rifampin and Candidiasis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Flucytosine; Humans; Mycoses; Prospective Studies; Rifampin

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Azoles; Candidiasis; Cyclosporine; Drug Interactions; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Middle Aged; Opportunistic Infections; Postoperative Complications; Rifampin; Streptococcal Infections; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Flucytosine; Humans; Mycoses; Prospective Studies; Rifampin

Topics: Aminopyridines; Antifungal Agents; Benzodioxoles; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cyclopropanes; Deep Learning; Drug Approval; Drug Repositioning; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Proline; Rifampin; Sulfonamides; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death globally. The problems become even more complicated with the rise in prevalence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Many diseases have been reported to occur with tuberculosis making it more difficult to manage. Candida spp., which are yeast-like fungi and a constituent of normal flora in humans, are notoriously reported to be one of the most common opportunistic nosocomial infections. This study aimed to measure the proportion of presumptive MDR-TB patients colonized with Candida spp. and to characterize its susceptibility against azole group antifungal agents.. Sputum from presumptive MDR-TB patients were collected and examined for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its rifampicin resistant status using GeneXpert. It was further cultured on Sabouroud's Dextrose Agar (SDA) to isolate the Candida spp. The Candida species were determined using HiCrome™ Candidal Differential Agar. Antifungal susceptibility was tested using microbroth dilution methods. Checkerboard microdilution assays were performed to measure the interaction between rifampicin and fluconazole to C. albicans.. There were 355 presumptive MDR-TB patients enrolled. A total of 101 (28.4%) patients were confirmed to have M. tuberculosis. There were 113 (31.8%) sputum positive for Candida spp., which corresponded to 149 Candida spp. isolates. Candida albicans was the most frequent (53.7%) species isolated from all patients. The susceptibility of Candida spp. against fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole were 38.3%, 1.3%, and 10.7% respectively. There was significant association between rifampicin exposure history and susceptibility of Candida albicans against fluconazole (Odds Ratio: 9.96; 95% CI: 1.83-54.19; p <0.01), but not for ketoconazole and itraconazole. The checkerboard microdilution assays showed that rifampicin decreased the fungicidal activity of fluconazole to C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner.. There was high frequency of azole resistant Candida spp. isolates colonizing the respiratory tract of presumptive MDR-TB patients. This presence might indicate the association of chronic exposure to rifampicin, the main drug for tuberculosis therapy, with the induction of azole resistance.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Species Specificity; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Young Adult

Morinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial drug, has been approved for the treatment of amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, and anaerobic bacterial infections in China. It was reported that drug-drug interaction happened after the coadministration of ornidazole, an analog of morinidazole, and rifampin or ketoconazole. Therefore, we measured the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of morinidazole and its metabolites in the healthy Chinese volunteers prior to and following the administration of rifampin or ketoconazole using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to time t (AUC0-t) and maximum concentration in serum (Cmax) of morinidazole were decreased by 28% and 23%, respectively, after 6 days of exposure to 600 mg of rifampin once daily; the Cmaxs of N(+)-glucuronides were increased by 14%, while their AUC0-ts were hardly changed. After 7 days of exposure to 200 mg of ketoconazole once daily, the AUC0-t and Cmax of the parent drug were not affected significantly. Cmaxs of N(+)-glucuronides were decreased by 23%; AUC0-ts were decreased by 14%. The exposure of sulfate conjugate was hardly changed after the coadministration of rifampin or ketoconazole. Using recombinant enzyme of UGT1A9 and human hepatocytes, the mechanism of the altered PK behaviors of morinidazole and its metabolites was investigated. In human hepatocytes, ketoconazole dose dependently inhibited the formation of N(+)-glucuronides (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 1.5 μM), while rifampin induced the mRNA level of UGT1A9 by 28% and the activity of UGT1A9 by 53%. In conclusion, the effects of rifampin and ketoconazole on the plasma exposures of morinidazole and N(+)-glucuronide are less than 50%; therefore, rifampin and ketoconazole have little clinical significance in the pharmacokinetics of morinidazole.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida glabrata; Candidiasis; Cell Line; Female; Fluconazole; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Immunoblotting; Ketoconazole; Lectins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nitroimidazoles; Open Reading Frames; Rifampin

Topics: Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candida; Candidiasis; Caspofungin; Echinocandins; Female; Humans; Lipopeptides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Peptides, Cyclic; Rifampin; Treatment Failure; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Infective Agents; Bronchopneumonia; Candidiasis; Colonic Diseases; Death, Sudden; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Rifampin; Spiramycin

The use of antibiotic coated catheters has been proposed as a means of reducing catheter related sepsis. In this study, an in vitro comparison of bacterial colonisation rates was made between uncoated umbilical venous catheters and catheters coated with rifampicin and minocycline. The following parameters were determined; the direct antimicrobial effect of coated and uncoated catheter segments against a range of organisms associated with line sepsis, the assessment of the decline in antimicrobial activity in coated catheters immersed in plasma and the inhibitory efficacy of the catheters to colonisation over a 28-day period. Minocycline and rifampicin coated umbilical catheters showed a superior inhibitory effect and prevented colonisation with the commoner line-related organisms, when compared with uncoated catheters. The inhibitory effect declined after 14 days in the human plasma. Resistance to colonisation in vitro may not extend beyond 21 days.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Catheters, Indwelling; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Combinations; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Minocycline; Rifampin; Time Factors; Umbilical Veins

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Interactions; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ketoconazole; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Phenytoin; Postoperative Complications; Rifampin; Tacrolimus

Endogenous endophthtalmitis is an intraocular infection of hematogenous origin.. It is generally a panuveitis that may be mixed-up with a non-infectious inflammatory disease, promoting delayed treatment and compromising the visual prognosis, as the visual loss rate reaches up to 37.5%. Antibiotherapy should be started immediately after bacteriological examinations and without waiting for vitrectomy. Identification of the causative microorganism is absolutely necessary. It may require aqueous or vitreous culture if cultures from other body fluids are negative and infection progresses. The most common infections are endocarditis and digestive and renal diseases. Virectomy is indicated for first line treatment of ocular abcess and improvement of antibiotic absorption. However, it may lead to retinal detachment. Vitrectomy is also indicated in case of unsuccessful therapy. To decrease the inflammatory reaction and risks of vitreous organization, local or systemic corticotherapy is prescribed after control of the infection.. Although rare, endogenous endophthalmitis should be diagnosed as it may be mixed-up with inflammatory uveitis, leading to inappropriate corticotherapy. Furthermore, antibiotherapy with good intraocular penetration should be started immediately, but it should be kept in mind that the functional prognosis is poor.

Topics: Aged; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endophthalmitis; Flucytosine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Oxacillin; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Vitrectomy

The in vitro and in vivo activities of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin and with chlorhexidine gluconate and silver sulfadiazine were evaluated. When incubated in serum at 37 degrees C, the half-life of the inhibitory activity of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin was 25 days compared with 3 days for catheters coated with chlorhexidine gluconate and silver sulfadiazine. In a rabbit model, catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin were significantly more efficacious than catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine in preventing colonization and infection with Staphylococcus aureus (P < .05). Catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin demonstrated broad-spectrum in vitro inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans that was significantly superior to the inhibitory activity of catheters coated with chlorhexidine gluconate and silver sulfadiazine (P < .01). Minocycline and rifampin were also highly efficacious in preventing colonization and infection in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Catheterization, Central Venous; Catheters, Indwelling; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Combinations; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Half-Life; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Rabbits; Rifampin; Silver Sulfadiazine

The Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) presented several recent findings from clinical trials at the International Conference on AIDS. Weekly doses of fluconazole can safely prevent persistent yeast infections in HIV-infected women who frequently develop yeast infections of the mouth, vagina and throat. Combination antibiotic therapy given intermittently is an effective initial treatment for persons with HIV-related tuberculosis. High dosages of clarithromycin should not be given to patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC); doses above 500 mg are associated with higher mortality levels. Researchers have also determined the genetic sequence of the virus that causes molluscum contagiosum, a skin disease affecting up to 18 percent of AIDS patients.

Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Clarithromycin; Clinical Trials as Topic; DNA, Viral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Isoniazid; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Ofloxacin; Patient Compliance; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tuberculosis

The records were reviewed for all patients hospitalized at a pediatric oncology center for complications of leukemia (n = 822) or lymphoma (n = 290) during an 8-year period. The results of surveillance cultures (throat, rectal, and urine) and blood cultures were analyzed to identify cases of Candida tropicalis and C. albicans colonization and/or fungemia. None of the patients with lymphoma who had positive surveillance cultures for C. albicans (n = 89) or C. tropicalis (n = 23) had fungemia. Among patients with leukemia, significant fungal infection was documented in 12 of 107 colonized with C. tropicalis (11.2%) versus 14 of 700 (2%) colonized with C. albicans (P less than 0.001). The two groups of children with fungemia were similar in primary diagnoses (predominantly acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and in the frequency of several known risk factors for infection, including the duration of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil counts, less than 500/microliters). Patients with C. tropicalis fungemia all had disseminated disease compared with nine of 14 patients with C. albicans fungemia. Also, subcutaneous abscesses were unique to patients with C. tropicalis in this series. Two patients in each group died of their infection; central nervous system involvement was present in both fatal cases of C. tropicalis fungemia. A high index of suspicion and the early institution of appropriate antifungal therapy are critical to the successful management of these infections in patients with leukemia.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Flucytosine; Humans; Infant; Pediatrics; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Rifampin; Risk Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We developed an experimental model of candidiasis in rabbits with prolonged neutropenia. Rabbits were made neutropenic with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) administered through an indwelling silastic catheter that had been surgically implanted in the external jugular vein. Neutropenia was sustained with intravenous Ara-C, and bacterial complications were prevented with parenteral ceftazidime plus ampicillin. Candidiasis was established by intravenously administering Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis (1-2 x 10(5) colony-forming units) and resulted in hepatic and splenic lesions that mimicked those associated with hepatosplenic candidiasis in humans. The kidney proved to be the site most refractory to eradication of Candida spp. and offered a target organ for assessing antifungal therapy. We evaluated amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, ketoconazole, and rifampin, alone and in combination. Although each agent reduced the colony counts of Candida in the liver, spleen, and lung, the combination of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine was the only regimen effective in eradicating renal candidiasis.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Cytarabine; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Flucytosine; Ketoconazole; Neutropenia; Rabbits; Rifampin

It was shown that combined use of the polyene antibiotic amphoglucamine (AMG) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), rifampicin, or methacycline was much more efficient in therapy of experimental generalized candidiasis. Combination of AMG with 5-FC or rifampicin proved to be the most favourable. The use of these combinations resulted in a 7-8-fold increase in the average lifespan of experimental animals, markedly increased their survival and lowered contamination of the internal organs with the fungus. Combination of AMG with 5-FC resulted in complete healing of experimental mice by the end of the treatment. Summation of the antifungal action of the drugs provided the required effect with the polyene dose 2 times lower than the therapeutic one.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Flucytosine; Methacycline; Mice; Rifampin

Authors emphasize the pathogenetic importance of fungous dimorphism and its consequence in the usefulness of antimycotic drugs. For the study of drugs' activity on C. albicans, two models for the evaluation on yeast or mycelial form were developed. The first model is of candida growth on an animal cell culture, where a good mycelial form develops during the first 24 hours: authors demonstrated a synergism of the amphotericin B-rifampin combination, which is less evident in the traditional in vitro tests, and some activity of tolcyclate. The second model is an intracutaneous injection in the guinea pig of C. albicans, which quickly develops in the mycelial form, infiltrating the skin layers. Some interesting differences were recorded, comparing amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Moreover the authors used a therapy test in mice, based mainly on examination of the kidney.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cattle; Cell Line; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; In Vitro Techniques; Injections, Intradermal; Kidney; Mice; Rifampin; Thiocarbamates

In a model of experimental Candida albicans keratitis in rabbits, treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin was compared with treatment with amphotericin B alone. Both modes of therapy substantially reduced the number of organisms in the cornea below the number in untreated control corneas. In the group treated with combined therapy, there were significantly fewer organisms in the cornea after three days of therapy than in the group treated with amphotericin B alone. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of C albicans keratitis in rabbits with combined amphotericin B and rifampin is more effective than treatment with amphotericin B alone.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Keratitis; Male; Rabbits; Rifampin

A microtiter method for the determination of fungal sensitivities was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of two antifungal agents, amphotericin B and natamycin, both alone and in combination with four different antibiotics: rifampin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater reduction in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both, of the antifungal agent in the presence of antibiotic; antagonism was defined as fourfold or greater increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, or both. Amphotericin B and rifampin were synergistic against the majority of organisms, but synergism between amphotericin B and other antibiotics was infrequent. Combinations of natamycin and rifampin or of natamycin and gentamicin were synergistic against the majority of Fusarium solani tested. Combinations of amphotericin B and tetracycline were antagonistic against 14% of the organisms.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Clindamycin; Drug Synergism; Eye; Fungi; Fusarium; Gentamicins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Natamycin; Rifampin; Tetracyclines

Candida endophthalmitis, caused by transient candidemia, developed in a 14-year-old white girl receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. Antifungal synergism was established in vitro for the combination of amphotericin B and rifampin against the C. albicans isolate. A combined ten-day course of intravenous amphotericin B and oral rifampin was followed by the elimination of the infection and the preservation of good visual acuity.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Catheterization; Endophthalmitis; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Rifampin; Visual Acuity

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Cytosine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Flucytosine; Humans; Rifampin; Urinary Tract Infections

Amphotericin B and rifampin act synergistically against certain yeasts in vitro. Whether this synergism is a general phenomenon or whether the effect has strict species and strain requirements was studied. Included in a survey of the genus Candida were eight human isolates of Candida albicans and one strain each of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermodnii, and Candida stellatoidea. Cultures in both control and drug-containing liquid medium were incubated at 37 C with aeration. Effects of the drugs were determined from viability assays performed at zero-time and at 17 hr. Amphotericin C and rifampin were judged to be synergistic if any one of three different sets of criteria was met. Combined activity greater than the sums of individual drug effects was required in each set of criteria. Partially inhibitory or fungistatic levels of amphotericin B and noninhibitory concentrations of rifampin acted synergistically against all strains of Candida examined. Within the genus Candida, synergism of amphotericin B and rifampin appears to be a rather general phenomenon.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Rifampin

Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Cefazolin; Clotrimazole; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Prednisolone; Rifampin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Survival; Drug Synergism; Humans; Rifampin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacteriuria; Boston; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Rifampin; Sputum; Urinary Catheterization; Wound Infection