Compounds > indolicidin
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

indolicidin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID90478486
MeSH IDM0197883

Synonyms (10)

Synonym
indolicidin ,
140896-21-5
h-ile-leu-pro-trp-lys-trp-pro-trp-trp-pro-trp-arg-arg-nh2
isoleucyl-leucyl-prolyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-tryptophyl-prolyl-tryptophyl-tryptophyl-prolyl-tryptophyl-arginyl-argininamide
073sbv429n ,
unii-073sbv429n
RS-2015
indolicidin (ilpwkwpwwpwrr-amide)
indolicidin [mi]
l-argininamide, l-isoleucyl-l-leucyl-l-prolyl-l-tryptophyl-l-lysyl-l-tryptophyl-l-prolyl-l-tryptophyl-l-tryptophyl-l-prolyl-l-tryptophyl-l-arginyl-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Indolicidin is a member of cathelicidin family which displays broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. It has been utilized as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for drug delivery. High manufacturing costs associated with industrial-scale chemical synthesis have limited its delivery.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Indolicidin is a member of cathelicidin family which displays broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. "( Design of therapeutically improved analogue of the antimicrobial peptide, indolicidin, using a glycosylation strategy.
Aggarwal, P; Bhavesh, NS; Dwivedi, R; Kaur, KJ, 2019)		2.19
"Indolicidin (IL) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide and our previous study has demonstrated its potential as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) to promote gene delivery. "( Development of an indolicidin-derived peptide by reducing membrane perturbation to decrease cytotoxicity and maintain gene delivery ability.
Chang, WF; Chen, YF; Hu, WW; Lin, ZW; Tsai, CW, 2018)		2.26
"Indolicidin is an antimicrobial peptide showing a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activities, and according to the cis-trans isomerism of three Xaa-Pro peptide bonds, eight different stereoisomers could be distinguished for this peptide. "( Characteristic structural features of indolicidin: effects of the cis-trans isomerism on its conformation.
Leitgeb, B, 2014)		2.12
"Indolicidin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with great therapeutic potential; however, high manufacturing costs associated with industrial-scale chemical synthesis have limited its delivery. "( Serial expression and activity analysis of LNK-16: a bovine antimicrobial peptide analogue.
Fu, D; Hang, B; Hu, JH; Shang, T; Wang, Q; Xu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Z, 2014)		1.85
"Indolicidin (IL) is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), which has been utilized as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for drug delivery. "( The consideration of indolicidin modification to balance its hemocompatibility and delivery efficiency.
Chang, Y; Chen, WY; Hu, WW; Jin, SL; Liu, CI; Ruaan, RC; Tsai, BC; Tsai, CW, 2015)		2.18
"Indolicidin (IN) is a 13-residue Trp-rich antimicrobial peptide isolated from bovine neutrophils. "( Design of novel indolicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides with enhanced cell specificity and potent anti-inflammatory activity.
Bang, JK; Nan, YH; Shin, SY, 2009)		2.14
"Indolicidin (IL) is a 13-residue cationic AMP that is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and even viruses."( Coupling molecular dynamics simulations with experiments for the rational design of indolicidin-analogous antimicrobial peptides.
Chang, Y; Hsu, NY; Lu, CY; Ruaan, RC; Tsai, CW; Tsai, HH; Wang, CH, 2009)		1.3
"Indolicidin is an antimicrobial cationic peptide with broad-spectrum activity isolated from bovine neutrophils. "( Structure-based design of an indolicidin peptide analogue with increased protease stability.
Friedrich, CL; Hancock, RE; Powers, JP; Rozek, A, 2003)		2.05
"Indolicidin is a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide amide, ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH2, isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. "( New indolicidin analogues with potent antibacterial activity.
Doisy, X; Hansen, PR; Ifrah, D; Olsen, JE; Ryge, TS, 2004)		2.32
"Indolicidin is a host defense tridecapeptide that inhibits the catalytic activity of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. "( Covalent binding of the natural antimicrobial peptide indolicidin to DNA abasic sites.
Amin, R; Antony, S; Johnson, AA; Krajewski, K; Kvaratskhelia, M; Lee, HF; Marchand, C; Pommier, Y; Roller, P, 2006)		2.02
"Indolicidin is a ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptide that served as a template to omiganan, which is in development for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections; clinical trials also proved its efficiency against acne vulgaris."( Omiganan pentahydrochloride in the front line of clinical applications of antimicrobial peptides.
Castanho, MA; Dugourd, D; Melo, MN, 2006)		1.06
"Indolicidin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide isolated from bovine neutrophils. "( Mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin.
Falla, TJ; Hancock, RE; Karunaratne, DN, 1996)		2
"Indolicidin is a tridecapeptide amide isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. "( Anti-HIV-1 activity of indolicidin, an antimicrobial peptide from neutrophils.
McDougall, B; Robinson, WE; Selsted, ME; Tran, D, 1998)		2.05
"Indolicidin is a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide-amide isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils that contains five Trp and three Pro residues. "( CD spectra of indolicidin antimicrobial peptides suggest turns, not polyproline helix.
Ladokhin, AS; Selsted, ME; White, SH, 1999)		2.11
"Indolicidin is a 13-residue cationic, antimicrobial peptide-amide isolated from the cytoplasmic granules of bovine neutrophils. "( Formation and characterization of a single Trp-Trp cross-link in indolicidin that confers protease stability without altering antimicrobial activity.
Henschen, AH; Ladokhin, AS; Osapay, K; Selsted, ME; Tran, D; White, SH, 2000)		1.99
"Indolicidin is a cationic, 13-residue antimicrobial peptide (ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH(2)) which is unusually rich in tryptophan and proline. "( Structure of the bovine antimicrobial peptide indolicidin bound to dodecylphosphocholine and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.
Friedrich, CL; Hancock, RE; Rozek, A, 2000)		2.01
"Indolicidin is a cationic 13 amino acid peptide amide produced in the granules of bovine neutrophils with the sequence H-ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH2. "( Structure-function relationships in the tryptophan-rich, antimicrobial peptide indolicidin.
Götz, F; Jack, RW; Jung, G; Nieuwenhuizen, WF; Otto, M; Peschel, A; Staubitz, P, 2001)		1.98

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Indolicidin has a broad spectrum of biological activity and is active against a wide range of targets, such as bacteria (Gram+  and Gram-), fungi and viruses."( Indolicidin revisited: biological activity, potential applications and perspectives of an antimicrobial peptide not yet fully explored.
Batista Araujo, J; Lorenzon, EN; Sastre de Souza, G, 2022)		2.89

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Treatment with indolicidin resulted in significant decrease in plasma endotoxin and cytokine levels, whereas piperacillin/tazobactam exerted the opposite effect."( Efficacy of the bovine antimicrobial peptide indolicidin combined with piperacillin/tazobactam in experimental rat models of polymicrobial peritonitis.
Abbruzzetti, A; Cirioni, O; Di Matteo, F; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Mocchegiani, F; Orlando, F; Saba, V; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2008)		0.95

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although attractive for clinical applications, these agents suffer from limited stability and activity in vivo, as well as non-specific interaction with host biological membranes, leading to cytotoxic adverse effects."( Reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced bioactivity of cationic antimicrobial peptides liposomes in cell cultures and 3D epidermis model against HSV.
Burger-Kentischer, A; David, MMN; Golomb, G; Griffith, M; Kühbacher, A; Phopase, J; Ron-Doitch, S; Rupp, S; Samanta, A; Sawodny, B, 2016)		0.43
"The toxic effects of gold nanoparticles surface-functionalized with the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin (AuNPs-indolicidin) towards the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the major eukaryotic model organisms, have been evaluated."( Genotoxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with indolicidin towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
de Alteriis, E; Falanga, A; Galdiero, E; Galdiero, S; Guida, M; Maselli, V, 2018)		0.95
" Several studies have suggested that many metallic nanomaterials including those derived by silver (Ag) are entering the ecosystem to cause significant toxic consequences in cell culture and animal models."( Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Pristine and Indolicidin-coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystem.
Carraturo, F; Del Genio, V; Fahmi, A; Falanga, A; Franci, G; Galdiero, E; Galdiero, S; Guida, M; Siciliano, A; Vitiello, M, 2020)		0.83

Compound-Compound Interactions

The in-vitro activity of cecropin P1, magainin II, indolicidin and ranalexin alone and in combination with macrolides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (DHFRs) was investigated.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The in-vitro activity of cecropin P1, magainin II, indolicidin and ranalexin alone and in combination with macrolides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (DHFRs) was investigated against six clinical isolates of Pneumocystis carinii."( In-vitro activity of lytic peptides alone and in combination with macrolides and inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase against Pneumocystis carinii.
Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 1998)		0.55
"The in vitro activity of ranalexin alone and in combination with other cationic peptides, macrolides, rifampin, and rifabutin was investigated against a clinical isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum."( In vitro anticryptosporidial activity of ranalexin alone and in combination with other peptides and with hydrophobic antibiotics.
Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Fortuna, M; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 1999)		0.3
"To investigate the efficacy of piperacillin/tazobactam combined with indolicidin in the prevention of lethality in two rat models of polymicrobial peritonitis."( Efficacy of the bovine antimicrobial peptide indolicidin combined with piperacillin/tazobactam in experimental rat models of polymicrobial peritonitis.
Abbruzzetti, A; Cirioni, O; Di Matteo, F; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Mocchegiani, F; Orlando, F; Saba, V; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2008)		0.84
" For each model, all animals were randomized to receive isotonic sodium chloride solution intraperitoneally, 1 mg/kg indolicidin, 120 mg/kg piperacillin/tazobactam, and 1 mg/kg indolicidin combined with 120 mg/kg piperacillin/tazobactam."( Efficacy of the bovine antimicrobial peptide indolicidin combined with piperacillin/tazobactam in experimental rat models of polymicrobial peritonitis.
Abbruzzetti, A; Cirioni, O; Di Matteo, F; Ghiselli, R; Giacometti, A; Mocchegiani, F; Orlando, F; Saba, V; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2008)		0.81

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" We hypothesised that by conjugating HDPs with carbon nanotubes and/or gold nanoparticles, it would be possible to stimulate a protective immune response in host system at a lower dosage of HDP."( Immune activation efficacy of indolicidin is enhanced upon conjugation with carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles.
Aich, P; Banerjee, A; Pradhan, B; Sur, A, 2015)		0.71
" magna showed a genotoxic and an oxidative damage with a dose-response trend."( An integrated study on antimicrobial activity and ecotoxicity of quantum dots and quantum dots coated with the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin.
Falanga, A; Fulgione, D; Galdiero, E; Galdiero, S; Gesuele, R; Guida, M; Lombardi, L; Maselli, V; Siciliano, A, )		0.34
" Dosage for each of the AMPs, however, was high with adverse side effects."( Comparative efficacy analysis of anti-microbial peptides, LL-37 and indolicidin upon conjugation with CNT, in human monocytes.
Aich, P; Das, D; Guha, D; Murmu, KC; Pradhan, B; Ray, P; Sur, A, 2017)		0.69
"In this study, we reported that upon conjugation with carbon nanotubes (CNT), each AMP remained biologically functional at a concentration that was 1000-fold less than the dosage required for free AMP to remain active in the cells."( Comparative efficacy analysis of anti-microbial peptides, LL-37 and indolicidin upon conjugation with CNT, in human monocytes.
Aich, P; Das, D; Guha, D; Murmu, KC; Pradhan, B; Ray, P; Sur, A, 2017)		0.69
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (140)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's23 (16.43)18.2507
2000's58 (41.43)29.6817
2010's52 (37.14)24.3611
2020's7 (5.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 30.32

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index30.32 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.96 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.64 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index37.86 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (30.32)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews5 (3.52%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other137 (96.48%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.5320alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.9440phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.9640
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		7.2110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.05103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.1110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.4820aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.0110ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.2510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0610
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		7.0410penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		5.52210erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.1710arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetylene
[no description available]		7.0110alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		2.4320fluoroalcohol
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.0410penicillanic acids
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.110dialdehydebiomarker
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1110fluorescein isothiocyanate
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.2510copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.8530copper group element atom;
elemental gold
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		210diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.1310aluminium sulfate
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0610amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.9640xanthene dyefluorochrome
distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol
distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol: a surface-active agent. distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both stearoyl.		2.0310phosphatidylglycerol
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.0610
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.0610monocarboxylic acid
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.1110
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		210macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		7.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine
N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine: fluorescent probe for membrane lipids		2.0110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.9340amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.11109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
bactenecin
bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils		4.0140
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.5220triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		7.9440phosphocholinesdetergent
n,n'-4-xylylenebis(pyridinium)
[no description available]		1.9910
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.7630
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		7.9340organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.4320phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.4520phosphatidylcholine(1+)
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.93401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
mastoparan
[no description available]		2.4620mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.7330
1-stearoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-octadecanoyl-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 36:2 in which the acyl groups positions 1 and 2 are specified as octadecanoyl and (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl respectively.		210phosphatidylcholine 36:2mouse metabolite
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		210alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		3.8230
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus
magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)		3.87120
cecropin p1-li
cecropin P1-LI: antibacterial peptide isolated from porcine intestine; has immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of duodenum & glucagon cells of the pancreas		3.2660
ranalexin
ranalexin: an antimicrobial peptide from bullfrog Rana catesbeiana; a 20-amino acid peptide which contains a single intramolecular disulfide bond that forms a heptapeptide ring within the molecule; amino acid sequence given in first source		8.5180
dermaseptin s
dermaseptin: 34 amino acid residues given in first source; antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin		3.110
bmap-27
BMAP-27: C-terminal domain of a cathelicidin, a myeloid antimicrobial peptide precursor; BMAP-27 stands for bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide of 27 residues; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank X97608		2.0610
drosocin
drosocin: amino acid sequence given in first source for drosocin and its precursor; GenBank Z21942		3.3110
mbi-226
omiganan pentahydrochloride: a cationic peptide with antibacterial activity		3.1310
bmap-28
BMAP-28: C-terminal domain of a cathelicidin, a myeloid antimicrobial peptide precursor; BMAP-28 stands for bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide of 28 residues; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank X97609		2.0610
protegrin-1
protegrin-1: GenBank X84094		2.4120
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.1110
magainin 1 peptide, xenopus
magainin I: Antibiotic peptide. Thought to preferentially bind to anionic phosholipids.		2.0210
ceca1 protein, drosophila
[no description available]		2.1510
lactoferricin b
lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source		3.8330
tritrpticin
tritrpticin: a 13-amino acid, tryptophan-rich cationic peptide		4.2350
apidaecin ib
apidaecin: isolated from lymph fluid of honeybee; amino acid sequence given in first source; not antibiotic, since it does not come from microorganism		3.3110
pardaxin
pardaxin: acidic protein from flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus; amino aicd sequence known		3.110
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.821101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.4420
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.4320
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		2.44201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
brevinin-1 protein, rana
brevinin-1 protein, Rana: amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from the skin of the frog, Rana brevipoda porsa		210
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.8330
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.4320
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.1110folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
temporin
temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source		2.7530
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		04.18160
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		07.5420
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		04.18160
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.9940
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.2510
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.2510
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.1510
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1710
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.2110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.6630
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.6630
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.1110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.4620
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.4620
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.0510
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.0710
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0610
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.0610
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.0610
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0610
Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.0210
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.4320
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.0410
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0410
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		07.0410
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.4320
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0410
Acne
[description not available]		02.9410
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.9410
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		01.9810
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		01.9810
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental
[description not available]		01.9810
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.420
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		01.9910
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.420
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		01.9910
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		01.9910
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		01.9910