rifampin and Tuberculosis--Bovine

To focus on the need of including tuberculosis among differential diagnoses of any epidymo-testicular mass, especially if its evolution is torpid.. A 73-year-old man who presented with scrotum abscess underwent surgical drainage and antibiotic treatment, but suppuration relapsed through cutaneous fistulae. A epipidymectomy was then performed, which demonstrated tuberculous granulomas. Torax Rx showed a cystic apical pulmonary wound which was treated with 3 antituberculostatics for 12 months. Sputum culture was positive for Micobacterium Bovis.. Aspirative punction under sonographic control is a valuable technique to avoid mutilating surgeries and to permit an almost always effective treatment, before the appearance of permanent lesions which lead to sterility.

Topics: Abscess; Aged; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cattle; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epididymitis; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium bovis; Occupational Diseases; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Scrotum; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Tuberculosis, Male Genital

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The impact of bTB on global TB control has been underestimated. We adopted the One Health approach to human bTB surveillance in Taiwan. Of 20,972 human TB cases, 202 (1.0%) were bTB, 78.2% were in males, 85.1% were new cases, 83.2% were pulmonary TB, and most were in Central (52.5%) and Southern (24.8%) Taiwan. Only 18.8% of bTB patients had known animal contact. Of the 202 human M. bovis strains, 100% were resistant to pyrazinamide (PZA), 30.2% were concurrently resistant to isoniazid (INH) and 2.0% were multidrug resistant, defined as being resistant to at least INH and rifampin. Whereas, of the 22 animal M. bovis strains, 100% and 22.7% were resistant to PZA and INH, respectively. Seven spoligotypes and 25 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit genotypes were identified. The predominant genotype, SB0265, was also prevalent in livestock. Notably, six animal-specific M. bovis genotypes were identified. bTB differential diagnosis and drug resistance detection are crucial for TB control. Comprehensive surveillance and human-animal interface investigations are needed.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Taiwan; Tuberculosis, Bovine

Laboratory quality control (QC) is essential to assess the reliability of tuberculosis diagnostic testing. To provide safe QC reagents for the detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we generated antibiotic-resistant mycobacterial strains of attenuated virulence (M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)).. Our panel included BCG strains with mutations in rpoB (S450L, I491F), katG (deletion at AA428), gyrA (D94G), rpsL (K43R) and Rv0678c (S63R). These mutations translated respectively into phenotypic resistance to rifampin (MIC ≥8 mg/L), isoniazid (MIC ≥8 mg/L), moxifloxacin (MIC 4 mg/L) and streptomycin (MIC ≥8 mg/L); the Rv0678c mutant showed decreased susceptibility to both clofazimine (MIC 4 mg/L) and bedaqualine (MIC 1 mg/L). GeneXpert (Cepheid) and Genotype MTBDRplus (Hain Lifesciences) both called the rpoB S450L strain rifampin-resistant and the I491F mutant rifampin-susceptible, as expected based on single nucleotide polymorphism positions. Likewise, MTBDRplus called the novel katG deletion mutant isoniazid susceptible despite phenotypic resistance.. BCG strains engineered to be mono-resistant to anti-tuberculosis drugs can be used as safe QC reagents for tuberculosis diagnostics and drug susceptibility testing.

Topics: Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Codon; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Mutation; Mycobacterium bovis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Quality Control; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine

This study was aimed out to explore the presence of drug resistance among M. tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates (n = 51) of bovine origin by conventional broth microdilution method and molecular methods. By broth microdilution method, 16 isolates were found to be resistant to isoniazid, 08 isolates were resistant to pyrazinamide, 09 isolates were resistant to rifampicin and 07 isolates were found to be resistant for ethambutol. Two isolates showed resistance to rifampicin and pyrazinamide, one isolate showed resistance to pyrazinamide and ethambutol and 03 isolates showed resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol. None of isolates showed multi drug resistance (MDR). Other than the M. bovis strains, none of the other M. tuberculosis isolates showed any resistance to pyrazinamide. Molecular methods by multiplex PCR targeting katG, pncA, rpoB genes, multiplex allele specific PCR to detect mutation in embB codon 306 and sequencing showed point mutation in katG and rpoB gene. No mutation could be detected in the embB gene by multiplex allele specific PCR. The results indicates that further elaborate studies need to be carried out due to the presence of drug resistant M. tuberculosis in bovines which could be due to spill over from human in tuberculosis endemic areas making TB eradication programme more challenging.

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Genes, Bacterial; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine

In developing nations, 10-20% of the human cases of tuberculosis are caused by Mycobacterium bovis. However, this percentage may be underestimated because most laboratories in developing countries do not routinely perform mycobacterial cultures, and only a few have the systems in place to identify M. bovis. There are few studies investigating genotypic diversity and drug resistance in M. bovis from animal and/or human infections. The genotypic diversity of M. bovis strains obtained from bovine lymph nodes were investigated by spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing (MIRU-VNTR). The phenotypic resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin and MIC values of the isolates were determined using the resazurin microtiter assay plate method (REMA). The evaluation of the possible genetic basis for such resistance was performed with GenoType MTBDRplus. Sixty-seven isolates were obtained, of which 11 (16%) were MDR-TB, 8 (12%) were isoniazid-resistant, and 2 (3%) were rifampicin-resistant. Mutations associated with drug resistance were not found. Genotyping techniques enabled the grouping of the strains into 12 clusters and 21 isolates with unique profiles. The high frequency of M. bovis reinforces the impact of the pathogen as a major causal agent of bovine tuberculosis in the study area. The resistance of the strains to drugs used for first-line treatment of human tuberculosis raises public health concerns. Further studies are required to elucidate the basis of drug resistance and genotypic diversity in M. bovis.

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Isoniazid; Lymph Nodes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minisatellite Repeats; Mutation; Mycobacterium bovis; Phenotype; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

We present a case of bovine tuberculosis in a 50-year-old Māori female. She had worked for approximately 7 years at a local freezing works where animal organs were cleaned and packed. The diagnosis was established 4 weeks after commencement of first-line anti-TB therapy. While human zoonotic tuberculosis may be uncommon in developed countries, its diagnosis still has important public health and treatment implications.

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cattle; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Isoniazid; Lung; Meat-Packing Industry; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium bovis; Radiography; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Macrophages and their phagocytotic abilities play a dominant role for defense against infected organisms. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive in the phagosomes of macrophages. In this study, the effective delivery of a drug and the killing effect of tubercle bacilli within macrophages were investigated utilizing the phagocytotic uptake of rifampicin (RFP) that had been incorporated into poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres. The microspheres were composed of PLGA that had a monomer ratio (lactic acid/glycolic acid) of either 50/50 or 75/25. They had molecular weights from 5000 to 20,000, and diameters of 1.5, 3.5, 6.2 and 8.9 microm. The most significant factor for phagocytotic activity of macrophages was the diameter of the microspheres. By contrast, molecular weight and monomer ratio of PLGA did not influence phagocytosis. The amount of RFP delivered into cells was also investigated. RFP-PLGA microspheres composed of PLGA with a molecular weight of 20,000 and monomer ratio of 75/25 showed the highest amount of delivery (4 microg/1 x 10(6) cells). Fourteen days after infection, the survival rate of treated intracellular bacilli was 1% when compared with untreated cells. There was almost no killing effect of free RFP (4 or 15 microg/ml) on intracellular bacilli. In vivo efficacy of RFP-PLGA was also examined in rats infected with M. tuberculosis Kurono. Intratracheal administration of RFP-PLGA microspheres was shown to be superior to free RFP for killing of intracellular bacilli and preventing granuloma formation in some lobes. These results suggest that phagocytotic activity could be part of a new drug delivery system that selectively targeted macrophages.

Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Drug Delivery Systems; Macrophages, Alveolar; Microspheres; Mycobacterium bovis; Polyesters; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine

Susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis strains to antituberculous drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) was detected by radiometric BACTEC 460TB system. M.bovis strains were isolated from tissue samples showing tuberculous lesions collected at an abbattoir from cattle belonging to 47 tuberculosis outbreaks occurring in Northern Italy in 1995-1999. Forty-six out of 61 strains (75.4%) resulted susceptible to both isoniazid and rifampin. Thirteen strains (21.3%) were resistant to isoniazid only. No strains showed resistance to rifampin only. Two strains (3.3%) resulted resistant to both drugs, showing antituberculous multidrug-resistance. Given the compulsory eradication program of bovine tuberculosis by elimination of infected animals and the ban on antituberculous drug treatments in animals, detection of resistant M. bovis strains appears of great interest.

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cattle; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium bovis; Radiometry; Reproducibility of Results; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Bovine

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Bovine