Compounds > mycolactone
Page last updated: 2024-11-10

mycolactone

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Description

mycolactone: toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5282079
CHEBI ID31871
SCHEMBL ID1229472
MeSH IDM0300994

Synonyms (10)

Synonym
C12151 ,
mycolactone
[(6s,7s,9e,12r)-12-[(e,2s,6r,7r,9r)-7,9-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyldec-4-en-2-yl]-7,9-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclododec-9-en-6-yl] (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12s,13s,15s)-12,13,15-trihydroxy-4,6,10-trimethylhexadeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenoate
AC1NQZGK ,
222050-77-3
SCHEMBL1229472
CHEBI:31871
DTXSID10415207
[(6s,7s,9e,12r)-12-[(e,1s,5r,6r,8r)-6,8-dihydroxy-1,3,5-trimethyl-non-3-enyl]-7,9-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclododec-9-en-6-yl] (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12s,13s,15s)-12,13,15-trihydroxy-4,6,10-trimethyl-hexadeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenoate
Q6947140

Research Excerpts

Overview

Mycolactones are a family of polyketide synthase products made by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. They were recently identified as novel inhibitors of the host membrane translocation complex (Sec61) Mycolactone is the sole causative agent of the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Mycolactone is a light-sensitive and an amphiphilic toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans."( Conditions for Handling and Optimal Storage of Mycolactone.
Kubicek-Sutherland, JZ; Mukundan, H; Swanson, BI, 2022)		1.7
"Mycolactones are a family of polyketide synthase products made by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans that were recently identified as novel inhibitors of the host membrane translocation complex (Sec61). "( Mycolactone Purification from M. ulcerans Cultures and HPLC-Based Approaches for Mycolactone Quantification in Biological Samples.
Demangel, C; Guenin-Macé, L; Rifflet, A, 2022)		3.61
"Mycolactone is a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive macrolide produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and the sole causative agent of the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer. "( Can membrane composition traffic toxins? Mycolactone and preferential membrane interactions.
da Hora, GCA; Nguyen, JDM; Swanson, JMJ, 2022)		2.43
"Mycolactone is a cytotoxic lipid metabolite produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the environmental pathogen responsible for Buruli ulcer, a neglected tropical disease. "( Behavioral interplay between mosquito and mycolactone produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and bacterial gene expression induced by mosquito proximity.
Crippen, TL; Delclos, PJ; Dhungel, L; Jordan, HR; Kim, D; Tomberlin, JK, 2023)		2.62
"Mycolactone is an exotoxin produced by "( Mycolactone A vs. B: Multiscale Simulations Reveal the Roles of Localization and Association in Isomer-Specific Toxicity.
da Hora, GCA; Nguyen, JDM; Swanson, JMJ, 2023)		3.8
"Mycolactone is a plasmid-encoded, immunosuppressive, and cytotoxic toxin."( Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function.
Chang, HW; Chen, TY; Guo, JC; Jeng, CR; Li, WT; Liu, CH; Pang, VF; Wada, T; Wang, FI, 2017)		2.62
"Mycolactone is a macrolide produced by the skin pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, with cytotoxic, analgesic and immunomodulatory properties. "( Mycolactone displays anti-inflammatory effects on the nervous system.
Ade, K; Boucher, Y; Demangel, C; Grimaldi, A; Guenin-Macé, L; Isaac, C; Limatola, C; Mauborgne, A; Pohl, M, 2017)		3.34
"Mycolactone is a lipid-like endotoxin synthesized by an environmental human pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causal agent of Buruli ulcer disease. "( The potent effect of mycolactone on lipid membranes.
Bénarouche, A; Canaan, S; Cavalier, JF; Dufourc, EJ; Géan, J; Girard-Egrot, AP; Maniti, O; Marion, E; Marsollier, L; Nitenberg, M, 2018)		2.24
"Mycolactone is a bacteria-derived macrolide that blocks the biogenesis of a large array of secretory and integral transmembrane proteins (TMP) through potent inhibition of the Sec61 translocon. "( Proteomics Reveals Scope of Mycolactone-mediated Sec61 Blockade and Distinctive Stress Signature.
Demangel, C; Guenin-Macé, L; Impens, F; Morel, JD; Paatero, AO; Paavilainen, VO; Pietrosemoli, N; Van Haver, D; Wei, J; Yewdell, JW, 2018)		2.22
"Mycolactone is a diffusible lipid secreted by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, which induces the formation of open skin lesions referred to as Buruli ulcers. "( Mycolactone activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins underpins Buruli ulcer formation.
Bousso, P; Carlier, MF; Chrétien, F; Danckaert, A; Demangel, C; Guenin-Macé, L; Hong, H; Leadlay, PF; Mostowy, S; Romet-Lemonne, G; Ruf, MT; Thoulouze, MI; Veyron-Churlet, R; Zurzolo, C, 2013)		3.28
"Mycolactones are a family of polyketide-derived macrolide exotoxins produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the chronic necrotizing skin disease Buruli ulcer. "( Structure-activity relationship studies on the macrolide exotoxin mycolactone of Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Altmann, KH; Bomio, C; Dangy, JP; Gersbach, P; Li, J; Pluschke, G; Scherr, N, 2013)		2.07
"Mycolactone is a polyketide macrolide lipid-like secondary metabolite synthesized by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of BU (Buruli ulcer), and is the only virulence factor for this pathogen identified to date. "( Pleiotropic molecular effects of the Mycobacterium ulcerans virulence factor mycolactone underlying the cell death and immunosuppression seen in Buruli ulcer.
Hall, B; Simmonds, R, 2014)		2.07
"Mycolactone is a complex macrolide toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of skin lesions called Buruli ulcers. "( Synthetic variants of mycolactone bind and activate Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins.
Blanchard, N; Casarotto, V; Chany, AC; Demangel, C; Guenin-Macé, L; Le Chevalier, F; Mayau, V; Tresse, C; Veyron-Churlet, R, 2014)		2.16
"Mycolactone is a polyketide toxin secreted by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans, responsible for the extensive hypoalgesic skin lesions characteristic of patients with Buruli ulcer. "( Mycolactone-mediated neurite degeneration and functional effects in cultured human and rat DRG neurons: Mechanisms underlying hypoalgesia in Buruli ulcer.
Anand, P; Anand, U; Bountra, C; Fox, M; Korchev, Y; MacQuillan, A; McCarthy, T; Quick, T; Sinisi, M, 2016)		3.32
"Mycolactone is an immunosuppressive cytotoxin responsible for the clinical manifestation of Buruli ulcer in humans. "( Large sequence polymorphisms unveil the phylogenetic relationship of environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria related to Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Hauser, J; Käser, M; Pluschke, G; Small, P, 2009)		1.8
"Mycolactone A/B is a lipophilic macrocyclic polyketide that is the primary virulence factor produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a human pathogen and the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. "( Mycolactone gene expression is controlled by strong SigA-like promoters with utility in studies of Mycobacterium ulcerans and buruli ulcer.
Azuolas, J; Davies, JK; Hong, H; Howden, BP; Jenkin, GA; Johnson, PD; Letournel, F; Marion, E; Marsollier, L; Pidot, SJ; Porter, JL; Seemann, T; Stinear, TP; Tobias, NJ; Wallace, JR; Zakir, T, 2009)		3.24
"Mycolactone is a diffusible lipid toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of a necrotizing skin disease referred to as Buruli ulcer. "( Mycolactone suppresses T cell responsiveness by altering both early signaling and posttranslational events.
Bismuth, G; Boulkroun, S; Demangel, C; Di Bartolo, V; Guenin-Macé, L; Langsley, G; Merckx, A; Monot, M; Thoulouze, MI, 2010)		3.25
"Mycolactone is a macrolide produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans with immunomodulatory properties. "( Mycolactone impairs T cell homing by suppressing microRNA control of L-selectin expression.
Asperti-Boursin, F; Bismuth, G; Caleechurn, L; Carrette, F; Demangel, C; Di Bartolo, V; Fontanet, A; Guenin-Macé, L; Le Bon, A, 2011)		3.25
"Mycolactone is a macrolide secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans. "( Uptake and cellular actions of mycolactone, a virulence determinant for Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Small, PL; Snyder, DS, 2003)		2.05
"Mycolactone is a polyketide toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans (Mu), the causative agent of the skin disease Buruli ulcer (BU). "( Selective suppression of dendritic cell functions by Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin mycolactone.
Albert, ML; Babon, A; Cole, ST; Coutanceau, E; Decalf, J; Demangel, C; Martino, A; Winter, N, 2007)		2.01
"Mycolactone is a polyketide natural product secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the organism responsible for the tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer. "( The unusual macrocycle forming thioesterase of mycolactone.
Barrows-Yano, T; Burkart, MD; Foley, TL; Meier, JL; Wike, CL, 2008)		2.05

Effects

Mycolactone has pleiotropic effects on fundamental cellular processes (cell adhesion, cell death and inflammation)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Mycolactone has previously been shown to bind to, and alter the structure of the major translocon subunit Sec61α, and change its interaction with ribosome nascent chain complexes."( Mycolactone enhances the Ca2+ leak from endoplasmic reticulum by trapping Sec61 translocons in a Ca2+ permeable state.
Bhadra, P; Cavalié, A; Dos Santos, S; Gamayun, I; Hall, BS; Helms, V; Neumann, C; Ogbechi, J; Pick, T; Simmonds, RE; Zimmermann, R, 2021)		2.79
"Mycolactone has pleiotropic effects on fundamental cellular processes (cell adhesion, cell death and inflammation)."( The potent effect of mycolactone on lipid membranes.
Bénarouche, A; Canaan, S; Cavalier, JF; Dufourc, EJ; Géan, J; Girard-Egrot, AP; Maniti, O; Marion, E; Marsollier, L; Nitenberg, M, 2018)		1.52
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
macrolideA macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (165)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (0.61)18.2507
2000's44 (26.67)29.6817
2010's86 (52.12)24.3611
2020's34 (20.61)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.40

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index34.40 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.13 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.87 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index43.69 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.40)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (0.60%)5.53%
Reviews22 (13.17%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.60%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other143 (85.63%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbamates
[no description available]		2.110amino-acid anion
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.4110alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.3110(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.1710alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.1110monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.0510acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.1610monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.2110
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0510organic molecular entity
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.27101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.2510acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.8230antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.1110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
alkenes
[no description available]		2.4620
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0510chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.5620macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		3.9821peptide
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0110epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.1310capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
wiskostatin
wiskostatin: induces folding of N-WASP's GTPase-binding domain into its autoinhibited conformation; structure in first source. wiskostatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-wiskostatin.. 1-(3,6-dibromocarbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol bearing two additional bromo substituents at positions 3 and 6 on the carbazole ring system.		2.0810carbazoles;
organobromine compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
mycobactin
mycobactins: cell wall iron transporting growth factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis		3.2710
rifamycins
[no description available]		3.1610
cotransin
cotransin: structure in first source		2.610
mycolactone b
mycolactone B: from Mycobacterium ulcerans; structure in first source		3.1750
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		3.811
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.8230cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		011.58771
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		011.58771
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.3920
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.1350
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.1350
Ache
[description not available]		03.4720
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.4720
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.96120
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.0240
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.3110
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		06.43220
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.3110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.3110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3110
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		05.0250
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		05.0250
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1510
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1510
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		04.8120
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		04.5630
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		04.5630
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.0910
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		03.0910
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0810
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0810
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		0310
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		04.6760
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.420
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		02.7730
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.420
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.1110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.1110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.12100
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.1310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.4120
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.8840
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0510
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.4620
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4620
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.4620
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0510
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.9610
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		02.0510
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.0610
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.9810
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0610
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0610
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0310
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.0410
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.0410
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.9210
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.9210