rifampin and carbonyl-3-chlorophenylhydrazone

Active extrusion of antituberculosis drugs via efflux pumps (EPs) has been suggested as contributing to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was conducted to determine the role of 10 drug efflux transporters in the development of drug resistance in a series of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates.. A total of 31 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates without drug exposure [21 multi/extensively drug-resistant (M/XDR-TB) and 10 drug-susceptible isolates] were studied. The expression profile of 10 EP genes, including efpA, mmr, stp, drrA, drrB, mmpL7, Rv1250, Rv1634, Rv2994 and Rv1258c, was investigated against the H37Rv standard strain by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR).. Among the 21M/XDR-TB isolates, 10 showed significantly increased levels of gene expression (>4-fold) for at least one of the studied EPs. Moreover, of the isolates with overexpressed genes, three and seven lacked genetic alterations in the surveyed regions of the rpoB+katG+inhA and katG+inhA genes, respectively. Whilst no elevation was observed in the expression of mmr, Rv1250, Rv1634 and Rv1258c genes in any of the isolates, drrA, stp and drrB were found to be the most commonly overexpressed, being overexpressed in seven, five and three isolates, respectively. Decreased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of rifampicin, but not isoniazid, were observed in the presence of the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).. Overexpression of EP genes can contribute to the emergence of a MDR phenotype in M. tuberculosis. Inhibition of EPs may provide a promising strategy for improving tuberculosis treatment outcomes in patients infected with M/XDR-TB isolates.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Hydrazones; Isoniazid; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Transcriptome

In an assessment of antibiotic action on Staphylococcus aureus, we found that distinct changes in intracellular nucleotide pools occur depending on the antibiotic mode of action. In particular, we have quantitated the effect of antibiotics on pools of the nucleotide guanosine 3'-diphosphate, 5'-triphosphate (pppGpp). Intracellular pppGpp levels increased in response to treatment with the isoleucyl tRNA synthetase inhibitor mupirocin, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and rifampicin. These compounds were distinguishable by the degree in which they increased the pppGpp pool and by their differential effect on the pools of other nucleotides. This technique has been used to confirm and to refute the expected mode of action of several compounds identified as possible inhibitors of tRNA synthetases. Our results provide the framework for using nucleotide analysis in the assessment of novel antimicrobial compounds with unknown modes of action.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guanosine Pentaphosphate; Hydrazones; Isoleucine-tRNA Ligase; Mupirocin; Rifampin; Staphylococcus aureus; Uncoupling Agents