Compounds > sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & sulfadiazine [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID64932
SCHEMBL ID958034
MeSH IDM0083578

Synonyms (24)

Synonym
sulfadiazine & tmp
sulfadiazine & trimethoprim
4-amino-n-pyrimidin-2-yl-benzenesulfonamide; 5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
diaziprim forte
co-trimazine
ditrim
tribrissen
benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-n-2-pyrimidinyl-, mixt. with 5-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
triglobe
sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination
sulfadiazine - trimethoprim
39474-58-3
uniprim powder for horses
antastmon
astra 2166
ditrivet
trimin
sultrisan
tucoprim
uniprim
NFZZDOYBSGWASD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
sulfadiazine trimethoprim
SCHEMBL958034
DTXSID80192614

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No adverse effects other than loose faeces and diarrhoea were detected."( Side effects of oral antimicrobial agents in the horse: a comparison of pivampicillin and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine.
Barneveld, A; Ensink, JM; Klein, WR; van Miert, AS; Vulto, AG, 1996)		0.29

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Clinically important pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs in the three preparations were determined and compared."( A comparison of some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of three commercial sulphadiazine/trimethoprim combined preparations given orally to pigs.
Framstad, T; Odegaard, SA; Skjerve, E; Sohlberg, S; Søli, NE, 1990)		0.28
" Both combination drugs have similar serum half-life values in persons with normal renal function (half-life of 8 to 12 hours), but the sulphamethoxazole metabolites are retained more than trimethoprim in reduced renal function."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of co-trimazine.
Bergan, T; Ortengren, B; Westerlund, D, )		0.13
" The elimination half-life in serum during steady state was 16."( Pharmacokinetics of oral co-trimazine and the penetration of its components sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into peripheral human lymph.
Bergan, T; Engeset, A; Olszewski, W, 1986)		0.27
" Trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in neonatal calves: influence of synovitis.
Guard, CL; Schwark, WS; Schwartsman, RV; Shoaf, SE, 1986)		0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was based upon "one compartment model"."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of the level of sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination in calves.
Duda, M; Roliński, Z, )		0.13
" The TMP-SD combination showed a satisfactory clinical effect and favourable pharmacokinetic properties in children with UTI."( Clinical effect and pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in children with urinary tract infections.
Aarbakke, J; Digranes, A; Fellner, H; Fluge, G; Høylandskjaer, A; Opshaug, O, 1983)		0.27
" The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatographic methods, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in broiler chickens.
Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S, 2003)		0.32
"A pharmacokinetic and tissue residue study of sulfadiazine combined with trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP = 5/1) was conducted in Siniperca chuatsi after single- (120 mg/kg) or multiple-dose (an initial dose of 120 mg/kg followed by a 5-day consecutive dose of 60 mg/kg) oral administrations at 28 °C."( A pharmacokinetic and residual study of sulfadiazine/trimethoprim in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) with single- and multiple-dose oral administrations.
Deng, Y; Jiang, L; Luo, L; Tan, A; Wang, W; Xiao, H; Zhang, R, 2016)		0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Sulfamoxole (SMO), Sulfadiazine (SDZ) and Sulfadimidine (SDD) in combination with trimethoprim (TMP) were studied in 12 healthy volunteers."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four different sulfonamides in combination with trimethoprim in human volunteers.
Garg, SK; Ghosh, SS; Mathur, VS, 1986)		0.27
" Mechanisms through which polypharmacy may increase adverse health outcomes include decreased adherence, increased drug side effects, higher use of potentially inappropriate medications, and more frequent drug-drug interactions."( Appropriate prescribing and important drug interactions in older adults.
Paauw, DS; Wallace, J, 2015)		0.42

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Transdermal delivery of a combined preparation of TMP/SDZ may be usable for colibacillosis of sucking piglets, although the bioavailability of the drugs is poor."( Transdermal delivery and intramuscular injection of trimethoprim/sulphadiazine in sucking piglets.
Hayama, T; Kokue, E; Sekido, T; Shimoda, M, 1992)		0.28
" Comparative bioavailability calculations showed no statistically significant differences between sulphadiazine and trimethoprim in the three preparations."( A comparison of some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of three commercial sulphadiazine/trimethoprim combined preparations given orally to pigs.
Framstad, T; Odegaard, SA; Skjerve, E; Sohlberg, S; Søli, NE, 1990)		0.28
" Trimethoprim bioavailability, following oral administration at 1, 6 and 12 weeks of age, is higher in milk-fed calves (non-ruminants) than in grain-fiber-fed calves (ruminants); bioavailability decreases with increasing age in both groups of calves."( The effect of age and diet on sulfadiazine/trimethoprim disposition following oral and subcutaneous administration to calves.
Guard, CL; Schwark, WS; Shoaf, SE, 1987)		0.27
" The most important conclusion was that amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim were suitable for oral administration to veal calves, although the bioavailability of chloramphenicol and trimethoprim was significantly less when concurrently administered with a milk replacer."( Salmonellosis in veal calves. Some therapeutic aspects.
Groothuis, DG; van Miert, AS, 1987)		0.27
" The oral bioavailability was approximately 80% for both components."( Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in broiler chickens.
Baert, K; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Baere, S, 2003)		0.32
"The poor oral bioavailability of tetracyclines resulted in rather high concentrations in cecal and colonic content and feces at steady-state conditions."( Residues of chlortetracycline, doxycycline and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim in intestinal content and feces of pigs due to cross-contamination of feed.
Butaye, P; Croubels, S; Daeseleire, E; Devreese, M; Dewulf, J; Haesebrouck, F; Heyndrickx, M; Imberechts, H; Peeters, LE; Rasschaert, G; Smet, A, 2016)		0.43
"The relation between the oral bioavailability and intestinal concentrations of the tested antimicrobials, may be of help in assessing the risks of cross-contaminated feed."( Residues of chlortetracycline, doxycycline and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim in intestinal content and feces of pigs due to cross-contamination of feed.
Butaye, P; Croubels, S; Daeseleire, E; Devreese, M; Dewulf, J; Haesebrouck, F; Heyndrickx, M; Imberechts, H; Peeters, LE; Rasschaert, G; Smet, A, 2016)		0.43
" The high oral bioavailability of SDZ indicates gastrointestinal secretion is a substantial elimination route for SDZ."( Effect of administration route and dose alteration on sulfadiazine-trimethoprim plasma and intestinal concentrations in pigs.
Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Smet, J; Devreese, M, 2017)		0.46

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Six healthy adult mixed breed dogs were each given 5 oral doses of trimethoprim (TMP)/sulfadiazine (SDZ) at 2 dosage regimens: 5 mg of TMP/kg of body weight and 25 mg of SDZ/kg every 24 hours (experiment 1) and every 12 hours (experiment 2)."( Serum and skin concentrations after multiple-dose oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in dogs.
Brown, MP; Gronwall, R; Kunkle, GA; Merritt, K; Pohlenz-Zertuche, HO, 1992)		0.28
" Administration of the TMP-SDZ combination at a dosage of 30 mg/kg once daily was not effective in maintaining TMP or SDZ concentrations above the MIC of TMP-SDZ for the S aureus (0."( Serum and synovial fluid steady-state concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfadiazine in horses with experimentally induced infectious arthritis.
Bertone, AL; Jones, RL; McIlwraith, CW, 1988)		0.27
"The present investigation was undertaken to improve regimens dosage of amoxycillin, chloramphenicol or trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in Salmonella dublin infected veal calves."( Salmonellosis in veal calves. Some therapeutic aspects.
Groothuis, DG; van Miert, AS, 1987)		0.27
" The data indicate that, while therapeutic concentrations and optimum ratios of the drugs may be achieved for extended time periods in neonatal life, this dosage is unable to produce optimum serum and synovial fluid concentrations as the calves mature."( Age-related alterations in trimethoprim-sulfadiazine disposition following oral or parenteral administration in calves.
Blackshear, P; Friedman, DS; Guard, CL; Haluska, M; Schwark, WS, 1986)		0.27
" Starting 2 days after infection was induced, group-II dogs were treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine at a dosage of 15 mg/kg given orally 2 times a day for 21 days; groups-III and -IV dogs were treated with single oral dosages of the antibiotic at 60 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg, respectively."( Comparison of single-dose and conventional trimethoprim-sulfadiazine therapy in experimental Staphylococcus intermedius cystitis in the female dog.
Cox, HU; Gossett, KA; Kearney, MT; Roy, AF; Thomas, DE; Troy, GC; Turnwald, GH, 1986)		0.27
" In their concluding remarks the authors state that in addition to being effective in the morbid condition selected for trial, cotrimazine offers some advantages over similar combinations of TMP and other sulfonamides, both because of the intrinsic physicochemical and pharmacological properties of SDZ and because of its lower dosage in this combination."( A clinical trial of co-trimazine (sulfadiazine + trimethoprim) in flare-ups of chronic bronchitis.
Lanza, R; Leone, G; Paoletti, V; Parlapiano, C; Vincentelli, GM, 1984)		0.27
" During the dosage interval of 24 h, sulphadiazine and trimethoprim concentrations exceeded the MIC values of the common respiratory pathogens in serum and secretion."( Concentrations of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim in nasal secretion after co-trimazine administration.
Bamberg, P; Giebel, W; Ullmann, U, 1983)		0.27
" All the cows were treated with 20 g sulphadiazine and 4 g trimethoprim intramuscularly upon diagnosis, and half the dosage was given once daily thereafter."( Anti-inflammatory ketoprofen in the treatment of field cases of bovine mastitis.
Chen, R; Longo, F; Saran, A; Shpigel, NY; Winkler, M; Ziv, G, 1994)		0.29
" upon diagnosis and half dosage once daily thereafter."( The anti-inflammatory drugs phenylbutazone and dipyrone in the treatment of field cases of bovine mastitis.
Saran, A; Shpigel, NY; Winkler, M; Ziv, G, 1996)		0.29
"Horses with lower respiratory tract infections caused by S equi subsp zooepidemicus were treated with a new formulation of combined trimethoprim-sulfadiazine oral suspension at a dosage of 24 mg/kg (10."( A randomized controlled field trial of a novel trimethoprim-sulfadiazine oral suspension for treatment of Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus infection of the lower respiratory tract in horses.
Hawkins, PA; Koenig, R; McClure, SR, 2015)		0.42
" Conventional dosing (30 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg bodyweight [BW]) and half dosing (15 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg BW) was performed for the oral routes in two applications per day."( Effect of administration route and dose alteration on sulfadiazine-trimethoprim plasma and intestinal concentrations in pigs.
Croubels, S; De Backer, P; De Smet, J; Devreese, M, 2017)		0.46
" The aims of this study were to assess, in a PKPD framework, the empirical dosage regimen for a combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in mink, and secondarily to produce data for future setting of clinical breakpoints."( Validating an empiric sulfadiazine-trimethoprim dosage regimen for treatment of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini infections in mink (Neovison vison).
Damborg, P; Frandsen, HL; Hansen, SG; Nikolaisen, NK; Poulsen, HH; Ronaghinia, AA; Struve, T; Toutain, PL, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (109)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199055 (50.46)18.7374
1990's24 (22.02)18.2507
2000's12 (11.01)29.6817
2010's14 (12.84)24.3611
2020's4 (3.67)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.61

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index18.61 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.93 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.46 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index15.26 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (18.61)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials17 (14.17%)5.53%
Reviews4 (3.33%)6.00%
Case Studies25 (20.83%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other74 (61.67%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0110carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.7921aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.3720aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.6730
halothane
[no description available]		1.9810haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.3711benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9710aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		1.9810aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0110N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		4.0731pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.4220aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		11.8810817pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.9610pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.3411sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		5.7683isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.2110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		11.8810817aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.98102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		1.961011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		1.98102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.9840C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.8130monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		1.9910penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.4551beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.0610cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
sulfamoxole
Sulfamoxole: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamoxole : A sulfonamide antibiotic in which 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-oxazol-2-amine have combined to form the sulfonamide bond.		2.3620oxazole;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		210cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		2.3820
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		3.5111monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.4120beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		1.9810aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
decoquinate
Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0210
pivampicillin
Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		1.9910penicillanic acid ester;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		prodrug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.8342penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		3.3511penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.4720alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		1.9810organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfamoxole, trimethoprim drug combination
sulfamoxole, trimethoprim drug combination: usually a mixture of 5 parts of sulfamoxole and 1 part of trimethoprim		1.9610
n(4)-acetylsulfadiazine
N(4)-acetylsulfadiazine: main metabolite of sulfadiazine. N(4)-acetylsulfadiazine : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted by an acetylamino group at position 4 and a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is a metabolite of the drug sulfadiazine.		2.4120acetamides;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		marine xenobiotic metabolite
tetroxoprim
tetroxoprim: structure given in Negwer 5th ed, #6419		1.9510dimethoxybenzene
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.420cephalosporinfungal metabolite
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		210steroid ester
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		4.131cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
quinidine gluconate
quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]		1.9710D-gluconate adduct
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		3.5111organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
amdinocillin pivoxil
Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.		3.3511penicillanic acid ester;
penicillin;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
prodrug
sulfadiazine, tetroxoprim drug combination
sulfadiazine, tetroxoprim drug combination: each 5 ml (teaspoon) liquid or each tablet contains tetroxoprim 100 mg & sulfadiazine 250 mg		1.9510
2-benzenesulfonamidopyrimidine
2-benzenesulfonamidopyrimidine: sulfadiazine metabolite		1.9510
amitriptyline, perphenazine drug combination
[no description available]		2.0110
superseptyl (sulfamethazine), trimethoprim drug combination
superseptyl (sulfamethazine), trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & superseptyl (sulfamethazine) used in treatment of shigellosis		1.9610
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		7.07103
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		1.9710cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		1.9610beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.1710alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.520
diclazuril
[no description available]		2.1710nitrile
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		3.3711organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
tiamulin
tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.		210carbotricyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide;
secondary alcohol;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antibacterial drug
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		1.991011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.1510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.3920
altrenogest
altrenogest: a synthetic PROGESTERONE agonist; used in estrus synchronization		2103-hydroxy steroid
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		2.420
tylosin
[no description available]		210
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.6730
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.5520
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.8321
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0510
piroxicam
[no description available]		1.9810benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0110
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.0610cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.610
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		0591
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2510
E coli Infections
[description not available]		04.341
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.3472
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		04.341
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.3472
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		02.1510
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		02.1510
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		02.1510
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Isospora Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.6930
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4120
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.2110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.17170
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.6830
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.4320
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.2110
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.6830
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.4320
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.4120
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.0310
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.0310
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.3422
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.7921
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.3422
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.7921
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.821
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.5111
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.821
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.0510
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		02.0510
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		02.0510
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.0510
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.0510
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		04.6332
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.0210
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.0210
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.4220
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.4220
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).		02.0310
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0310
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.0310
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.0310
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.0310
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		01.9610
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9610
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		01.9610
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		01.9610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.0531
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.2641
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.2641
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.07147
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.3511
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.7621
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		0552
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.3511
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		01.9610
Franklin Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		01.9610
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9610
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		01.9610
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.0431
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		01.9610
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		01.9610
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		01.9610
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		01.9610
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		03.7621
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		01.9610
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9610
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9610
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		01.9610
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		03.3411
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		03.3411
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.3411
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.3411
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.3411
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.3411
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		03.7521
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.3411
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9810
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		01.9810
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9810
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		01.9810
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		01.9810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		01.9810
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.910
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		02.910
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		01.9810
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		01.9810
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.3820
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9910
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.6730
Actinobacillus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.		0210
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		0210
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		0210
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		0210
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		0210
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		0210
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		0210
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		0210
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		0210
Sarcocystosis
Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.		0210
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		0210
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		0210
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9810
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		01.9810
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		01.9810
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		01.9810
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		01.9810
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		01.9810
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		01.9810
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		01.9810
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		01.9810
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9810
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		01.9810
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		01.9810
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9710
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.3720
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.3720
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		01.9710
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		01.9710
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		01.9710
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.3511
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		01.9710
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		01.9710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9710
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.3720
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		01.9710
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9710
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9710
Paragonimiasis
Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.		01.9710
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9610
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		01.9610
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9610
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.8810
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.8810
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		01.9610
Emphysema, Subcutaneous
[description not available]		01.9610
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		01.9610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		01.9610
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		01.9610