Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres, Congenital

A congenital condition where the greater portions of the cerebral hemispheres and CORPUS STRIATUM are replaced by CSF and glial tissue. The meninges and the skull are well formed, which is consistent with earlier normal embryogenesis of the telencephalon. Bilateral occlusions of the internal carotid arteries in utero is a potential mechanism. Clinical features include intact brainstem reflexes without evidence of higher cortical activity. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p307)

Synonyms(6)

Synonym
Cerebral Hemispheres, Absence, Congenital
Hydranencephaly
Congenital Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres
Hydranencephaly with Proliferative Vasculopathy
Hemihydranencephaly
Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres, Congenital

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Hydranencephaly is a rare congenital condition characterized by absent cerebral hemispheres replaced by cerebrospinal fluid-filled sacs."( Kardan, A; Short, RG, 2014)
"Hydranencephaly is a rare malformation of the brain system with an incidence of 0."( Hager, B, 2023)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Various degrees of hydranencephaly and dysplastic hydrocephalus were found among the fetuses of dams treated by ETU from gestation days 14 to 18."( Hung, CF; Ishii, S; Nakagata, N; Sato, K; Shimoji, T; Wada, M, 1985)

Research

Studies (32)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199018 (56.25)23.3326
1990's3 (9.38)12.5806
2000's1 (3.13)18.1394
2010's9 (28.13)28.8240
2020's1 (3.13)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
carbon monoxide0low10
salicylic acid0low20
phenytoin0low20
baclofen0low10
valproic acid0low10
ketamine0low10
meperidine0low10
phenobarbital0low20
primidone0low10
promethazine0low10
arginine0low10
vancomycin0low10
bromocriptine0low10
propiconazole0low10
fomesafen0low30
cabergoline0low10
mifepristone0low10
fluorodeoxyglucose f180low10
inositol 3-phosphate0low10
cocaine0low10
ethylenethiourea0low10
misoprostol0low20
deamino arginine vasopressin0low10
pituitrin0low10
ro13-99040low10
heme0low10
thromboplastin0low10
rifampin0low10
eye0low20

Protein Targets (492)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE5005
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
thioredoxin reductase7007
phosphopantetheinyl transferase4004
NFKB1 protein, partial2002
GLS protein6006
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor4004
alpha-galactosidase1001
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 29009
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor1001
chromobox protein homolog 19009
flap endonuclease 13003
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)4004
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M12002
lethal factor (plasmid)3003
Cytochrome P450 3A40405
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial0002
Nitric oxide synthase, brain0001
Nitric oxide synthase, brain 0001
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0001
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0013
Cationic amino acid transporter 30101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase5005
ATAD5 protein, partial5005
GLI family zinc finger 37007
AR protein110011
regulator of G-protein signaling 47007
67.9K protein2002
activating transcription factor 63003
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 12002
D(1A) dopamine receptor4004
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 13003
lamin isoform A-delta107007
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi2103
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30707
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20202
Bile salt export pump010010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-12103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta2103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-22114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-52103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-12103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-22103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-42103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-62103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-12114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-32103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-22114
GABA theta subunit2103
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon2103
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
Genome polyprotein 0112
dopamine D1 receptor3003
Fumarate hydratase2002
TDP1 protein8008
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 47007
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]7007
pregnane X nuclear receptor9009
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha120012
G5005
polyprotein2002
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma7007
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a6006
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA6006
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 26006
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 13003
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40606
Interferon beta5005
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 5005
Cellular tumor antigen p539009
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0707
D(2) dopamine receptor0617
Androgen receptor0505
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0808
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0606
D0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0707
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0303
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10112
D(1A) dopamine receptor0606
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0606
D(1B) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0617
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0617
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0505
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0606
Alpha-synuclein1203
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0718
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60606
D(2) dopamine receptor0213
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 15005
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 55005
Ataxin-26006
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial5005
acetylcholinesterase4004
cytochrome P450 2D65005
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor4004
Spike glycoprotein3115
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Chain A, CHIMERA OF IG KAPPA CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain B, CHIMERA OF IG GAMMA-1 CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain H, Fab M82G2, Heavy chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82G2, Light chain0011
Chain H, Fab M82g2, Heavy Chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82g2, Light Chain0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0202
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0202
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20202
Liver carboxylesterase 10103
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0606
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0303
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50202
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0606
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0405
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0303
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0404
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20404
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60202
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0303
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0202
Transporter0303
Vasopressin V2 receptor0112
Oxytocin receptor0011
Vasopressin V1a receptor0314
Vasopressin V1b receptor0112
Translocator protein0101
Vasopressin V2 receptor 0112
Chain A, HADH2 protein1001
Chain B, HADH2 protein1001
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
Chain A, Ferritin light chain3003
Luciferase3003
interleukin 82002
glp-1 receptor, partial3003
15-lipoxygenase, partial2002
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit2002
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma4004
USP1 protein, partial3003
Microtubule-associated protein tau4004
Smad31001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A16006
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)1001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)5005
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 37007
progesterone receptor5005
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 17007
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha6006
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha8008
farnesoid X nuclear receptor4004
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta4004
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor5005
IDH11001
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a2002
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)2002
Histone H2A.x3003
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a4004
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d4004
heat shock protein beta-12002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 11001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor1001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 19009
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 15005
geminin8008
peripheral myelin protein 224004
survival motor neuron protein isoform d3003
high affinity choline transporter 1 isoform a0101
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 11001
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A3003
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B3003
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20112
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit3003
Carbonic anhydrase 10303
Carbonic anhydrase 20303
Estrogen receptor1427
Glucocorticoid receptor1429
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 10101
Integrin beta-31001
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10404
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10505
Integrin alpha-IIb1001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0101
Adenosine receptor A30202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10404
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150303
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0303
Glutamate receptor 23003
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30404
Glycine receptor subunit beta0404
Substance-K receptor0202
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20404
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10303
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30404
Thromboxane-A synthase 0101
Adenosine receptor A2a0202
Adenosine receptor A10202
Mu-type opioid receptor0516
Delta-type opioid receptor0303
Kappa-type opioid receptor0505
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0303
Histamine H2 receptor4004
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma3003
Estrogen-related receptor gamma0011
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Inositol monophosphatase 13003
Aldehyde oxidase0101
TAR DNA-binding protein 433003
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase0101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 140202
Estrogen receptor beta1427
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20202
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 10202
Hsf1 protein0011
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 32002
Taste receptor type 2 member 380001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 32002
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0203
Cholinesterase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0202
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE3003
Chain A, Beta-lactamase2002
Chain A, PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR0101
Chain A, Cruzipain3003
Glucocorticoid receptor 0101
pregnane X receptor4004
SMAD family member 22002
SMAD family member 32002
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
hypothetical protein, conserved1001
EWS/FLI fusion protein2002
nonstructural protein 12002
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 21001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 22002
huntingtin isoform 22002
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor1001
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor1001
plasminogen precursor1001
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor1001
M-phase phosphoprotein 82002
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Progesterone receptor0215
Tegument protein VP160011
Glucocorticoid receptor0113
Glucocorticoid receptor0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 1215
Coagulation factor VII0101
Androgen receptor1214
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha0101
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0202
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase 0101
Tissue factor0202
Adenosine receptor A10011
Adenosine receptor A2a0011
Substance-P receptor0101
D(1A) dopamine receptor2002
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G2002
Progesterone receptor0011
Glucocorticoid receptor0101
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
DNA polymerase beta2002
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0202
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
endonuclease IV1001
arylsulfatase A2002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor1001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor1001
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
glucocerebrosidase1001
Snq2p0001
Spike glycoprotein0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Transmembrane protease serine 20112
Major prion protein0011
Procathepsin L0112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50202
Replicase polyprotein 1a0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Calmodulin-10101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Histamine H2 receptor0202
Trypanothione reductase0202
Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter of multiple drugs0102
Histamine H1 receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70101
Calmodulin 0011
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B0101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 0112
Chloroquine resistance transporter0101
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
aryl hydrocarbon receptor1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Bile salt export pump0404
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 0202
Albumin0123
NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase0101
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0202
Cytochrome P450 2B60011
Arylacetamide deacetylase0102
Caspase-10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A20101
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0202
Glutathione S-transferase omega-10101
DNA gyrase subunit B0101
DNA gyrase subunit A0101
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]0101
DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta0101
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0202
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0202
10 kDa chaperonin 0202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30203
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10203
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase1001
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 11001
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
Carbonic anhydrase 120101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Estrogen receptor0001
Carbonic anhydrase 40101
Carbonic anhydrase 60101
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Carbonic anhydrase 90101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 150101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
Carbonic anhydrase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
Cocaine esterase0101
Histone deacetylase 30202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Cytochrome P450 2A60101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60001
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A10101
Histone deacetylase 40202
Histone deacetylase 10202
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A10101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B70101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Histone deacetylase 70202
Histone deacetylase 20202
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100202
Histone deacetylase 11 0202
Histone deacetylase 80202
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial0101
Histone deacetylase 60202
Histone deacetylase 90202
Histone deacetylase 50202
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0101
D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]