rifampin and Infections

Staphylococcus spp. causes more than half of all osteoarticular infections of native structures or implanted material. The ability of Staphylococcus spp. to persist within infected bone tissue and to produce a bacterial biofilm, most notably in infections of implanted material, can lead to treatment failures and microbiological relapses. Rifampin is a cornerstone of the treatment of staphylococcal osteoarticular infections, particularly those of implanted material. Rifampin is a bactericidal antibiotic that diffuses very well within bone tissue and bacterial biofilms. The mechanism of action is inhibition of bacterial DNA transcription to mRNA independently from bacterial division, which results in activity against even dormant Staphylococcus spp. organisms. However, the high risk of emergence of rifampin-resistant mutants requires the concomitant administration of another antibiotic. Several antibiotics are recommended in the French guidelines issued by the French-Speaking Society for Infectious Diseases (Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française [SPILF]). Here, we discuss the results from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies that explain the advantages and drawbacks of each antibiotic used with rifampin to treat osteoarticular infections due to Staphylococcus spp.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Biofilms; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infections; Osteomyelitis; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

There is an ever-expanding number of antimicrobial agents available for the clinician to use to combat infections. We review the majority of such agents that are currently available relative to their theoretical or proven efficacy in the treatment of CNS infections. Due to the unique ability of the CNS to exclude many agents delivered via the blood stream, easily administered and efficacious therapy remains a problem. Based on the pharmacokinetics of anti-infective drugs and their antimicrobial spectrum, at present a penicillin derivative or chloramphenicol should be used whenever possible because parenteral therapy will usually achieve the desired results. In many neurosurgery-associated infections, intrathecal or intraventricular antibiotics may be required to supplement parenteral treatment and/or surgical intervention. Some of the more promising agents (such as rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and metronidazole) await further clinical trials to establish their place in the therapeutic armamentarium. Careful, randomized, prospective studies of prophylactic antibiotics must be performed in the neurosurgical setting. A group of tables are included that summarize the expected spinal fluid levels, the sensitivities of organisms commonly causing neurosurgical infections, doses of drugs given intrathecally or intraventricularly, and recommended regimens for certain infections.

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cephalosporins; Cephamycins; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infections; Lincomycin; Meningitis; Metronidazole; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Rifampin; Sulfonamides; Tetracyclines; Trimethoprim; Vancomycin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Gentamicins; Humans; Infections; Lincomycin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Rifampin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Lincomycin; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Penicillin Resistance; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Infections; Lincomycin; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tuberculosis; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enteritis; Gentamicins; Humans; Infections; Lincomycin; Meningitis; Penicillins; Rifampin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Urinary Tract Infections; Vancomycin

Neural tube defects are the second most common congenital malformation in humans. Despite significant decreases in neural tube defects and related mortality and morbidity with recent developments, infections remain an important problem. Research on the role of topical therapy for managing neural tube defects and associated infections in the neonatal period has been limited. This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the efficiency of topical Rifampin on infection control in paraplegic newborns with open neural tube defects.. Thirty-seven patients who underwent an operation for neural tube defects were included. Topical Rifampin and cefotaxime were administered to 19 patients constituting the case group and local saline and cefotaxime were administered to a control group. Patients were examined for ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection/dysfunction, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, and sepsis.. None of the patients using topical rifampin had ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection/dysfunction, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, or sepsis. In the control group, ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection/dysfunction was found in 4 (22.2%) cases, surgical site infection in 3 (27.7%), urinary tract infection in 3 (27.7%), and sepsis in 5 (27.7%), with statistically significant differences between the groups (. Topical Rifampin is effective in minimizing complications like sepsis, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection due to neural tube defect operations. Further research with larger numbers of cases is needed to implement this practice routinely.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catheter-Related Infections; Cefotaxime; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Male; Neural Tube Defects; Paraplegia; Rifampin; Sepsis; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Tract Infections; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

Little is known about optimal management of prosthetic vascular graft infections, which are a rare but serious complication associated with graft implants. The goal of this study was to compare and characterize these infections with respect to the location of the graft and to identify factors associated with outcome.. This was a retrospective study over more than a decade at a tertiary care university hospital that has an established multidisciplinary approach to treating graft infections. Cases of possible prosthetic vascular graft infection were identified from the hospital's infectious diseases database and evaluated against strict diagnostic criteria. Patients were divided into groups according to the locations of their grafts: thoracic-aortic, abdominal-aortic, or peripheral-arterial. Statistical analyses included evaluation of patient and infection characteristics, time to treatment failure, and factors associated specifically with cure rates in aortic graft infections. The primary endpoint was cure at one year after diagnosis of the infection.. Characterization of graft infections according to the graft location did show that these infections differ in terms of their characteristics and that the prognosis for treatment seems to be influenced by the location of the infection. Cure rate and all-cause mortality at one year were 87.5% and 12.5% in 24 patients with thoracic-aortic graft infections, 37.0% and 55.6% in 27 patients with abdominal-aortic graft infections, and 70.0% and 30.0% in 10 patients with peripheral-arterial graft infections. In uni- and multivariate analysis, the type of surgical intervention used in managing infections (graft retention versus graft replacement) did not affect primary outcome, whereas a rifampicin-based antimicrobial regimen was associated with a higher cure rate.. We recommend that future prospective studies differentiate prosthetic vascular graft infections according to the location of the grafts and that rifampicin-based antimicrobial regimens be evaluated in clinical trials involving vascular graft infections caused by staphylococci.

Topics: Aged; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Aortic Diseases; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Topics: Adult; Dapsone; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Infections; Leishmaniasis; Leprostatic Agents; Leprosy, Multibacillary; Male; Minocycline; Mycobacterium leprae; Ofloxacin; Palate; Prednisone; Rifampin; Strongyloidiasis; Treatment Outcome

The clinical form of the protothecosis in animals is most commonly observed in countries with a warm and moist climate, only a few reports describing cases of this infection in cooler areas of the word exist. In the case of large bowel infection in dogs, organisms colonise the lamina propria and submucosa causing severe necrotizing ulcerative or haemorrhagic enterocolitis. In this report the intestinal form of protothecosis in 1.5-year-old, male, mongrel dog with chronic hemorrhagic diarrhoea is described. History revealed that the dog spent some time in the countryside and afterwards diarrhoea with fresh blood appeared. The results of morphological and biochemical blood analysis were normal and stool examination did not reveal the presence of parasites. Treatment with anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone, metronidazole and enrofloxacin followed by sulphasalazine resulted in a short period of improvement, but was followed by deep deterioration of animal status. Because of the relapse diagnostic laparotomy was performed and tissue samples of the colon and jejunum were obtained for histopathology. On the basis of the clinical signs, exploratory laparotomy findings and histopathology the diagnosis of canine intestinal prototecosis was made and medical treatment was recommended.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Colon; Diarrhea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fatal Outcome; Infections; Jejunum; Ketoconazole; Male; Prototheca; Rifampin

Topics: Catheterization, Central Venous; Humans; Infection Control; Infections; Protamines; Renal Dialysis; Rifampin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fosfomycin; Fusidic Acid; Glycopeptides; Humans; Infections; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Rifampin

Topics: Humans; Infections; Pediatrics; Rifampin; Societies, Medical; Vaccines

Data on the incidence of primary resistance to rifampicin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have been collected from various countries. Strains isolated from those countries where rifampicin is used for both tuberculous and non-tuberculous conditions (Italy, Argentina, Brazil, and Spain) did not show a higher incidence of primary resistance than did strains from other countries (France, U.K., and U.S.A.) where rifampicin use is confined to tuberculosis. It is concluded that there is no evidence to justify fears of an increased incidence of resistance to rifampicin in M. tuberculosis if rifampicin were used discreetly for treating non-tuberculous infections.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Argentina; Brazil; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Infections; Italy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Spain; Tuberculosis; United States

Topics: Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infections; Methods; Osmolar Concentration; Rifampin; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cephaloridine; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Infections; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Mice; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumococcal Infections; Rifampin; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Gentamicins; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infections; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcus; Sulfonamides

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Infections; Nitrogen; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urinary Tract Infections

Sköld and Buchanan(1) have reported that there is a rapid loss of RNA polymerase activity in Escherichia coli B after infection with T4 bacteriophage. More recent studies on the mechanism of this inactivation have been made in this(2) and other laboratories.(3, 4) In this communication, we report the observation of a transient stimulation of RNA polymerase activity when measurement is made immediately after infection and when cells are ruptured by a gentle lysis procedure. The increase in activity is independent of the synthesis of protein. The activity in the extracts of infected cells is lost by treatment of the extract with antibody to E. coli RNA polymerase and is refractive to the inhibitory action of the antibiotic rifamycin. Hybridization experiments indicate that an RNA transcribed almost exclusively from a T4 DNA template is the product of incubation of extracts of infected cells with a reaction mixture containing an exogenous primer (salmon sperm DNA). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that one of the first steps in phage infection is the formation of a transcription complex containing T4 DNA and E. coli RNA polymerase.

Topics: Animals; Coliphages; Escherichia coli; Genetic Code; Hybridization, Genetic; Infections; Male; Rifampin; RNA Nucleotidyltransferases; Salmonidae; Spermatozoa; Time

Topics: Humans; Infections; Rifampin; Tuberculosis

Topics: Agar; Bile; Biliary Tract Diseases; Common Bile Duct; Drainage; Humans; Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Rifampin

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Enzyme Induction; Feedback; Infections; Lysogeny; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acids; Penicillins; Rickettsia; Rifampin; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Humans; Infections; Penicillins; Rifampin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Rifampin

Topics: Argentina; Infections; Rifampin