cefotiam profile

Cefotiam is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. It is synthesized through a multi-step process starting with 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Cefotiam is often used to treat a variety of infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. It works by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, preventing bacteria from growing and multiplying. Cefotiam is often studied due to its effectiveness against multi-drug resistant organisms. It is a valuable therapeutic option for patients who are allergic to penicillin.'

Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	43708
CHEMBL ID	1296
CHEBI ID	355510
SCHEMBL ID	149538
SCHEMBL ID	11224134
MeSH ID	M0023572

Synonym
BRD-K02275692-003-03-4
(6r,7r)-7-{[(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetyl]amino}-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl}thio)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
61622-34-2
cefotiam
PRESTWICK2_000482
BSPBIO_000343
PRESTWICK3_000482
NCGC00179594-01
cefotiam (inn)
D07648
aspil (tn)
BPBIO1_000379
AB00514684
(6r,7r)-7-[2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-acetylamino]-3-[1-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-ylsulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
DB00229
CTM ,
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((2-amino-4-thiazolyl)acetyl)amino)-3-(((1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-, (6r-trans)-
cefotiamum [inn-latin]
cefotiam [inn:ban]
cgp 14221e
SPBIO_002264
PRESTWICK1_000482
PRESTWICK0_000482
j01dc07
CHEMBL1296
aspil
(6r,7r)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6r,7r)-7-{[(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetyl]amino}-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7beta-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
chebi:355510 ,
cefotiamum
unii-91w6z2n718
91w6z2n718 ,
SCHEMBL149538
cefotiam [who-dd]
cefotiam [inn]
cefotiam [jan]
cefotiam [mi]
J-700162
SCHEMBL11224134
7beta-(2-imino-4-thiazolin-4-yl)acetamido-3-{1-[2-(n,n-dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl}thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
QYQDKDWGWDOFFU-IUODEOHRSA-N
7beta-[ 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl) acetamido]-3-[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
DTXSID6022763
(6r,7r)-7-[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
C21544
SR-01000841230-2
bdbm50485561
(6r,7r)-7-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido)-3-((1-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-ylthio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Q3009984
cefotiam,(s)
5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid,7-[[(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[[1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]-8-oxo-,(6r,7r)-
gtpl12254
(6r,7r)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid,7-[[(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[[1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]-8-oxo-, (6r,7r)-
EN300-19766378
CS-0009630
HY-B0734

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cefotiam (CTM) is a new cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Cefotliam hexetil is a prodrug of cefotium available for oral administration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cefotiam (CTM) is a new cephem antibiotic which has potent activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. "	( [Study on penetration of cefotiam into the cerebrospinal fluid]. Fujiwara, M; Kitsugi, T; Kodama, Y; Sakata, K, 1984)	2.01
"Cefotiam is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. "	( [A clinical study of cefotiam in pediatric field (author's transl)]. Aoyama, R; Asuka, N; Izumi, Y; Kuronuma, T; Nagata, K, 1981)	2.02
"Cefotiam (CTM) is a new synthetic cephem antibiotic developed in Japan. "	( [Fundamental and clinical studies of cefotiam in the field of oral surgery]. Minami, Y; Morihana, T; Nagata, K; Nakao, K; Namba, R; Shimada, K; Taguchi, M; Tsushima, T; Tsutou, H; Ueda, K; Yamamoto, T, 1982)	1.98
"Cefotiam hexetil is a prodrug of cefotiam. "	( Cefotiam concentrations in the sinus fluid of patients with chronic sinusitis after administration of cefotiam hexetil. Brion, N; Chatelin, A; Cherrier, P; Le Gros, V; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, 1993)	3.17
"Cefotiam hexetil is a pro-drug of cefotiam available for oral administration. "	( Skin tissue fluid levels of cefotiam in healthy man following oral cefotiam hexetil. Grobecker, H; Kees, F; Korting, HC; Lukacs, A; Schäfer-Korting, M, 1990)	2.02
"Cefotiam (CTM) is a new cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. "	( [Augmentation by serrapeptase of tissue permeation by cefotiam]. Anno, H; Arai, T; Hirata, M; Katayama, T; Komatsu, H; Koyama, A; Mori, J; Murakami, K; Tokuda, H; Waku, M, 1986)	1.96

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"2%) patients in the former and latter groups respectively reporting adverse events."	( A double-blind randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of a 5-day course of cefotiam hexetil with that of a 10-day course of penicillin V in adult patients with pharyngitis caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Bingen, E; Carbon, C; Chatelin, A; Guetat, F; Orvain, J; Rio, Y; Zuck, P, 1995)	0.51
" Cephalosporins of the second generation in combination with metronidazole can, therefore, be considered effective and safe drugs in the prevention of postsurgical infections."	( [Efficacy and safety of two cephalosporins in the perioperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomies or gynaecological laparotomies: a prospective randomized study]. Bier, UW; Eickhoff, C; Hillger, H; Kienle, E; Preuss, MJ; Regidor, PA; Schindler, AE, 2000)	0.31
" Furthermore, the toxic effects of the two impurities of cefotiam hydrochloride were predicted and it is thought that they could be more toxic than cefotiam."	( Isolation, identification and in silico toxicity predictions of two isomers from cefotiam hydrochloride. Han, Y; Hu, CQ; Tian, Y; Wang, YN; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.95

Pharmacokinetics

No changes in elimination half-life relative to a normal population occurred with cefuroxime, cefotiam, and ampicillin. Simultaneous administration by the intravenous route does not alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of either compound.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In healthy subjects, the serum elimination half-life is about 1 hour."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of cefotiam. Blickle, JF; Brogard, JM; Jehl, F; Lamalle, AM; Monteil, H; Willemin, B, 1989)	0.57
"Examining blood level values and urinary concentrations taken from pregnant women during the third trimester and nonpregnant female volunteers, the pharmacokinetic dates of cefotiam (a second generation's cephalosporin) have been evaluated."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies of cefotiam in late pregnancy]. Bierwisch, I; Michels, W; Schröder, S; Spencker, FB; Voigt, R, )	0.62
"05) the area under the curve in tissue-cage fluid of ceftriaxone and cefotiam-treated animals, and the terminal half-life of ceftriaxone in their sera (3."	( Enhancement of the therapeutic effect of cephalosporins in experimental endocarditis by altering their pharmacokinetics with diclofenac. Brion, N; Carbon, C; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1988)	0.51
"To determine the influence of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic regimen on the antibacterial effect in vivo, we compared three cephalosporins, cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone, in a rabbit model of experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis after 4 days of treatment."	( Comparative efficacy of cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone in experimental endocarditis and correlation with pharmacokinetics and in vitro efficacy. Abel, L; Brion, N; Buré, A; Carbon, C; Contrepois, A; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1987)	0.77
"The pharmacokinetic analysis was enriched, during the last several years, with the method of statistical moment (MSM)--an alternative for the classical compartment approach, presumed as model-non-dependent."	( [Noncompartment (model-independent) pharmacokinetic analysis. 1. The method of statistical moments in evaluating the pharmacokinetic characteristics of cefotiam following its intravenous administration]. Terzinvanov, D, 1986)	0.47
" In 2 cases of 2 day-old neonates given CTM 20 mg/kg by 30-minute intravenous drip infusion, the mean peak concentration at the termination of the infusion was 25."	( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefotiam in mature neonates]. Nishimura, T; Tabuki, K; Takashima, T, 1986)	0.54
" At the same time, pharmacokinetic analysis was done to study the maternal fetal transfer."	( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefotiam in the perinatal period]. Chan, C; Hanabayashi, T; Hayasaki, M; Iida, M; Ito, K; Noda, K; Osugi, S; Ri, J; Takada, Y; Yamada, Y, 1986)	0.54
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of cephalosporin antibiotic, second generation after intravenous administration to patients during the early post-operative period was characterized as well as after cholecystectomy."	( [Pharmacokinetics of the cephalosporin antibiotic cefotiam following its intravenous administration to patients after cholecystectomy]. Gerova, Z; Terziivanov, D; Vlakhov, V, 1986)	0.52
" After intramuscular administration of 1 g of cefotiam to three healthy volunteers, a mean (+/- standard deviation) peak concentration of 16."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam in humans. Guibert, J; Lecaillon, JB; Modai, J; Rouan, MC; Schoeller, JP, 1985)	0.85
"05) between the half-life for biliary excretion and the volume of the biliary flow support that presumption."	( [Characterization of the pathways of cefotiam elimination by clearance approaches in patients following cholecystectomy]. Gerova, Z; Terziivanov, D; Vlakhov, V, 1985)	0.54
"Simultaneous administration by the intravenous route of 1 g of cefotiam and 1 g of cefsulodin does not alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of either compound."	( [Pharmacokinetic behavior of cefsulodin and cefotiam alone or in combination after intravenous injection of 1 gram]. Bryskier, A; Fourtillan, JB; Ingrand, I; Lefebvre, MA, 1984)	0.77
" The average values of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained after such administration to the control rabbits, with normal biliary excretion, expressed in accordance with a two-compartment open kinetic model were: alpha = 15."	( Influence of experimentally induced cholestasis on the pharmacokinetics of cefotiam. Alonso, IG; Dominguez-Gil, A; Mariño, EL, 1984)	0.5
" No significant differences were observed with respect to the terminal half-life (1 h) and the area under the curve versus the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam administered intravenously and intramuscularly to healthy adults. Brisson, AM; Bryskier, A; Fourtillan, JB; Millerioux, L, 1984)	0.59
" This bacteriological and pharmacokinetic study was therefore performed in order to evaluate the potency of cefmenoxime in the treatment of respiratory infections."	( Laboratory evaluation of cefmenoxime: a new cephalosporin. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities and pharmacokinetic properties. Harada, T; Matsumoto, K; Nagatake, T; Rikitomi, N; Uzuka, Y, 1983)	0.27
" The three beta-lactams were rapidly distributed into the different tissues and their pharmacokinetic profiles were found to be very similar."	( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin, sulbactam and cefotiam in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Dahmen, G; Göbel, C; Gotthardt, H; Gruber, H; Hille, E; Mallwitz, J; Pfaff, G; Wildfeuer, A, )	0.39
" No changes in elimination half-life relative to a normal population occurred with cefuroxime, cefotiam, and ampicillin."	( Pharmacokinetics of antibiotic prophylaxis in major orthopedic surgery and blood-saving techniques. Dehne, MG; Hempelmann, G; Mühling, J; Nopens, H; Sablotzki, A, 2001)	0.53
" The drug concentrations in plasma and PF were determined and analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Development of breakpoints of cephems for intraabdominal infections based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the peritoneal fluid of patients. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.35

Compound-Compound Interactions

The synergic activity of imipenem/cilastatin combined with cefotiam was studied in a mouse bacteraemia model.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"By using checkerboard titrations the effect of cefotiam combined with different beta-lactam antibiotics on fifty strains of Enterobacteriaceae moderately susceptible (minimal inhibiting concentration greater than or equal to 8 mg/l) or resistant (minimal inhibiting concentration greater than or equal to 64 mg/l) to cefotiam was evaluated."	( Activity of cefotiam in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics on enterobacterial hospital strains. Couvreur, ML; de Schepper, N; Hubrechts, JM; Kupperberg, E; Leger, J; Nulens, E; Nyssen, HJ; Vanhoof, R, 1990)	0.91
" Fifty-one patients were administered CTM in combination with aminoglycoside or (and) penicillin."	( [Clinical investigation of cefotiam in combination with aminoglycoside or (and) penicillin against complicated infections with hematopoietic disorders]. Kageyama, S; Kamio, N; Kataoka, Y; Katayama, N; Koh, T; Minami, N; Ono, T; Ota, C; Tanaka, I; Uno, N, 1984)	0.56
"The synergic activity of imipenem/cilastatin combined with cefotiam was studied in a mouse bacteraemia model."	( Synergic activity of imipenem/cilastatin combined with cefotiam against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asahi, Y; Goto, M; Inoue, M; Kaji, Y; Kimura, S; Matsuda, K; Nakagawa, S; Oka, S; Sanada, M; Shimada, K, 1993)	0.78

Bioavailability

Cefotiam is an orally active acyloxymethyl esters of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Following the oral dose, the bioavailability of cefotiam was 45."	( Skin tissue fluid levels of cefotiam in healthy man following oral cefotiam hexetil. Grobecker, H; Kees, F; Korting, HC; Lukacs, A; Schäfer-Korting, M, 1990)	0.83
"In a separate study on the orally active acyloxymethyl esters (1) of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) - 1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (cefotiam, CTM), we have shown, by quantitative structure-oral bioavailability (BA) relation analysis, that the R2 group in the acyl group R2CO must have both an adequate lipophilicity (Hansch's lipophilic parameter, pi) and steric hindrance (Taft's Es value)."	( Preparation of 1-acyloxyethyl esters of 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[[[1-(2-dimethylaminoe thy l)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]-methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (cefotiam) and their oral absorption in mice. Hamaguchi, N; Yashiki, T; Yoshimura, Y, 1986)	0.65
" The syntheses and oral bioavailability (BA) in mice are described."	( Orally active 1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)alkyl ester prodrugs of cefotiam. Hamaguchi, N; Hirai, S; Miyake, A; Nishimura, T; Numata, M; Takanohashi, K; Yamaoka, M; Yashiki, T; Yoshimura, Y, 1987)	0.51

Dosage Studied

The standard dosing regimen for cefotiam resulted in extremely low plasma concentrations in children. Such low concentrations may lead to antimicrobial drug resistance. The highest SBA-titers against Haemophilus influenzae were achieved at a dosage of 2 g.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Because the serum levels were yet effective and nearly equal 6 hours after intravenous injection we state that it is not necessary to change the dosage and the application interval of cefotiam during pregnancy."	( [Pharmacokinetic studies of cefotiam in late pregnancy]. Bierwisch, I; Michels, W; Schröder, S; Spencker, FB; Voigt, R, )	0.62
" However, appropriate dosage regimens in this group of patients have not been fully known for many antibiotics."	( Cefotiam disposition in markedly obese athlete patients, Japanese sumo wrestlers. Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Kato, J; Kawa, Z; Ochi, K; Tsuchiya, M, 1989)	1.72
"In continuation of our clinical observations on perioperative prophylaxis by application of Halospor and Gentamicin the dosage of Halospor has been reduced to 2 grams once only."	( [Once again: the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section]. Bellée, H; Fiedler, FB; Link, M, 1988)	0.27
" They also demonstrate that, provided that the dose is sufficient, a long-acting broad-spectrum cephalosporin may be effective in severe gram-negative infections, even when given at relatively long dosing intervals, in contrast with a rapidly cleared drug with the same intrinsic activity."	( Comparative efficacy of cefotiam, cefmenoxime, and ceftriaxone in experimental endocarditis and correlation with pharmacokinetics and in vitro efficacy. Abel, L; Brion, N; Buré, A; Carbon, C; Contrepois, A; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1987)	0.58
" A crossover analysis of concentrations of CMX in bile of patients given doses of 1 g and 2 g revealed a dose-response relationship."	( [Clinical studies on the transference of cephem-type antibiotics into bile and gallbladder tissues with special reference to cefotiam and cefmenoxime]. Aeba, S; Hasegawa, S; Iijima, K; Kusaba, T; Matsumoto, H; Mishima, T; Okano, A; Shiozaki, H; Totsuka, S; Usui, R, 1986)	0.48
" A dose-response relationship was observed."	( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefotiam in mature neonates]. Nishimura, T; Tabuki, K; Takashima, T, 1986)	0.54
" The antibiotic dosage was calculated so that the serum level remained constant for a given period of time."	( [Intraocular penetration of systemically administered cephalosporins under steady-state conditions in animal experiments]. Mendel, N; Mester, U; Völker, B, 1985)	0.27
" The recommended dosage regimens (i."	( Clinical evaluation of cefotiam and cefamandole in respiratory tract infections. Beumer, HM; Kahn, M; Olislagers, WP; van Hamersveld, JD, 1985)	0.58
" The dosage schedule for cefotiam in patients with normal renal function can be used in the presence of renal failure when the creatinine clearance is equal to or greater than 1 l/h (16."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment of cefotiam in renal impaired patients. Bammatter, F; Binswanger, U; Guibert, J; Rouan, MC; Schoeller, JP; Theobald, W, 1984)	0.84
" Thus, the chosen dosage regimens considered apt for gonorrhea led to high initial as well as long-standing drug levels."	( Plasma and skin blister fluid levels of cefotiam and cefmenoxime after single intramuscular application of 1 g in gonorrhea. Korting, HC, 1984)	0.54
" These results suggest that the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs are not modified by their simultaneous administration and that the dosing schedule previously proposed for administration of the two cephalosporins alone in the presence of renal insufficiency can be applied without modification when they are given together."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam and cefsulodin after simultaneous administration to patients with impaired renal function. Binswanger, U; Guibert, J; Lecaillon, JB; Rouan, MC; Schoeller, JP, 1984)	0.59
" Over the above dosing range and routes of administration, cefotiam pharmacokinetics were essentially linear, with plasma clearances varying from 19."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam administered intravenously and intramuscularly to healthy adults. Brisson, AM; Bryskier, A; Fourtillan, JB; Millerioux, L, 1984)	0.83
" We give recommendations for dosage adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam in patients with impaired renal function and in those undergoing hemodialysis. Konishi, K; Ozawa, Y, 1984)	0.59
" We conclude that the percent penetration of CTM into CSF increases in the presence of the inflamed meninges and that prophylactic dosage of CTM for postoperative meningitis will be intravenous administration of 2 g of CTM in adults."	( [Penetration of cefotiam dihydrochloride into cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. Furuno, M; Kojima, T; Morikawa, A; Okada, M; Shimizu, T; Waga, S, 1982)	0.61
" Cefotiam was given intramuscularly in monotherapy, at the daily dosage of 1 and 2 g in two injections during 7 to 28 days."	( [Clinical evaluation of cefotiam in adults urinary tract infections (author's transl)]. Coppens, H; Guibert, J; Yvelin, C, 1982)	1.48
" All of these changes disappeared within a few days after the dosing period."	( Nephrotoxicity of cefotiam in rats. Chiba, S; Miyajima, H; Nakai, Y; Suhara, I; Takano, K; Yamazaki, M, )	0.47
"The efficacies of several dosage schedules, productive of plasma levels of cefotiam and cefazolin of short and long duration and starting at three levels of cefotiam and cefazolin of short and long duration and starting at three different times (3, 18, and 30h) after infection, were examined in experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S in mice."	( Therapeutic effects of cefotiam and cefazolin on experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S in mice. Nishi, T; Tsuchiya, K, 1980)	0.8
" In this study, we tested cefotiam, a member of this group of antibiotics, for its suitability in this indication, and determined the intraperitoneal dosage needed to achieve effective serum levels."	( [Transperitoneal resorption of cefotiam in CAPD patients with and without peritonitis]. Koblinger, S; Thomae, U, 1994)	0.87
" These results indicate that the timing of dosing of each antibiotic influences synergy, and administration of cefotiam 2 h after imipenem is more effective than the other regimens."	( Synergic activity of imipenem/cilastatin combined with cefotiam against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asahi, Y; Goto, M; Inoue, M; Kaji, Y; Kimura, S; Matsuda, K; Nakagawa, S; Oka, S; Sanada, M; Shimada, K, 1993)	0.74
"Reductions of frequency of administration and dosage of antibiotic agents used in colorectal surgery may lower costs and the occurrence of adverse side effects."	( Low-dose, single-shot perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Peiper, C; Schumpelick, V; Seelig, M; Treutner, KH, )	0.13
" Cefotiam as a low dosage combined with metronidazole was as effective as cefoxitin."	( [Efficacy and safety of two cephalosporins in the perioperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomies or gynaecological laparotomies: a prospective randomized study]. Bier, UW; Eickhoff, C; Hillger, H; Kienle, E; Preuss, MJ; Regidor, PA; Schindler, AE, 2000)	1.22
" Changes in circulating retinol with time for chronic dosing showed drug treatment (P<0."	( Flupenthixol and cefotiam: effects on vitamin A metabolism in rats. Fielenbach, T; Rave, G; Schindler, R, 2004)	0.66
"Intraoperative repeated antimicrobial dosing is therefore recommended to prevent the surgical wound infection for prolonged colorectal surgery."	( The significance of the intraoperative repeated dosing of antimicrobials for preventing surgical wound infection in colorectal surgery. Fukushima, Y; Hiraoka, N; Morimoto, T; Morita, S; Nishisho, I; Nomura, T; Shibata, N, 2005)	0.33
" These results should help us to understand better the peritoneal pharmacokinetics of cefotiam while also helping us to choose the appropriate dosage for intra-abdominal infections."	( Penetration and exposure of cefotiam into the peritoneal fluid of abdominal surgery patients after intravenous administration. Fukuhara, K; Hayato, S; Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Soga, Y; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.86
" The bacteriostatic and bactericidal breakpoints were determined as the highest MIC values at which the bacteriostatic and bactericidal probabilities in PF were > or =80%, which values varied with drug and dosing regimen."	( Development of breakpoints of cephems for intraabdominal infections based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the peritoneal fluid of patients. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.35
" The present study was conducted to evaluate whether the standard cefotiam dosing regimen resulted in a subtherapeutic concentrations in children."	( Cefotiam Treatment in Children: Evidence of Subtherapeutic Levels. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jiang, YF; Kan, M; Shi, HY; Su, LQ; Wu, L; Wu, YE; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y; Zhou, XW, 2020)	2.24
"Data were prospectively collected from pediatric patients with suspected or confirmed community-acquired pneumonia who were receiving cefotiam at the standard dosing regimen (40-80 mg/kg, 2 or 3 times daily)."	( Cefotiam Treatment in Children: Evidence of Subtherapeutic Levels. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jiang, YF; Kan, M; Shi, HY; Su, LQ; Wu, L; Wu, YE; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y; Zhou, XW, 2020)	2.2
"The standard dosing regimen for cefotiam resulted in extremely low plasma concentrations in children; such low concentrations may lead to antimicrobial drug resistance."	( Cefotiam Treatment in Children: Evidence of Subtherapeutic Levels. Hao, GX; Huang, X; Jiang, YF; Kan, M; Shi, HY; Su, LQ; Wu, L; Wu, YE; Zhao, W; Zheng, Y; Zhou, XW, 2020)	2.28

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
antibacterial drug	A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
cephalosporin	A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
semisynthetic derivative	Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen	Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	718.0000	0.5000	0.5000	0.5000	AID680340
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID535643	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype III N3 by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID559859	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae clinical isolates by agar dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Capsular type and antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from patients, ranging from newborns to the elderly, with invasive infections.
AID535633	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype Ia R7 harboring T77I, F395V and S353F in PBP 2X; V80A and G613R in PBP 2B; and L45P, N163K, N723S and Y470F in PBP 1A by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID535637	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype Ib R3 harboring Q557E, A400V mutations in PBP 2X and T567I, G539E mutations in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID543413	Antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei UIH-1 expressing beta-lactamase CTX-M-64 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID535635	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI R5 harboring F395L, V405A, R433H, H438Y, and G648A mutations in PBP 2X and T567I mutation in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID43737	Beta-lactamase inhibitory activity against penicillinase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. TN1698	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis and biological activities of the Z isomers of carbapenem antibiotics.
AID535647	Antimicrobial activity against Group B Streptococcus serotype V 2603 V/R harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID535642	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI N4 harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID535632	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus R8 harboring T77I, S353F and A514V in PBP 2X; V80A and G613R in PBP 2B; and L45P, N163K, N723S and G527V in PBP 1A by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID535644	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype Ib N2 harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID543417	Antimicrobial activity against rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli X1037 transconjugant by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID535640	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype Ib C2 harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID535645	Antimicrobial activity against Group B Streptococcus serotype Ia N1 harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID535639	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI R1 harboring F395L, V405A, R433H, H438Y, and G648A mutations in PBP 2X and T567I mutation in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID535636	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI R4 harboring Q557E mutation in PBP 2X and T567I, Y262N mutations in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID543429	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue harboring plasmid CL1920 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID543421	Antimicrobial activity against rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli X1037 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID535641	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype V C1 harboring E63K mutation in PBP 2A and L41S mutation in PBP 1B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID543425	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue transconjugant harboring beta-lactamase CTX-M-64 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID113536	In vivo protective effect in mice infected with Proteus vulgaris GN4815 at (dose mg/kg) administered sc	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis and biological activities of the Z isomers of carbapenem antibiotics.
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID679146	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, , Volume: 17, Issue:2	Rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1 mediates transport of urinary-excreted cephalosporins, but not of biliary-excreted cefoperazone.
AID535634	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI R6 harboring F395L, V405A, R433H, H438Y, A374V and G648A mutations in PBP 2X and T567I mutation in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID535646	Antimicrobial activity against Group B Streptococcus serotype III NEM 316 by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID197862	Beta-lactamase inhibitory activity against penicillinase of Staphylococcus aureus 1840	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Synthesis and biological activities of the Z isomers of carbapenem antibiotics.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID535638	Antimicrobial activity against Group B streptococcus serotype VI R2 harboring F395L, V405A, R433H, H438Y, and G648A mutations in PBP 2X and T567I mutation in PBP 2B by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 52, Issue:12	Genetic heterogeneity in pbp genes among clinically isolated group B Streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID680340	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, , Volume: 17, Issue:2	Rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1 mediates transport of urinary-excreted cephalosporins, but not of biliary-excreted cefoperazone.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	255 (62.35)	18.7374
1990's	89 (21.76)	18.2507
2000's	44 (10.76)	29.6817
2010's	14 (3.42)	24.3611
2020's	7 (1.71)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	51 (12.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	8 (1.88%)	6.00%
Case Studies	52 (12.24%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	314 (73.88%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Trial	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Efficiency and Safety of Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics in Endoscopic Injection of Tissue Adhesive in Gastric Varices: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02693951]	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics in Endoscopic Injection of Tissue Adhesive in Gastric Varices: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03045783]	912 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.37	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.03	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.68	3	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	4.61	3	2
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.96	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	6.42	12	4	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	9.47	5	1
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	6.96	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.96	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.39	2	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.37	1	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	11.28	14	3
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.04	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.81	6	4	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	3.37	1	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.36	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.77	11	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	1.96	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	6.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	5.53	9	2	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.36	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	3.36	7	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.68	3	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	6.42	16	3	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.39	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	8.37	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.36	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	6.97	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.03	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.38	7	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	7.66	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	6.96	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	7.02	1	0	thioxanthenes
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	1.96	1	0
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	9.33	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	7.37	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	8.27	35	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.24	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	1.96	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.65	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	3.07	5	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	4.33	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.66	3	0	penicillin
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	7.42	22	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ceforanide ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.	3.97	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.46	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.49	8	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	7.74	22	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	5.41	8	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.06	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	7.67	3	0
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	1.96	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	11.19	79	9	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
ritipenem ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	4.34	2	2
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	3.51	8	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	3.08	5	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
cefminox cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.	1.96	1	0	cephamycin; tetrazoles
cefazedone cefazedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cefazedone : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and [(3,5-dichloro-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamido side-groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.06	1	0	4-pyridones; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.71	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	1.95	1	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.43	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	4.79	10	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cefotiam hexetil cefotiam hexetil: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta))-isomer. cefotiam hexetil ester : The 1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl ester of cefotiam. It is used as its dihydrochloride salt as a prodrug for cefotiam.	7.82	11	6	carboxylic ester	prodrug
cefbuperazone cefbuperazone: RN given refers to parent cpd(6R-(6alpha,7alpha,7(2R,3S)))-isomer; structure. cefbuperazone : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and {N-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-D-threonyl}amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7beta respectively.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin; peptide
sulbactam [no description available]	9.64	3	2	penicillanic acids
carbapenems [no description available]	4.63	3	2
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	4.36	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.45	2	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	7.37	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
rosoxacin rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.	6.96	1	0	pyridines; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.4	2	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.77	2	1
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.74	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	10.42	8	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.65	3	0
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	4.35	2	2	penicillanic acid ester
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.02	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.99	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	9.76	7	1
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	5.58	6	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	7.23	10	2	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	3.36	7	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.66	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	6.13	25	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
1-n-methyl-5-thiotetrazole 1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole: side chain of several new antibiotics associated with development of hypoprothrombinemia	1.99	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	1.96	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isepamicin [no description available]	3.78	2	1
bilirubin [no description available]	7.38	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.4	2	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	1.99	1	0
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.01	1	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
cefroxadine cefroxadine: orally active, broad spectrum cephalosporin. cefroxadine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methoxy and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.75	3	0	cephalosporin
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	7.37	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefixime [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	1.98	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
ceftriaxone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.73	3	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.4	2	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
ceftazidime [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	2.38	2	0	cephalosporin
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	12.5	246	11	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefpodoxime [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefuzonam cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.	4.61	6	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefmatilen cefmatilen: structure in first source	2	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	7.67	3	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	2.05	1	0
cefditoren pivoxil [no description available]	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephams; oxime O-ether; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	antibacterial drug; prodrug
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	1.97	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
cefclidin cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	4.32	2	2	monobactam	antibacterial drug
cefdinir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	6.75	19	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefozopran [no description available]	2.45	2	0	cephalosporin; imidazopyridazine; thiadiazoles
desacetylcefotaxime desacetylcefotaxime: RN given refers to parent cpd (6R-(6alpha,7alpha(Z)))-isomer	8.75	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
osteum [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	7.24	12	3
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.42	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.75	7	1
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	1.96	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.88	4	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
eye [no description available]	3.07	5	0
dactinomycin cefozopran: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/91. cefozopran : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.44	2	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	3.33	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	3.33	4	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	10.35	94	12
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	1	12.35	94	12
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	7.71	3	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	2.31	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Hives [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	4.02	5	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	4.85	4	2
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	3.59	1	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	4.64	3	2
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	3.59	1	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	3.59	1	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	4.64	3	2
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	3.59	1	1
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	4.06	3	1
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	9.86	45	15
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	8.72	26	8
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	3.59	3	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	8.72	26	8
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	3.43	1	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	2.05	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	3.38	7	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	2.4	2	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	7.89	4	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	2.05	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	4.02	5	0
Acne [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Pus [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Angiogranuloma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	2.05	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	2.42	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	2.69	3	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.	0	2.07	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	2.07	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	0	2.07	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	0	2.01	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	4.86	8	1
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	4.97	9	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	4.86	8	1
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	2.01	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	9.64	3	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	2.01	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	4.64	3	2
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	3.35	7	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	2.02	1	0
Bites [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Compound Depressed Skull Fracture [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.02	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	8.79	2	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	2.02	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	0	1.97	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	3.77	2	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	0	4.05	3	1
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	8.77	2	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	4.45	5	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	6.21	13	3
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	6.21	13	3
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	8.46	23	7
Edema, Laryngeal [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Laryngeal Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.	0	2.04	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	2.04	1	0
Malacoplakia The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.	0	2.04	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	4.61	6	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	3.49	8	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	3.49	8	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.04	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	2.04	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Ache [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.39	2	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	0	2.4	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	2.04	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	2.04	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	7.89	4	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.49	16	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.87	4	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.36	2	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.49	16	1
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	1.96	1	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.37	2	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	1.96	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	4.74	7	1
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	4.74	7	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	2.88	4	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	2.38	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.88	4	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	6.96	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	2.87	4	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.76	2	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.65	3	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	3.66	10	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	9.96	9	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	5.61	18	1
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	4.45	5	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	4.45	5	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	1.96	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	1.96	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	4.05	3	1
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	1.96	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2.65	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	4.05	3	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.66	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	4.04	3	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	4.27	4	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	4.04	3	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	4.27	4	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	2.37	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	0	1.96	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Neuroses [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	4.05	3	1
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	0	3.35	1	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	3.35	1	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	1.96	1	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	0	1.96	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	2.66	3	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	0	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	5.02	5	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	5.02	5	2
Cyst [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	0	1.96	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	1.96	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	1.96	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	0	3.35	1	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	4.34	2	2
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	0	3.37	1	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	4.34	2	2
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	3.37	1	1
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	0	3.37	1	1
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	0	1.98	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	0	3.35	7	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	0	1.98	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	2.66	3	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	0	3.82	4	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.68	3	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	1.98	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	0	4.33	2	2
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	0	4.33	2	2
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	2.66	3	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.9	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.9	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	1.99	1	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	0	1.99	1	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	0	1.99	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	0	1.99	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	3.38	1	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	1.99	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	2	1	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.4	2	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	0	2	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	2	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	2	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	7	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	1.98	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Conductive Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	1.97	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	1.97	1	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	0	1.97	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	1.97	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	0	3.36	1	1
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	8.36	1	1
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	0	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	3.36	1	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	1.97	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	2.38	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	6.97	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	1.97	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	0	1.97	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	0	1.97	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	1.97	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	0	1.97	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	4.32	2	2
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	0	3.36	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	0	3.36	1	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	3.36	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	3.36	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.89	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	1.97	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	1.97	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	3.35	1	1
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	2.37	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	1.97	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	3.35	1	1
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	1.96	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	1.96	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	0	1.96	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	2.37	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	1.96	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	1.96	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	1.96	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	1.96	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	1.96	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	1.96	1	0

cefotiam

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (58)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Bioassays (47)

Research

Studies (409)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.11

Study Types

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

cefotiam

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (58)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Bioassays (47)

Research

Studies (409)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.11

Study Types

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (143)

Related Conditions (323)