Compounds > dihydroartemisinin
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

dihydroartemisinin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6918483
CHEMBL ID25164
CHEBI ID207229
SCHEMBL ID60968

Synonyms (15)

Synonym
bdbm50088446
CHEMBL25164 ,
1,5,9-trimethyl-(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,10s,12r,13r)-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-ol(dihydroartemisinin)
chebi:207229 ,
(3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,12r,12ar)-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-3,12-epoxypyrano[4,3-j][1,2]benzodioxepin-10-ol
SCHEMBL60968
(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,12r,13r)-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-ol
131175-87-6
DB11638
DS-20261
D97535
(3r,5as,6r,8as,9r,12r,12ar)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12h-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-ol
AKOS037652420
(1r,4s,5r,8s,9r,12r,13r)-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0^{4,13}.0^{8,13}]hexadecan-10-ol
EN300-20600173
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
antimalarialA drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
sesquiterpenoidAny terpenoid derived from a sesquiterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C15 skeleton of the parent sesquiterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (54)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1524519Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1733343Cytotoxicity against HUVEC assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1733339Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1525037Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 infected in human type A+ erythrocytes incubated for 24 hrs followed by [G-3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation and measured after 18 hrs by liquid scintillation counting method2019Journal of natural products, 05-24, Volume: 82, Issue:5
Highly Modified Lanostane Triterpenes from Fruiting Bodies of the Basidiomycete Tomophagus sp.
AID1423850Antiproliferative activity against human C33A cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1423848Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1698019Cytotoxicity against CHO cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1524520Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1720827Inhibition of human CD8+ve Th cell proliferation2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 30, Issue:16
Studies on the stereoselective synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of dihydroartemisinin-O-glycoside derivatives.
AID1698022Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major IR-173 promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1355868Antiplasmodial activity against drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 ring stage infected in human erythrocytes after 72 hrs by DAPI staining based method2018Journal of natural products, 07-27, Volume: 81, Issue:7
Antiplasmodial β-Triketone-Flavanone Hybrids from the Flowers of the Australian Tree Corymbia torelliana.
AID1423840Antiviral activity against GFP-fused Human cytomegalovirus AD169 infected in HFF measured 7 days post infection2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1899028Antiplasmodial activity CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth measured after 72 hrs by HRP2-ELISA2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel aminoalcohol quinolines with strong in vitro antimalarial activity.
AID1899027Antiplasmodial activity against CQ-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 infected in human erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth measured after 72 hrs by HRP2-ELISA2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel aminoalcohol quinolines with strong in vitro antimalarial activity.
AID1698025Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major IR-173 by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1423846Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-361 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1423844Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1524518Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1733347Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as necrotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.00%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1720826Inhibition of human CD4+ve Th cell proliferation2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 30, Issue:16
Studies on the stereoselective synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of dihydroartemisinin-O-glycoside derivatives.
AID1698021Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 9515 promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1698017Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by LDH assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1595001Antileishmanial activity against promastigote stage of Leishmania donovani MHOM/ET/67/HU3 assessed as parasite growth inhibition after 3 days by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 170Evaluation of synthetic substituted 1,2-dioxanes as novel agents against human leishmaniasis.
AID1524522Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1540236Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum liver stage form infected in human primary hepatocytes assessed as reduction in viability at 17.6 uM incubated for 3 days followed by compound wash and measured on day 62019Journal of natural products, 08-23, Volume: 82, Issue:8
Friomaramide, a Highly Modified Linear Hexapeptide from an Antarctic Sponge, Inhibits
AID1524538Cytotoxicity against human CEM/ADR5000 cells by XTT assay
AID1524537Cytotoxicity against human CCRF-CEM cells by XTT assay
AID1733357Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as necrotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrsin presence of 4C-TPPBr by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.00%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1315653Antimalarial activity against multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 by microculture radioisotope technique2016Journal of natural products, 06-24, Volume: 79, Issue:6
Lovastatin Analogues from the Soil-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178.
AID1651823Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 assessed as reduction in [3H]-hypoxanthine after 42 hrs by microculture radioisotope technique2020Journal of natural products, 04-24, Volume: 83, Issue:4
Antimalarial 9-Methoxystrobilurins, Oudemansins, and Related Polyketides from Cultures of Basidiomycete
AID1733359Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as early apoptotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs in presence of 4C-TPPBr by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.58%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1733340Cytotoxicity against human OVCAR3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1733345Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as early apoptotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.58%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1355873Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells at 40 uM after 72 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay2018Journal of natural products, 07-27, Volume: 81, Issue:7
Antiplasmodial β-Triketone-Flavanone Hybrids from the Flowers of the Australian Tree Corymbia torelliana.
AID1733342Cytotoxicity in human J82 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1549406Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 169Synthesis and biological activities of artemisinin-piperazine-dithiocarbamate derivatives.
AID1549407Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 169Synthesis and biological activities of artemisinin-piperazine-dithiocarbamate derivatives.
AID1524521Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1423847Antiproliferative activity against human T47D cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1698024Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 1S by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1698018Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 by LDH assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1733338Cytotoxicity against human SMMC-7721 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1698023Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for CHO cells to IC50 for antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 9515 by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1540239Cytotoxicity against human primary hepatocytes at 17.6 uM2019Journal of natural products, 08-23, Volume: 82, Issue:8
Friomaramide, a Highly Modified Linear Hexapeptide from an Antarctic Sponge, Inhibits
AID1733341Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability by MTT assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1899029Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for antiplasmodial activity against CQ-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 to IC50 for antiplasmodial activity CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 by HRP2-ELISA2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel aminoalcohol quinolines with strong in vitro antimalarial activity.
AID1355869Antiplasmodial activity against 4-aminoquinoline/antifolates-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 ring stage infected in human erythrocytes after 72 hrs by DAPI staining based method2018Journal of natural products, 07-27, Volume: 81, Issue:7
Antiplasmodial β-Triketone-Flavanone Hybrids from the Flowers of the Australian Tree Corymbia torelliana.
AID1698020Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani 1S promastigotes assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 72 hrs by resazurin dye based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
In vitro efficacy of synthesized artemisinin derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes.
AID1733346Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as late apoptotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.118%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1423849Antiproliferative activity against human SiHa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1733348Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as viable cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 98.3%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1733358Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as late apoptotic cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs in presence of 4C-TPPBr by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.118%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
AID1423845Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-08, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Synthesis of Artemisinin-Estrogen Hybrids Highly Active against HCMV,
AID1733356Induction of apoptosis in human OVCAR-3 cells assessed as viable cell at 10 uM after 48 hrs in presence of 4C-TPPBr by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 98.3%)2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 39Synthesis and biological activities of novel mitochondria-targeted artemisinin ester derivatives.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (13)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's8 (61.54)24.3611
2020's5 (38.46)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 50.71

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index50.71 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.64 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.57 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index76.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.03 (0.95)

This Compound (50.71)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other13 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.6620aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.8830indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.2110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.2110phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.5720carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.13103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.2110aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.1710aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		2.2110acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.2110beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.2510isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.1310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.1310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.6120[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
sitamaquine
[no description available]		2.2110
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.1310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.13103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7220hydrochloride
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.5920organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.2510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.1710aminoquinoline
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.4110
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.2110amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
puromycin
[no description available]		2.1710puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
wr-142,490
(+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.4110[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.1310stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
quinine
[no description available]		2.4110cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.6320antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
strobilurin g
strobilurin G: from Bolinea lutea; structure given in first source		2.2510
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.930artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
sodium artesunate
[no description available]		2.6320
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.1310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.17102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.2110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.2110
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.4110
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.4110