notoginsenoside r1 profile

notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Panax	genus	An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).[MeSH]	Araliaceae	The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).[MeSH]
Panax notoginseng	species	A plant species of the genus PANAX. It contains damarane-type tetracyclic TRITERPENES. The common names of Sanchi or Tienchi are also used for Panax pseudoginseng which is distinguished in containing oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids.[MeSH]	Araliaceae	The ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	441934
CHEMBL ID	507115
CHEBI ID	77149
MeSH ID	M0197347

Synonym
(-)-pseudolaric acid b
z62692362z ,
hsdb 8111
o-acetylseudolaric acid c
unii-z62692362z
beta-d-glucopyranoside, (3beta,6alpha,12beta)-20-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl 2-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-
80418-24-2
C08961
notoginsenoside r1
notoginsenoside r 1
notoginsenoside-r1
CHEMBL507115 ,
chebi:77149 ,
S3785
AKOS025311471
CS-4167
(3beta,6alpha,12beta)-20-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl 2-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
(20s)-ginsenoside r1
Q-100835
sanchinoside r1
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, (3.beta.,6.alpha.,12.beta.)-20-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl 2-o-.beta.-d-xylopyranosyl-
notoginsenoside r1 (constituent of american ginseng, asian ginseng, and tienchi ginseng) [dsc]
sanqi glucoside r1
HY-N0615
mfcd00210535
notoginsenoside r1, analytical standard
notoginsenoside r1 (constituent of american ginseng, asian ginseng, and tienchi ginseng)
notoginsenoside r1, >=98% (hplc)
BS-17596
Q27105065
sanchinoside r1;sanqi glucoside r1
b-d-glucopyranoside,(3b,6a,12b)-20-(b-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl 2-o-b-d-xylopyranosyl-
CCG-270581
notoginsenosider1
AC-34698
DTXSID101036451

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Notoginsenoside R1 is an effective saponin isolated from the roots of"	( Notoginsenoside R1, An Active Compound from Cao, S; Gong, X; Li, K; Shan, L; Wu, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)	2.89
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a primary bioactive natural compound that regulates various biological activities, including cardiovascular protection, neuro-protection, and anti-cancer effects."	( Notoginsenoside R1 Promotes Migration, Adhesin, Spreading, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Jaspers, RT; Lan, H; Pathak, JL; Wang, H; Wei, N; Wu, G; Wu, L; Yan, Y; Zheng, Z, 2022)	2.89
"Notoginsenoside R1 is a novel phytoestrogen with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties."	( Notoginsenoside R1 protects against hypobaric hypoxia-induced high-altitude pulmonary edema by inhibiting apoptosis via ERK1/2-P90rsk-BAD ignaling pathway. He, Y; Huang, D; Jia, N; Li, S; Pei, C; Shen, Z; Shi, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Zhao, S, 2023)	3.07
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) is a compound isolated from the roots of Panax notoginseng; it has powerful ROS-scavenging activities."	( Notoginsenoside R1 protects boar sperm during liquid storage at 17°C. Feng, T; Hu, J; Liu, Q; Niu, T; Ren, F; Xiao, J; Xu, G; Yuan, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) is a neuroprotective drug that is commonly used to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases."	( Anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury effects of notoginsenoside R1 on small molecule metabolism in rat brain after ischemic stroke as visualized by MALDI-MS imaging. Pu, XP; Sun, GB; Sun, XB; Tian, F; Wang, L; Zhao, X; Zhu, T, 2020)	1.54
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a proverbial active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng (PN) and possess undeniable roles in several cancers."	( Notoginsenoside R1 counteracts mesenchymal stem cell-evoked oncogenesis and doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma cells by blocking IL-6 secretion-induced JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Lu, L; Lu, M; Lu, X; Shi, Y; Tang, Y; Xie, K, 2021)	2.79
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a predominant phytoestrogen extracted from Panax notoginseng that has recently been reported to play important roles in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction, diabetic kidney disease, and acute liver failure. "	( Protective Effects of Notoginsenoside R1 via Regulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR/JNK Pathway in Neonatal Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Chen, D; Li, Y; Shen, J; Tu, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xiang, P, 2018)	2.24
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel saponin that is derived from Panax notoginseng and has reported cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Notoginsenoside R1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and neointimal hyperplasia through PI3K/Akt signaling. Fang, H; Feng, Y; Liu, R; Luo, Y; Rao, Y; Yang, S; Yu, J; Zhang, C, 2018)	2.64
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) is a major component of Panax notoginseng, which has been used clinically for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy for centuries in China. "	( Notoginsenoside R1 protects oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury by upregulation of miR-21 in cardiomyocytes. Cao, H; Hou, G; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Yang, B; Zhao, Y, 2019)	3.4
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a neoteric phytoestrogen extracted from Panax notoginseng, and possesses comprehensive pharmacological functions in multitudinous ailments. "	( Notoginsenoside R1 protects WI-38 cells against lipopolysaccharide-triggered injury via adjusting the miR-181a/TLR4 axis. Li, Y; Qian, D; Shao, X; Sun, X, 2019)	3.4
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel phytoestrogen that is isolated from Panax notoginseng. "	( Suppression of NADPH oxidase- and mitochondrion-derived superoxide by Notoginsenoside R1 protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Akt/Nrf2 pathways. Meng, X; Sun, G; Sun, X; Wang, M; Wang, X; Xu, H; Ye, J, 2014)	2.08
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel saponin isolated from P."	( Cardioprotective effects of Notoginsenoside R1 against ischemia/reperfusion injuries by regulating oxidative stress- and endoplasmic reticulum stress- related signaling pathways. Ai, Q; Chen, R; Luo, Y; Sun, G; Sun, X; Wang, M; Xing, N; Yu, Y; Zhang, J, 2016)	1.45
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a phytoestrogen that is isolated from Panax notoginseng It is used in China to treat many diseases, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and it has been shown to target estrogen receptors. "	( Notoginsenoside R1 Protects against Neonatal Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury through Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways. Chen, D; Li, Y; Tu, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y, 2016)	3.32

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) has been involved in the modulation of antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory response."	( Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and inflammation via activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway. Bao, Z; Chen, Y; Huang, Z; Luo, H; Zhou, M, 2022)	2.89

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Notoginsenoside R1 treatment significantly reduced BBB leakage and cerebral infarction volume, weakened neurological deficits in post-stroke rats. "	( Notoginsenoside R1 intervenes degradation and redistribution of tight junctions to ameliorate blood-brain barrier permeability by Caveolin-1/MMP2/9 pathway after acute ischemic stroke. Han, Y; Li, P; Li, Y; Liu, B; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Notoginsenoside R1 treatment attenuates BBB permeability, cerebral infarction volume and neurological impairments in rats with acute cerebral ischemia. "	( Notoginsenoside R1 intervenes degradation and redistribution of tight junctions to ameliorate blood-brain barrier permeability by Caveolin-1/MMP2/9 pathway after acute ischemic stroke. Han, Y; Li, P; Li, Y; Liu, B; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)	3.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The concentrations of Rb1, Rg1 and R1 were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and statistic program DAS was applied to the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple effective components contained in Panax notoginseng saponins after intratympanic administration]. Chen, G; Hou, S; Mu, L; Nan, H; Zhang, X, 2011)	0.37
" However, the pharmacokinetic parameters showed significant differences between the three components."	( [In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple effective components contained in Panax notoginseng saponins after intratympanic administration]. Chen, G; Hou, S; Mu, L; Nan, H; Zhang, X, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental methods."	( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration. Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)	0.4
" The values of Cmax and AUC(0-t) after IT were significantly higher than IV."	( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration. Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)	0.4
" Co-administration of Danshen and Sanqi could cause significant pharmacokinetic herb-herb interactions in guinea pigs."	( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration. Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)	0.4
"To establish an HPLC-UV method for determining pharmacokinetic difference of notoginsenoside R1 between normal rats and ischemic rats."	( [In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Notoginsenoside R1 in Ischemia Rats After Acute Myocardial Infarction]. Deng, ZJ; Guo, JW; Li, AR; Li, LM; Liu, RX; Qi, YQ; Ren, B, 2015)	0.94
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Xuesaitong dispersible tablets in eight rats."	( Simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Dai, G; Jiang, Z; Ju, W; Li, C; Liu, S; Zhang, Q; Zhu, L; Zong, Y, 2016)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic studies of FXT and PN were performed using the established method with the pharmacokinetic parameters being determined by non-compartmental analysis."	( Effect of compatible herbs on the pharmacokinetics of effective components of Panax notoginseng in Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule. Huang, JM; Li, MY; Ma, CH; Pang, HH; Tang, MK; Wang, Y, )	0.13
" The analytical method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the multi-components after oral administration of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of ten bioactive constituents of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Hu, JH; Huang, W; Li, D; Li, J; Pan, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W, 2017)	0.46
"LC-MS/MS method was established to analyze five ingredients, notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), ginsenoside Re (Re), and ginsenoside Rd (Rd), in rats' plasma to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of PNS."	( Pharmacokinetics of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Adhesive and Normal Preparation of Fufang Danshen. Bai, J; Chen, XN; Du, SY; Li, DQ; Li, PY; Lu, Y; Tian, ZH; Wu, YL; Yu, GY; Zeng, YY; Zhao, MD, 2018)	0.72
"The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different after oral administration three formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Adhesive and Normal Preparation of Fufang Danshen. Bai, J; Chen, XN; Du, SY; Li, DQ; Li, PY; Lu, Y; Tian, ZH; Wu, YL; Yu, GY; Zeng, YY; Zhao, MD, 2018)	0.48
" Furthermore, the method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of these seven components in rat serum after oral administration of NDS."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of seven components of Naodesheng in rat serum after oral administration and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Kang, J; Liang, S; Luo, L; Qi, Y; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Overall, these findings suggest that SLI combined with XST (1X1S) has protective effects on co-culture of endothelial cells and pericytes after OGD/R."	( Effects of salvianolate lyophilized injection combined with Xueshuantong injection in regulation of BBB function in a co-culture model of endothelial cells and pericytes. Chai, LJ; Guo, H; Hu, LM; Jia, ZZ; Li, RL; Wang, JX; Wang, SX; Yuan, Q, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In our preliminary study, notoginsenoside R₁ was able significantly to improve the bioavailability of geniposide in beagle dogs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."	( The effects of notoginsenoside R₁ on the intestinal absorption of geniposide by the everted rat gut sac model. Chula, S; Hang, L; Jianning, S; Shi, R; Yinying, B, 2012)	0.38
"The method is simple, accurate and had high specificity and sensitivity, that could be applied in quantitative determination of notoginsenoside R1 and research of pharmacokinetics; the relative bioavailability of notoginsenoside R1 is increased significantly in AMI group,which indicates that notoginsenoside R1 has better effect in model rat."	( [In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Notoginsenoside R1 in Ischemia Rats After Acute Myocardial Infarction]. Deng, ZJ; Guo, JW; Li, AR; Li, LM; Liu, RX; Qi, YQ; Ren, B, 2015)	0.91
" The application is restricted by low bioavailability partly due to Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) instability and low in vivo absorption."	( Pharmacokinetics of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Adhesive and Normal Preparation of Fufang Danshen. Bai, J; Chen, XN; Du, SY; Li, DQ; Li, PY; Lu, Y; Tian, ZH; Wu, YL; Yu, GY; Zeng, YY; Zhao, MD, 2018)	0.48
"It was found that the modification with adhesive materials improved PNS bioavailability in Fufang Danshen formula."	( Pharmacokinetics of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Adhesive and Normal Preparation of Fufang Danshen. Bai, J; Chen, XN; Du, SY; Li, DQ; Li, PY; Lu, Y; Tian, ZH; Wu, YL; Yu, GY; Zeng, YY; Zhao, MD, 2018)	0.48
"The chief objective of this research was to appraise liposomes embodying a bile salt, sodium glycocholate (SGC), as oral nanoscale drug delivery system to strengthen the bioavailability of a water-soluble and weakly penetrable pharmaceutical, notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1)."	( Improved oral bioavailability of notoginsenoside R1 with sodium glycocholate-mediated liposomes: Preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Fan, Q; Feng, N; Hou, X; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhang, K; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.94

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" When examining the proliferation of and ALP activity in the pre-osteoblasts, a bell-shaped dose-response pattern was observed when the cells were treated with various concentrations of NGR1, with a peak being observed at the concentration of 50 µg/ml."	( Notoginsenoside R1 significantly promotes in vitro osteoblastogenesis. Chen, J; Guo, J; Li, Y; Lin, Z; Liu, Y; Lv, H; Wu, G; Xu, G; Xu, T, 2016)	1.88
" BLIN stimulated total anti-DHAV-1 antibody secretion in ducklings at the dosage of 4 mg per duckling, but did not stimulate IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion significantly."	( Anti-DHAV-1 reproduction and immuno-regulatory effects of a flavonoid prescription on duck virus hepatitis. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Liu, J; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, J; Yao, F; Zeng, L, 2017)	0.46

Role	Description
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
neuroprotective agent	Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
apoptosis inducer	Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
phytoestrogen	Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
beta-D-glucoside	Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
12beta-hydroxy steroid
3beta-hydroxy steroid	A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the beta-position.
disaccharide derivative	A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.
ginsenoside	Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.
tetracyclic triterpenoid	Any triterpenoid consisting of a tetracyclic skeleton.
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid	Any 3beta-hydroxy steroid which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 4.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID337107	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/LPS-induced liver injury in ddY mouse assessed as inhibition of serum alanine transaminase level at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr before D-galactosamine/LPS challenge by Reitman-Frankel method	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Structures of new dammarane-type Triterpene Saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng Saponins.
AID337110	Hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine/LPS-induced liver injury in ddY mouse assessed as inhibition of serum aspartate transaminase level at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr before D-galactosamine/LPS challenge by Reitman-Frankel method	2003	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 66, Issue:7	Structures of new dammarane-type Triterpene Saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng Saponins.
AID397814	Induction of neurite outgrowth in human SK-N-SH cells at 100 uM after 5 days relative to control	2002	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 65, Issue:9	Dammarane-type Saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK-N-SH cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	5 (2.96)	18.2507
2000's	29 (17.16)	29.6817
2010's	86 (50.89)	24.3611
2020's	49 (28.99)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (0.57%)	5.53%
Reviews	6 (3.45%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	167 (95.98%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	7.15	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.11	1	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.07	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.03	1	organic cation
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	7.41	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.05	1	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.41	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.05	1	lactose
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
acrylamide [no description available]	7.25	1	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.31	1
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.15	1	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.08	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.17	1	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.87	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.03	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.08	1	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.11	1	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.15	1	titanium group element atom
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	1.98	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
alkenes [no description available]	2.17	1
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
baicalin [no description available]	2.86	3	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.02	1	phenanthroline
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.05	1	anthocyanidin chloride
dracorhodin dracorhodin: no other info available 8/89	7.08	1
geniposide [no description available]	7.07	1	terpene glycoside
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.48	2	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.17	1	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carboxypolymethylene carbomer: high molecular polyanionic substance	2.05	1
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.52	2
verticine verticine: structure	2.15	1	alkaloid
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.41	1	D-xylose
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.05	1	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
peiminine peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.15	1	alkaloid
loureirin b loureirin B: component of dragon's blood resin	2.15	1
araloside a chikusetsusaponin IV: an alpha-glucosidase ligand; isolated from Panax japonicus; structure in first source	2.11	1
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.87	3
wortmannin [no description available]	2.03	1	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
ginsenoside re [no description available]	4.07	14	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	6.57	35	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.98	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.1	1	aromatic amide
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.07	1
glycosides [no description available]	3.01	4
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.48	2	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.15	1	stilbene
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.11	1	benzamides
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	8.88	158
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.03	1
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.11	1	long-chain fatty acid
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.07	1	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
quercetin [no description available]	2.02	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
vitexin [no description available]	2.21	1	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.21	1	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.8	3	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.15	1	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.17	1	stilbenoid
4',7-dihydroxyflavone 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.	2.15	1	dihydroxyflavone	metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.86	3
icariin [no description available]	2.86	3	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
loureirin a loureirin A: a biologically active component of longxuejie, prepared from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source	2.15	1
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.1	1
puerarin [no description available]	2.8	3	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.1	1	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.48	2
axitinib [no description available]	2.25	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.57	2	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
beta-escin [no description available]	6.74	30
ginsenoside rb2 [no description available]	2.07	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.78	3	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	5.84	28	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	3.68	9	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
ginsenoside ro ginsenoside Ro: from ginseng; RN given refers to ginsenoside Ro, (all-D)-isomer	2.11	1	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
ginsenoside rc [no description available]	2.48	2	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rh1 ginsenoside Rh1: RN given for (3beta,6alpha,12beta)-isomer. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position.	2.72	3	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	2.42	2	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
chikusetsu saponin iva chikusetsu saponin IVa: from the tubers of Hemsleya pengxianensis (Cucurbitaceae)	2.49	2	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.21	1
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.98	4
ginsenoside rg2 ginsenoside Rg2: structure in first source; RN given refers to (6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-isomer. ginsenoside Rg2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.03	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anticoagulant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
notoginsenoside r2 notoginsenoside R2: from the roots of commercial ginseng	2.95	4	triterpenoid saponin
ginsenoside rh4 ginsenoside Rh4: isolated from Korean red ginseng Panax ginseng; structure in first source	2.44	2	triterpenoid saponin
gypenoside XVII gypenoside XVII : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.01	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.05	1
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.01	1
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	2.05	1
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.13	1
peimisine peimisine: isolated from Fritillaria ussuriensis	2.15	1
senkyunolide i senkyunolide I: has antioxidant and anti-migraine activities; isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong; structure in first source	2.21	1
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	7.77	3
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.02	1	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.1	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.05	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.01	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.38	18
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.38	18
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.31	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.31	1
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.31	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.31	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.83	3
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.41	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.41	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.41	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.41	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.41	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.41	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.41	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.41	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.41	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.31	5
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	8.01	3
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.32	8
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	3.01	3
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.32	8
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.31	5
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.41	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.41	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.85	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.85	3
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	5.68	12
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	5.68	12
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	7.41	1
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.41	1
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.41	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	3.64	7
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	3.64	7
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.06	4
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.6	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.6	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.6	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.91	3
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.6	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.91	3
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	7.6	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.22	15
Allodynia [description not available]	2.21	1
Myelopathy [description not available]	7.21	1
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.21	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.25	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.25	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.25	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.25	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.25	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.25	1
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.25	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.25	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.25	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.25	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.25	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.25	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.31	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.31	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.31	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	7.31	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.31	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.31	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.31	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.41	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.15	1
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	7.15	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.15	1
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.15	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.15	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.55	2
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.55	2
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	7.17	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	7.17	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.48	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.48	2
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.21	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.21	1
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.21	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	7.21	1
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.21	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.21	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.21	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.1	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.1	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.1	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.51	2
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.51	2
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.1	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	7.1	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.1	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.1	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.11	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.11	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.52	2
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.52	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.11	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.11	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.11	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.11	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.11	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.11	1
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.11	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.13	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.48	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.48	2
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.15	1
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.15	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.08	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.01	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.01	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.01	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.43	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.02	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.02	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.02	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.02	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.02	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.02	1
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.02	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.02	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.03	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.03	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.04	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.04	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.97	1

notoginsenoside r1

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