in E. coli O157:H7 with rifampicin prior to bacterial eradication with gentamicin was evaluated in vitro using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Toxin release from treated bacterial cells was assayed for with reverse passive latex agglutination. The effect of this treatment on the survival of E. coli O157:H7-infected BALB/c mice was also monitored.. Transcription of Shiga toxin-encoding genes was considerably decreased as an effect of treating E. coli O157:H7 in vitro with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rifampicin followed by the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of gentamicin (> 99% decrease) compared to treatment with gentamicin alone (50-75% decrease). The release of Shiga toxins from E. coli O157:H7 incubated with the MIC of rifampicin followed by addition of the MBC of gentamicin was decreased as well. On the other hand, the highest survival rate in BALB/c mice infected with E. coli O157:H7 was observed in those treated with the in vivo MIC equivalent dose of rifampicin followed by the in vivo MBC equivalent dose of gentamicin compared to mice treated with gentamicin or rifampicin alone.. The use of non-lethal expression-inhibitory doses of antimicrobial agents prior to bactericidal ones in treating E. coli O157:H7 infection is effective and may be potentially useful in human infections with this agent in addition to other Shiga toxin producing E. coli strains.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gentamicins; Latex Fixation Tests; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; Shiga Toxin; Survival Analysis

By choosing membranes as targets of action, antibacterial peptides offer the promise of providing antibiotics to which bacteria would not become resistant. However, there is a need to increase their potency against bacteria along with achieving a reduction in toxicity to host cells. Here, we report that three de novo-designed antibacterial peptides (DeltaFm, DeltaFmscr, and Ud) with poor to moderate antibacterial potencies and kill kinetics improved significantly in all of these aspects when synergized with rifampin and kanamycin against Escherichia coli. (DeltaFm and DeltaFmscr [a scrambled-sequence version of DeltaFm] are isomeric, monomeric decapeptides containing the nonproteinogenic amino acid alpha,beta-didehydrophenylalanine [DeltaF] in their sequences. Ud is a lysine-branched dimeric peptide containing the helicogenic amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyric acid [Aib].) In synergy with rifampin, the MIC of DeltaFmscr showed a 34-fold decrease (67.9 microg/ml alone, compared to 2 microg/ml in combination). A 20-fold improvement in the minimum bactericidal concentration of Ud was observed when the peptide was used in combination with rifampin (369.9 microg/ml alone, compared to 18.5 microg/ml in combination). Synergy with kanamycin resulted in an enhancement in kill kinetics for DeltaFmscr (no killing until 60 min for DeltaFmscr alone, versus 50% and 90% killing within 20 min and 60 min, respectively, in combination with kanamycin). Combination of the dendrimeric peptide DeltaFq (a K-K2 dendrimer for which the sequence of DeltaFm constitutes each of the four branches) (MIC, 21.3 microg/ml) with kanamycin (MIC, 2.1 microg/ml) not only lowered the MIC of each by 4-fold but also improved the therapeutic potential of this highly hemolytic (37% hemolysis alone, compared to 4% hemolysis in combination) and cytotoxic (70% toxicity at 10x MIC alone, versus 30% toxicity in combination) peptide. Thus, synergy between peptide and nonpeptide antibiotics has the potential to enhance the potency and target selectivity of antibacterial peptides, providing regimens which are more potent, faster acting, and safer for clinical use.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Drug Design; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fibroblasts; HeLa Cells; Humans; Kanamycin; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Rifampin

In vitro double and triple bactericidal activities of doripenem, polymyxin B, and rifampin were assessed against 20 carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates with different mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. Bactericidal activity was achieved in 90% of all bacteria assayed using combinations of polymyxin B, doripenem, and rifampin against five each of the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli isolates studied. Combinations with these antibacterials may provide a strategy for treatment of patients infected with such organisms.

Topics: Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; Carbapenems; Doripenem; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymyxin B; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin

It is a common practice to soak Titan(®) Coloplast penile implants in antibiotic solution prior to implantation. Aim.  The aim of this study is to identify an ideal solution for soaking the Titan(®) Coloplast penile implants prior to implantation.. Titan(®) strips were soaked in a different combination of antibiotics and the zone of inhibition was studied against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. This zone of inhibition was compared against zone of inhibition produced by Inhibizone(®) -coated silicone strips. Zones of inhibitions were also compared for different components of Inhibizone(®) implant such as cylinder, tubing, connector, rear tip extender, and reservoir, and compared with similar components of Titan(®) Coloplast penile implants.. The zone of inhibition against S. epidermidis and E. coli for Titan strips dipped in Rifampin and Gentamicin was compared against other antibiotics. The clinical significance of dipping Titan(®) -coated Coloplast implant in Rifampin and Gentamicin solution was determined.. Rifampin 10mg/mL+gentamicin 1mg/mL (R10/G1) and rifampin 1mg/mL+gentamicin 1mg/mL (R1/G1) had excellent coverage against S. epidermidis and E. coli. The zone of inhibition (utilizing the Titan(®) coating) produced by both these solutions exceeds that produced by Inhibizone(®) by 40% to 56% for S. epidermidis and 33% for E. coli. Components of the American Medical System implant (tubing connectors and rear tip extenders) are not coated with antibiotics and had no zone of inhibition.. Soaking Titan(®) -coated Coloplast implants in R10/G1 solution produces a zone of inhibition greater than that produced by Inhibizone(®) -coated penile implants. The clinical significance of this increased zone of inhibition can only be determined by a separate clinical study.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penile Implantation; Penile Prosthesis; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis

Device-related infections represent a significant clinical challenge. Once established, these infections prove difficult to treat with existing antibiotic regimens, compromising the health of device recipients, and usually requiring surgical intervention to resolve. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the AIGIS(RX)® Anti-Bacterial envelope to reduce the formation of bacterial biofilm on implanted pacing devices.. An infection was established in a rabbit model by creating bilateral subcutaneous implant pockets, into which a pacing device with or without AIGIS(RX)® was placed. The incisions were closed, and a defined dose of bacteria was infused into each implant pocket. After seven days, devices were explanted and assessed for viable bacteria by a sonication/vortex procedure to quantify bacteria, and by imaging of the device surface by scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy.. The presence of the AIGIS(RX)® envelope eliminated recoverable, viable bacteria from the explanted devices using a vortex/sonication technique from in vivo models of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Escherichia coli infections. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy demonstrate greatly reduced biological material on the pacemaker surfaces in the presence of the AIGIS(RX)® envelope compared to untreated controls.. These results demonstrate that in this animal model, the AIGIS(RX)® device reduces the formation of adherent bacteria and reduces bioburden on implanted, infected pacemaker devices.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Equipment Contamination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Microbial Viability; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Minocycline; Pacemaker, Artificial; Rabbits; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Time Factors

Although infections associated with penile implants are relatively infrequent, they result in serious medical consequences. Because treatment of these infections usually requires removal of the infected penile implant, prevention of infection is crucial. Since bacterial colonization of the implant is a prelude to clinical infection, antimicrobial modification of the devices may inhibit device colonization and subsequent infection.. We compared the spectrum and durability, both in vitro and in vivo, of two antibiotic-treated penile prostheses: InhibiZone implants pre-impregnated with minocycline and rifampin (M/R) and Titan implants dipped in vancomycin.. 1×1-cm cylinder segments of (1) control untreated, (2) M/R-impregnated, and (3) vancomycin-dipped implants were studied. Baseline zones of inhibition (ZI) were determined against clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Escherichia coli. In addition, ZI against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were compared both in vitro after being washed in a flow chamber and after subcutaneous implantation in rabbits for 1, 2, 7, and 14 d.. ZI were measured as the diameter of the clear zone around each test device minus the external diameter of the device.. Implants pre-impregnated with M/R displayed a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than vancomycin-dipped implants against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The M/R-impregnated devices also yielded significantly larger zones of inhibition against S. aureus than vancomycin-dipped implants, both in vitro (p<0.003) and in vivo throughout the 14-d period of device implantation in rabbits (p≤0.03).. Penile prostheses impregnated with M/R have a broader spectrum in vitro and a more durable antimicrobial activity in vitro and in an animal model than implants dipped in vancomycin. Therefore, along with being a more practical model for incorporating antimicrobials onto the device, the use of implants pre-impregnated with M/R may help reduce the incidence of penile implant infection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Implants; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Minocycline; Penile Prosthesis; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rabbits; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Vancomycin

One hundred twenty-one extended-spectrum beta-lactamse-producing enterobacterial clinical isolates were screened for the qepA gene. A single CTX-M-15-positive Escherichia coli isolate (0.8%) that produced the putative pump QepA2 was identified. This qepA2 gene was located onto a 90-kb mobilizable plasmid that conferred reduced susceptibility to hydrophilic fluoroquinolones.

Topics: Aged; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Fluoroquinolones; France; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids

The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a collagen silver-coated polyester graft, InterGard, with a gelatin-sealed graft, Gelsoft, both soaked in rifampin, for resistance to direct bacterial contamination in an animal model. The second objective was to confirm the lack of inflammation from silver acetate. Vascular grafts, 6 mm in diameter, were implanted in the infrarenal aorta of 28 dogs. Intravenous cefamandole (20 mg/kg) was injected intraoperatively in all dogs. The dogs were divided into three groups. Group I included 12 dogs. Six dogs received silver grafts and six dogs received gelatin-sealed grafts, all soaked with rifampin. Grafts implanted in group I were directly infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Group II included also six silver grafts and six gelatin-sealed grafts, all soaked with rifampin. Dogs of group II were directly infected with Escherichia coli. Group III comprised four dogs, which received gelatin unsealed grafts, directly infected with MRSA, the control group. All dogs were followed by regular clinical examination, including blood cultures. Grafts in groups I and III and in group II were harvested at 30 days and 10 days, respectively. Bacterial analyses were performed on the explanted grafts. Histology was performed on both the tissue samples and the anastomotic sites of the harvested grafts. In group I, no grafts were infected with MRSA, irrespective of graft type. In group II, no silver grafts were infected with E. coli, whereas one (16.6%) of six gelatin-sealed grafts was infected (p = 0.317). In group III, three (75%) of the four grafts were infected with MRSA. The infection rate in the silver grafts and the gelatin-sealed grafts soaked in rifampin in group I compared with the unsealed gelatin grafts in group III was statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the inflammation score, obtained by histological analysis, between rifampin-soaked silver and Gelsoft grafts in either group I or group II. There were signs of necrosis at the anastomoses in three (25%) gelsoft grafts of 12 in groups I and II. There were no clinical or biological signs of inflammation from use of silver-coated grafts. These results indicate that collagen silver-coated grafts and gelatin-sealed grafts, both soaked in rifampin, provide resistance against MRSA and E. coli. There was a trend toward better resistance but without statistical signi

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aorta; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gelatin; Inflammation; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Polyesters; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Silver Compounds; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors

A 54-year-old man presented with tuberculous spondylodiscitis associated to E. coli found in an intervertebral disc space needle biopsy. The enterobacteria came from a cholecystitis. The patient was cured by medical treatment, consisting in a non-surgical immobilization, antitubercular quadritherapy in association with a specific antibiotic treatment. No other case of spondylodiscitis caused by a mycobacterial coinfection pathogen has been reported so far.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Aza Compounds; Cervical Vertebrae; Cholecystitis; Discitis; Disease Progression; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Ethambutol; Fluoroquinolones; France; Humans; Immobilization; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Morocco; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Quinolines; Radiography; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Spinal

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Fosfomycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Rifampin

The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to human health. In the case of several antibiotics, including those of the quinolone and rifamycin classes, bacteria rapidly acquire resistance through mutation of chromosomal genes during therapy. In this work, we show that preventing induction of the SOS response by interfering with the activity of the protease LexA renders pathogenic Escherichia coli unable to evolve resistance in vivo to ciprofloxacin or rifampicin, important quinolone and rifamycin antibiotics. We show in vitro that LexA cleavage is induced during RecBC-mediated repair of ciprofloxacin-mediated DNA damage and that this results in the derepression of the SOS-regulated polymerases Pol II, Pol IV and Pol V, which collaborate to induce resistance-conferring mutations. Our findings indicate that the inhibition of mutation could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat the evolution of antibiotic resistance.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Ciprofloxacin; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Damage; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Evolution, Molecular; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Repressor Proteins; Rifampin; Serine Endopeptidases

Polymorphisms in the rifampin resistance mutation frequency (f) were studied in 696 Escherichia coli strains from Spain, Sweden, and Denmark. Of the 696 strains, 23% were weakly hypermutable (4 x 10(-8) < or = f < 4 x 10(-7)), and 0.7% were strongly hypermutable (f > or = 4 x 10(-7)). Weak mutators were apparently more frequent in southern Europe and in blood isolates (38%) than in urinary tract isolates (25%) and feces of healthy volunteers (11%).

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood; Denmark; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Mutation; Polymorphism, Genetic; Rifampin; Spain; Sweden; Urinary Tract Infections

In situ replacement of infected vascular grafts is an accepted alternative to total graft excision and extraanatomic replacement. Its success relies upon the ability of the newly inserted graft to resist recurrent infection. This study compares the efficacy of two methods used to reduce the risk of graft reinfection: rifampicin soaking versus silver bonding of grafts. The grafts' resistance to infection was tested in vitro in two protocols, each using a panel of seven common bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The length of time the grafts remained free of organisms was compared between the groups. Both the silver graft and the rifampicin-soaked graft were significantly better than control graft at preventing bacterial growth on the graft surface. The rifampicin inhibited the growth of the gram-positive organisms, including MRSA, significantly better than the silver graft on days 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Conversely, the silver graft was significantly more effective against the gram-negative organisms until day 4 (p < 0.0001). Both types of graft inhibit the in vitro growth of bacteria more effectively than controls, with rifampicin being most effective against gram-positive organisms and silver being best against the gram-negative organisms.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Horses; Methicillin Resistance; Models, Cardiovascular; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Silver Compounds; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors

Besides the well-known O157:H7 clone causing enterohaemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Europe, Japan and North America, the number of Escherichia coli isolates with non-motile (NM) phenotype has considerably increased. We supposed that spontaneous antibiotic resistance mutation could cause this phenotypic change. To model our hypothesis we isolated rifampicin--(Rif) and ampicillin--(Amp) resistant mutants from E. coli O157:H7 prototype strains 7785 and EDL933. Among Rifr mutants we could isolate strains with no or reduced motility, while the Ampr mutants became hypermotile. The biochemical profile of the mutants had not changed but phage sensitivity and generation time of the mutants were altered. Among the representative strains we did not find polymorphism with Southern blot analysis and no polymorphism was found in the fliC gene of the mutants. The described characteristics have proven to be stable. In a mice virulence assay by intravenous infections the virulence of the derivatives was also found to be changed. In summary, we found that the antibiotic-resistant phenotype in E. coli O157:H7 was coexpressed with several other phenotypic changes including motility and virulence. It can be assumed that expression of the involved phenotypes may be under the influence of a common regulatory cascade. Further work is needed to identify the components and mechanism of this regulatory system.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Ampicillin; Ampicillin Resistance; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cell Movement; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Flagellin; Humans; Immunoblotting; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin

Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to assess the effects, in vitro, of rifampicin on the transcription of the eaeA, stx1 and stx2 genes (coding for intimin and shiga-like toxins I and II, respectively) of seven strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with human infection. Each strain was found to possess all three genes and, in the absence of rifampicin, all seven strains transcribed eaeA and stx2 (three strains did not transcribe their stx1 genes). Transcription of all three genes was inhibited (as witnessed by a negative result in the RT-PCR), however, when the strains were incubated, at 37 degrees C, with rifampicin at 4 microg/ml (found to be the minimum concentration of this antimicrobial agent that inhibited the multiplication of E. coli O157:H7). The results of an assay based on reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) revealed that exposure of the bacteria to 4 microg rifampicin/ml led to a 12-fold decrease in the release of shiga-like toxin I and a 16-fold decrease in the release of shiga-like toxin II. As rifampicin is capable of inhibiting the in-vitro transcription of the genes encoding the shiga-like toxins and intimin attachment protein of E. coli O157:H7, it may be useful in the treatment of human infections with strains of this bacterium. Studies are now underway to assess the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of rifampicin, at both transcription-inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, on E. coli O157:H7. The effects of other agents on the inhibition of the expression or activity of the shiga-like toxins and intimin attachment protein will also be determined.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Carrier Proteins; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Escherichia coli Proteins; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Latex Fixation Tests; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin; Shiga Toxin 1; Shiga Toxin 2; Shiga Toxins; Transcription, Genetic

To determine the incidence of transfer of a naturally occurring rifampicin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (RREC) among cattle in a research feedlot.. During three separate experiments, steers in three different pens were orally inoculated with RREC originally isolated from bovine faeces. Faecal swabs were performed on all steers in the feedlot at approximately 5 week intervals thereafter. Faecal grab samples were collected from steers in the inoculated and the immediately adjacent pens for up to 4 months. In all three experiments, the inoculated steers and penmates shed RREC within 48 h, and then shed intermittently throughout the sampling periods. Transfer of RREC to steers in an adjacent pen was confirmed only during the first experiment, but never to those in non-adjacent pens. All recovered RREC isolates were compared with the inoculated strain using multiple methods indicating that all RREC isolates were descendants of the original inoculated strain.. Detection of the RREC strain on the pen floor and within the animal handling system, but not in the feed troughs or water bowls, suggests faecal-oral to be the primary mode of transmission among animals.. The results suggest that in the absence of selective pressure, antibiotic-resistant bacteria may persist in cattle for a short duration but widespread transfer among cattle in a feedlot environment may be an exception rather than the norm. Modifications to feedlot management are discussed.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Environmental Microbiology; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Male; Rifampin

To isolate bacteria, mycoplasma and chlamydia from the urogenital tract, and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility.. Bacteria, mycoplasma and chlamydia were isolated from the urogenital tract secretion by artifical culture, and their antibiotic susceptibility was detected by disk diffusion.. The common microorganisms were S. epidermidis and corynebacberium, and the minority microorganisms were G- bacteria or E. coli. Bacteria were susceptible to amikacin, cephazolin V, rifampin, gentamycin, and docycyclin.. S. epidermidis and corynebacterium are important pathogens of the urogenital tract infection. Disk susceptibility test can be used to screen the susceptible antibiotic.

Topics: Adult; Amikacin; Cefazolin; Chlamydia; Corynebacterium; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prostatitis; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains isolated from humans, cattle, and food and belonging to serogroups O26 (7 strains), O111 (19 strains), and O157 (70 strains) were examined for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobial drugs. Fifty-nine strains showing resistance to at least one of the drugs were examined by PCR for the presence of class 1 integrons, which were identified in 17 strains. Integrons were found more frequently in strains belonging to serogroups O111 and O26 than in the O157 isolates. DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that most of the integrons contained the aadA1 gene cassette conferring resistance to streptomycin/ spectinomycin, alone or associated with the drfA1 gene cassette conferring resistance to trimethoprim. One integron, identified in a O157:H7 strain, carried the aadA2 and dfrA12 gene cassettes, conferring resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin and trimethoprim, and the open reading frame F (OrfF) encoding unknown functions. Most of the integrons were carried by Tn21 derivative transposons and were transferable by conjugation to an E. coli K-12 strain. In conclusion, integrons and antibiotic resistance genes can be frequently found in EHEC strains, particularly E. coli O111 and E. coli O26, and their presence could complicate therapeutic trials.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Food Microbiology; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Integrins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmids; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rifampin

The conventional therapeutic approach to bone infection associated with osteosynthesis is based on the idea that microbial eradication is most readily achieved by removal of the foreign material together with adequate antimicrobial therapy. This strategy usually requires implantation of external fixation devices with additional discomfort to the patient. We report our experience with conservative medical and antimicrobial therapy without removal of the osteosynthesis until adequate bone callus deposition is documented by bone radiography scan. Twenty patients with infections associated with intramedullary nailing (9 patients), screws and plate (9 patients) or screws (2 patients) were treated between 1995 to 2000. Osteosynthesis implantation sites were tibia (7 patients), femur (6 patients), femur and tibia (1 patient), humerus (1 patient), others (5 patients). Diagnosis of infection was based on clinical-microbiological evidence and confirmed by 99Tc-labeled leukocyte scan studies. Offending pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus 17 cases, Staphylococcus aureus + Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, unknown, 1 case each. Most infections were initially treated with intravenous or intramuscular teicoplanin +/- ciprofloxacin or rifampin followed by oral antimicrobial therapy usually with ciprofloxacin or minocycline plus rifampin. Mean duration of antimicrobial therapy was 27.7 weeks (range 12-64 weeks). All patients (100%) were cured, and none complained of side-effects requiring antibiotic therapy discontinuation. We conclude that conservative medical therapy is feasible for osteosynthesis-associated bone infection.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Surgical Wound Infection; Teicoplanin

Because bacterial colonization of medical devices may result in clinical infection, it is conceivable that antimicrobial impregnation of tissue expanders may reduce the rate of infection. The objective of this in vitro study was to examine the spectrum, durability, and shelf-life antimicrobial activity of minocycline/rifampin-impregnated silicone tissue expander shells. The impregnated devices exhibited zones of inhibition at baseline against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The impregnated devices exhibited strong residual activity against S. epidermidis and S. aureus after suspension in serum at 37 degrees C for 4 weeks. There was no significant decrease in the size of zones of inhibition after storing the impregnated devices at room temperature for 1 year. These results indicate that minocycline/rifampin-impregnated tissue expander shells provide broad-spectrum and durable antimicrobial activity and that the shelf-life antimicrobial activity exceeds 1 year. These findings prompt future exploration of the anti-infective efficacy of these antimicrobial-impregnated devices.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Therapy, Combination; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Silicones; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tissue Expansion Devices

Efficacy and duration of antibacterial activity of rifampicin-gelatin grafts against virulent organisms were evaluated in an animal model.. Rifampicin-gelatin grafts were prepared with impregnation of Gelseal (Vascutek Ltd, Scotland) graft in 1 mg/mL rifampicin solution. Rifampicin-gelatin grafts (6 cm long; n = 24) and plain Gelseal grafts as controls (n = 4) were implanted into the canine abdominal aorta with inoculation of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the rifampicin-gelatin grafts were retrieved after 1 to 4 weeks. Disks cut from the retrieved rifampicin-gelatin grafts were placed on agar plates streaked with one of the organisms, and the graft antibacterial activity was assessed with the width of the inhibition zone.. In in vitro tests, initial inhibition zones (inhibition zone of 24 hours after incubation) of rifampicin-gelatin grafts against S epidermidis, MRSA, and E coli were 40.0 +/- 0.3 mm, 36.0 +/- 0.2 mm, and 11.8 +/- 0.1 mm, respectively. In the implantation, S epidermidis -inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts had no findings of graft infection, and no colony growth was recognized on the plates streaked with the perigraft fluids. Initial inhibition zones of S epidermidis -inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts retrieved at 1 or 2 weeks were 20.1 +/- 1.1 mm and 7.6 +/- 1.0 mm, respectively. In E coli -inoculated and MRSA-inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts, all of the eight animals had perigraft abscess, and blood culture test results probed septicemia in five animals with patent grafts at death. Inhibition zones against E coli or MRSA were not formed on the plates streaked with the same organism, whereas initial inhibition zones of E coli -inoculated and MRSA-inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts on S epidermidis -streaked plates were 8.0 +/- 0.2 mm and 18.5 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. In the MRSA group, however, recolonization of high minimal inhibitory concentration strains developed within the inhibition zones as early as 24 hours. Histologically, neither organisms nor inflammatory cells were found in S epidermidis -inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts and tissue ingrowth was recognized at 2 to 4 weeks, whereas E coli -inoculated and MRSA-inoculated rifampicin-gelatin grafts had aggressive neutrophil infiltration into the graft interstices, revealing establishment of uncontrollable graft infection.. These results suggested that rifampicin-gelatin grafts are clearly valid for S epidermidis infection, whereas no efficacy was recognized against either MRSA or E coli graft infection because of early development of high minimal inhibitory concentration MRSA strains or poor susceptibility.

Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; Dogs; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gelatin; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Time Factors

A gelatin-sealed porous Dacron graft impregnated with rifampin was evaluated in a two-part study of its use in preventing prosthetic infection.. The graft was impregnated by soaking it for 15 minutes in rifampin (1 mg/ml). In part 1 its antibacterial activity and rifampin retention over time were determined. Infrarenal aortic replacement was performed in pigs, and the rifampin concentration of the graft, serum, and perigraft space was assayed up to 96 hours after surgery. In part 2, infection resistance was tested in pigs in which the retroperitoneum was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus after graft replacement. The postoperative infection rate was compared in three groups: pigs given gelatin-sealed grafts without rifampin (controls), pigs receiving nonimpregnated grafts and intravenous rifampin (15 mg/kg) for 3 days after surgery, and those given the rifampin grafts.. Rifampin was present in the grafts for up to 72 hours after surgery and in the perigraft fluid for 24 hours but was never detected in the serum. The grafts had inhibitory activity in vitro against S. aureus and the biofilm phase of Staphylococcus epidermidis for up to 3 days and against Escherichia coli for 2 days. Pigs given intravenous rifampin had a significantly lower infection rate than had control pigs (7/12 vs 13/13; p = 0.02); those receiving the rifampin graft had a lower rate (2/13) than had either the control pigs (p < 0.001) or those given intravenous rifampin (p < 0.04).. This simple method of graft impregnation resulted in antibiotic retention for 3 days and appeared to be superior to intravenous antibiotic administration in preventing perioperative graft infection.

Topics: Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Escherichia coli Infections; Gelatin; Polyethylene Terephthalates; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Swine; Time Factors

Eighteen patients with epididymo-orchitis were reviewed clinically, microbiologically and serologically. While there were positive urine culture in 5 patients before treatment, only one of them had positive culture in the epididymal aspirate. The epididymo-orchitis in two patients was the complications of the brucellosis. Ofloxacin or doxycycline was used in the treatment of 16 patients for 2-3 weeks and all, except one patient were recovered completely. The cases secondary to the brucellosis were treated with rifampicin plus doxycycline combination for 6 weeks. After treatment, no positive urine cultures were noted in all patients. As a result the epididymal aspiration to clarify etiological agent is not necessarily needed and empirical treatment may be generally curative.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteriuria; Brucellosis; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epididymitis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Orchitis; Prospective Studies; Rifampin

Shunt infections in children have become a serious problem. In order to solve this, we have been using antibiotic therapy with Rifampicin (Rifampin) for the last 2 years; the dosage is 20 mg/kg per day 1 h before surgery and then for 48 h after the surgical procedure. We have had experience with 203 children operated on between January 1987 and December 1988. The result was a significant decrease in the number of children with shunt infections. In 1980 we reported an incidence of 10%, while by 1988 the rate had gone down to 1%.

Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Equipment Contamination; Escherichia coli Infections; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infection Control; Klebsiella Infections; Postoperative Complications; Premedication; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

An experiment was carried out for eliminating the multimedicinal resistance markers of E. coli, populating the intestinal tract of calves, in vivo with rimactan introduced per os, and rationed 10 mg/kg of live weight, once during a period of 8 days. The highest percentage and the longest elimination were observed for the neomycin, the novobiocin and the chlornitromycin resistance markers. The elimination was weaker for the erythromycin, the streptomycin and the kanamycin markers and the weakest was for the penicillin and tetracycline markers. There appeared a difference in the elimination of the resistance markers with the different calves, especially for the markers with a low degree of elimination, depending on the individual peculiarities of the calves. Riphamycin proved to be an eliminating means for the resistance markers of E coli in vivo of calves suffering from enteritis. Alongside with the elimination of the resistance markers, due to the treatment of calves with rimactan, an almost complete recovery was achieved. Rimactan is a reliable means for fighting enteric illnesses with calves, caused by enteropathogenic E. coli.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Genetic Markers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rifampin

Studies on the chemotherapeutic action of rifampicin in treatment of staphylococcal sepsis and sepsis caused by gramnegative organisms showed its high efficacy only in treatment of the staphylococcal infection. By the level of its efficacy rifampicin was much superior to benzylpenicillin and especially tetracycline. No difference in the activity level of the antibiotic in treatment of staphylococcal infections caused by sensitive and multiple resistant staphylococcal strains was found. In treatment of the infections caused by gramnegative organisms the drug activity was moderate.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Moscow; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rifampin; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella typhi; Shigella flexneri; Shigella sonnei; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Diarrhea, Infantile; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Rifampin; Sepsis; Shigella flexneri

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; HeLa Cells; Kanamycin; L Cells; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Rifampin; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cephaloridine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Infections; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Mice; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumococcal Infections; Rifampin; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteriuria; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Proteus Infections; Rifampin; Sulfamethoxypyridazine; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Bacteriuria; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Cephaloridine; Depression, Chemical; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Kidney; Organ Size; Pyelonephritis; Rats; Rifampin

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Piperidines; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chronic Disease; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Drug Stability; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Proteus Infections; Rifampin; Salmonella Infections; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Cholangitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Rifampin