Compounds > bifendate
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

bifendate

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Description

Bifendate is a synthetic compound with the chemical name 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate. It has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in a variety of areas, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities. However, it has not been widely used clinically and its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. Research suggests that bifendate may exert its effects by interfering with the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Bifendate is primarily synthesized through a multi-step chemical process involving the reaction of 2,2-diphenylvaleric acid with diethylamine.'

7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID108213
CHEMBL ID105184
SCHEMBL ID896166
MeSH IDM0438944

Synonyms (48)

Synonym
biphenyl dimethyl-dicarboxylate
ccris 7767
(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, 7,7'-dimethoxy-, dimethyl ester
bifendate
dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxyl-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate
brn 5461320
alpha-diphenyldicarboxylate
dimethyl 4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-bis(methylenedioxy)biphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate
7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
dimethyl 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylate
diphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate
methyl 7-methoxy-4-(7-methoxy-5-methoxycarbonyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate
2,2'-dimethoxycarbonyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-bismethylenedioxybiphenyl
diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate
.alpha.-ddb
dimethyl dicarboxylate biphenyl
CHEMBL105184
73536-69-3
bdbm50289527
dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate
bifendatatum
0g32e321w1 ,
unii-0g32e321w1
dimethyl 7,7'-dimethoxy-[4,4'-bibenzo[d][1,3]dioxole]-5,5'-dicarboxylate
FT-0602821
AKOS015895317
S4890
(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, 7,7'-dimethoxy-, 5,5'-dimethyl ester
bifendate [who-dd]
dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate
SCHEMBL896166
DTXSID40223736
bifendate,(s)
CS-W019577
B6112
mfcd01751431
dimethyl 7,7'-dimethoxy-4,4'-bibenzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5,5'-dicarboxylate
dimethyl 7,7 inverted exclamation mark -dimethoxy-[4,4 inverted exclamation mark -bi-1,3-benzodioxole]-5,5 inverted exclamation mark -dicarboxylate
SY021274
AS-13115
BCP12613
CCG-268865
[4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole]-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, 7,7'-dimethoxy-,dimethyl ester
Q27236735
SB67338
HY-W018791
A866077
dimethyl7,7'-dimethoxy-[4,4'-bibenzo[d][1,3]dioxole]-5,5'-dicarboxylate

Research Excerpts

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Both bifendate and alkaloid treatment decreased the increase in liver enzymes and cell damage caused by CCl(4)."( Hepatoprotection in a rat model of acute liver damage through inhibition of CY2E1 activity by total alkaloids extracted from Rubus alceifolius Poir.
Hong, Z; Hu, J; Li, T; Lin, J; Zhao, J; Zhou, J, 2011)		0.82

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pretreatment with DDB was shown to slightly increase the level of AFM1, the less toxic metabolite."( Effects of dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats.
Li, Y; Lu, H, 2002)		0.31
"The toxic effect of THA on mice liver was significantly reduced by DDB."( [Effect of dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) on 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice].
Li, Y, 2001)		0.31
" Oral daily administration of toxic dose of erythromycin stearate (EE, 100 mg/kg body weight) was given to male rats for fourteen days to induce hepatotoxicity."( Protective role of dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) against erythromycin induced hepatotoxicity in male rats.
Abdel-Hameid, NA, 2007)		0.34
" The secondary endpoints were changes in AST, liver stiffness, and the incidence of adverse events."( [Comparison on the efficacy and safety of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate and ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with abnormal alanine aminotransferase: multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial].
Cheon, GJ; Jang, JY; Jeong, SW; Kim, BS; Kim, HS; Kim, SG; Kim, YD; Kim, YS; Lee, SH, 2014)		0.4
" Severe adverse drug reaction occurred in 1 patient in DDB group but the subject continued therapy during the study period."( [Comparison on the efficacy and safety of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate and ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with abnormal alanine aminotransferase: multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial].
Cheon, GJ; Jang, JY; Jeong, SW; Kim, BS; Kim, HS; Kim, SG; Kim, YD; Kim, YS; Lee, SH, 2014)		0.4
" Furthermore it was safe and well tolerated by patients with abnormal ALT."( [Comparison on the efficacy and safety of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate and ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with abnormal alanine aminotransferase: multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial].
Cheon, GJ; Jang, JY; Jeong, SW; Kim, BS; Kim, HS; Kim, SG; Kim, YD; Kim, YS; Lee, SH, 2014)		0.4

Pharmacokinetics

The present method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of bifendate liposome in rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The present method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of bifendate liposome in rats."( A simple HPLC method for the determination of bifendate: application to a pharmacokinetic study of bifendate liposome.
Chen, HX; Chen, ZP; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2007)		0.82
"Although pharmacokinetic alternations by hepatic injury have been extensively studied, little is known about the potential influence of hepatoprotective agent's treatment."( Integral pharmacokinetics of multiple lignan components in normal, CCl4-induced hepatic injury and hepatoprotective agents pretreated rats and correlations with hepatic injury biomarkers.
Dai, C; Hao, H; Kang, A; Li, J; Liang, Y; Sun, S; Wang, G; Xie, L; Xie, T; Xie, Y; Zheng, X, 2010)		0.36
" Compared with DDB-Sol, DDB-NSP exhibited a markedly different pharmacokinetic property with a 17."( Studies on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of bifendate nanosuspensions for intravenous delivery.
Duan, C; Hao, L; Jia, L; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Wang, F; Xie, P; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zheng, D, 2012)		0.63
"In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of a new formulation of a bifendate solid dispersion in beagle dogs, a novel, sensitive and rapid supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) method was established and validated."( Preclinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of a new formulation of a bifendate solid dispersion using a supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.
Liu, M; Ma, J; Wang, X; Yang, D; Zhang, T; Zhao, L, 2014)		0.87

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (PMC) in combination with garlic oil against chemical-induced hepatic injury in rats and mice."( Enhanced effectiveness of dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate in combination with garlic oil against experimental hepatic injury in rats and mice.
Chung, HC; Hong, SY; Jung, KH; Kim, SG; Nam, SY, 1995)		0.29
"6 and 30% decrease in ALT and AST, while DDB (75 mg/kg) combined with silymarin (22 mg/kg) resulted in 58."( Effects of biphenyldimethyl-dicarboxylate administration alone or combined with silymarin in the CCL4 model of liver fibrosis in rats.
Abdel-Salam, OM; Morsy, FA; Sleem, AA, 2007)		0.34

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of water-insoluble bifendate was markedly enhanced by dispersing the drug in the polymer carrier Kollidon(®) VA 64 employing HME technology.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Since the bioavailability of the suspension and the tablet of DDB given orally is only 20-30%, we have prepared four kinds of DDB solid dispersion preparations (DDB pilule I with polyethylene glycol 6000 as the vehicle, DDB pilule II with polyethylene glycol 6000 and absorption accelerator as the vehicle, capsule of DDB-urea fusing mixture and DDB-polyvinyl pyrrolidone coprecipitate), and the bioavailability of these preparations were studied in rabbits, rats and human volunteers by HPLC method."( [Bioavailability studies on the preparations of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate(DDB)].
Gao, WW; Gu, SJ; Qiang, ZY; Qiao, PX; Song, ZY; Wang, AG; Wang, XL, 1990)		0.28
" However, its oral preparations have been known to have limited bioavailability due to its extremely low solubility in water, and its solubility problem also limits preparation of its parenteral dosage forms."( Solubilization of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate by cosolvency.
Han, SK; Kim, GY; Park, YH, 1999)		0.3
"To improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (BDD), a drug used in treating liver diseases, a premicroemulsion concentrate composed of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant for oral administration of BDD was prepared, and its physicochemical properties and the pharmacokinetic parameters of BDD were evaluated."( Preparation and evaluation of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate microemulsions for oral delivery.
Cho, YJ; Gao, ZG; Kim, CK, 2001)		0.31
" The method was sensitive and repeatable enough to be used in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies."( Determination of bifendate in human plasma by HPLC-MS and bioequivalence on bifendate pills in healthy volunteers.
Gu, L; Liang, J; Wang, Y; Zhou, L, 2006)		0.67
"Biphenyl Dimethyl Dicarboxylate (BDD) is insoluble in aqueous solution and the bioavailability after oral administration is low."( Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced bioavailability and improved hepatoprotective activity of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate.
El-Laithy, HM, 2008)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to evaluate several polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions (SD) prepared by hot-melt extrusion (HME) and select the most appropriate polymer carrier."( Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
Feng, J; Gao, R; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Xu, L, 2012)		0.82
" Finally, the oral bioavailability of bifendate dosage forms with bifendate-Plasdone(®) S-630 (1/9), bifendate-Eudragit(®) EPO (1/4) and bifendate-Kollidon(®) VA 64 (1/9) SD in beagle dogs was compared with that of commercially available benfidate pills."( Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
Feng, J; Gao, R; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Xu, L, 2012)		0.88
"2 simulated gastric fluid as the dissolution medium, while the relative bioavailability was just 87."( Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
Feng, J; Gao, R; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Xu, L, 2012)		0.61
"The bioavailability of water-insoluble bifendate was markedly enhanced by dispersing the drug in the polymer carrier Kollidon(®) VA 64 employing HME technology."( Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
Feng, J; Gao, R; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Xu, L, 2012)		0.87
" However, DDB therapeutic effectiveness is restricted by its low oral bioavailability that arises from its poor solubility and dissolution."( Novel diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate provesicular powders with enhanced hepatocurative activity: preparation, optimization, in vitro/in vivo evaluation.
Abdelbary, GA; Aburahma, MH, 2012)		0.38
"It is reported that nano-sizing is one of the promising methods for improving the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Development and in vitro characterizations of bifendate nanosuspensions.
Duan, C; Feng, F; Jia, L; Liu, Y; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Xie, P; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zou, D, 2011)		0.63
"In this study, a self-emulsifying pellet (SEP) was prepared in order to improve the bioavailability of bifendate (DDB)."( Self-emulsifying bifendate pellets: preparation, characterization and oral bioavailability in rats.
Chen, Y; Ping, Q; Wang, S; Xiao, Y, 2013)		0.94
" However, due to its impermeability across the gastrointestinal mucosa, oral bioavailability of the drug was relatively low."( Improvement of oral bioavailability of glycyrrhizin by sodium deoxycholate/phospholipid-mixed nanomicelles.
Fu, S; Han, J; Jin, S; Lu, Y; Lv, Q; Qi, J; Wu, W; Yuan, H, 2012)		0.38
"In this study, to enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of bifendate, a silica-supported solid dispersion (SD) of bifendate was prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) technology."( A silica-supported solid dispersion of bifendate using supercritical carbon dioxide method with enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability.
Cai, C; Chang, H; Guo, B; Li, Y; Liu, M; Yang, X; Zhang, T; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.93

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" However, its oral preparations have been known to have limited bioavailability due to its extremely low solubility in water, and its solubility problem also limits preparation of its parenteral dosage forms."( Solubilization of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate by cosolvency.
Han, SK; Kim, GY; Park, YH, 1999)		0.3
" Thus, this system may provide a useful dosage form for oral intake of a water-insoluble drug, BDD."( Preparation and evaluation of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate microemulsions for oral delivery.
Cho, YJ; Gao, ZG; Kim, CK, 2001)		0.31
" Finally, the oral bioavailability of bifendate dosage forms with bifendate-Plasdone(®) S-630 (1/9), bifendate-Eudragit(®) EPO (1/4) and bifendate-Kollidon(®) VA 64 (1/9) SD in beagle dogs was compared with that of commercially available benfidate pills."( Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
Feng, J; Gao, R; Luo, Y; Tang, X; Xu, L, 2012)		0.88
" However, little is known about the possible reversing effects of hepatoprotective agents, the understanding of which is of great importance in guiding clinical dosage adjustment for patients with liver injury."( Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
Hao, H; Jiang, S; Kang, A; Wang, G; Wang, H; Xie, T; Xie, Y; Yao, X; Zhou, F, 2012)		0.38
"034), suggesting a dose-response effect of DDB plus GO on the decrease of ALT levels."( Efficacy and tolerability of diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate plus garlic oil in patients with chronic hepatitis.
Kim, SG; Kim, YM; Lee, MH, 2012)		0.38
" Also, there might be potential interactions between SLE or DDB and co-administered medicines and it is necessary to adjust the dosage of co-administrated medicines in clinical medication of liver disease."( Reversing effects of lignans on CCl4-induced hepatic CYP450 down regulation by attenuating oxidative stress.
Guo, C; Hao, H; Kang, A; Wang, G; Wang, H; Xie, Y, 2014)		0.4
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
AcetylcholinesteraseElectrophorus electricus (electric eel)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00000.94539.9400AID1351113
CholinesteraseEquus caballus (horse)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00002.22149.4000AID1351114
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (60)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1351124Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 10 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1351125Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 50 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID656816Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTS assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bifendate-chalcone hybrids as a new class of potential P-glycoprotein inhibitors.
AID629524Antiinflammatory activity in ICR mouse assessed as reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema at 50 mg/kg, po administered 30 mins before carrageenan challenge measured at 3 hr post challenge2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-dicarboxylate derivatives containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione for the treatment of concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury of BALB/c mice.
AID629520Hepatoprotective activity in BALB/c mouse hepatitis model assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced increase in serum AST level at 50 mg/kg, po administered 20 hrs before concanavalin A challenge relative to control2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-dicarboxylate derivatives containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione for the treatment of concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury of BALB/c mice.
AID1211899Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as downregulation of CYP3A2 protein level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis relative to control2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351145Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as serum ALT level at 106 mg/kg, ig cotreated with THA after 48 hrs by colorimetric method (Rvb = 42.7 +/- 6.3 U/L)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211892Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP2C6 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 0.2 to 5 mM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211900Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as downregulation of CYP2E1 protein level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis relative to control2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID78757Anti-HIV activity was evaluated by measuring the growth inhibition of acutely infected H9 lymphocytes as EC50.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-04, Volume: 38, Issue:16
Anti-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) agents. 17. New brominated hexahydroxybiphenyl derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents.
AID1211893Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP1A2 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 2 to 50 uM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351114Inhibition of equine serum BuChE using butyrylthiocholine chloride as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute by Ellman's method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211902Activity of CYP2C6 in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated diclofenac 4-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 week2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211891Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP2C6 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 2 to 50 uM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1426655Anti-proliferative activity against P-gp overexpressing/drug resistant human K562/A02 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-09, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Potent Inhibition of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Bifendate Derivatives against Drug-Resistant K562/A02 Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.
AID1351130Cytotoxicity against human HL7702 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 10 uM by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211912Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as reversal of thioacetamide-induced change in serum TBIL level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by hematoxylin and eosin stainin2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351123Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 1 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211898Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP2E1 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 0.2 to 5 mM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211915Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as reversal of thioacetamide-induced change in serum ALT level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by hematoxylin and eosin staining2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211909Downregulation of CYP1A2 in Sprague-Dawley rat liver at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351118Inhibition of equine serum BuChE at 50 uM using butyrylthiocholine chloride as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute by Ellman's method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID629521Hepatoprotective activity in BALB/c mouse hepatitis model assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced increase in serum ALT level at 50 mg/kg, po administered 20 hrs before concanavalin A challenge relative to control2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 46, Issue:12
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-dicarboxylate derivatives containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione for the treatment of concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury of BALB/c mice.
AID1211911Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as reversal of thioacetamide-induced change in serum AST level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by hematoxylin and eosin staining2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID656819Inhibition of Pgp-mediated rhodamine 123 efflux in human K562/A02 cells assessed as intracellular rhodamine 123 accumulation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr prior rhodamine 123 addition measured after 30 mins by flow cytometry relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bifendate-chalcone hybrids as a new class of potential P-glycoprotein inhibitors.
AID1570981Antimigratory activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell migration towards wound area at 45 uM measured up to 24 hrs by inverted microscopic analysis2018MedChemComm, Nov-01, Volume: 9, Issue:11
Assessment of a bifendate derivative bearing a 6,7-dihydro-dibenzo[
AID1211904Activity of CYP2E1 in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 w2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211903Activity of CYP3A2 in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated midazolam 4-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1129459Hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in human HL-7702 cells assessed as increase of cell survival rate at 0.2 ug/ul pretreated for 12 hrs before carbon tetrachloride addition by MTS assay relative to control2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Synthesis and the hepatoprotective activity of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan derivatives.
AID656817Cytotoxicity against human K562/A02 cells overexpress P-gp after 72 hrs by MTS assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bifendate-chalcone hybrids as a new class of potential P-glycoprotein inhibitors.
AID1351137Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as histomorphological changes in liver at 106 mg/kg, ig after 48 hrs by H and E staining based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211905Activity of CYP1A2 in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated phenacetin O-deethylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351138Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as inflammatory cell infiltration in liver at 35 mg/kg, ig cotreated with THA after 48 hrs by H and E staining based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1573632Cytoprotection against H2O2-induced cell death in rat HBZY-1 cells assessed as cell viability at 6 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 62.1%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and biological evaluation of bifendate derivatives bearing acrylamide moiety as novel antioxidant agents.
AID1211910Upregulation of CYP2C6 in Sprague-Dawley rat liver at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351113Inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute by Ellman's method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1351144Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as serum ASAT level at 106 mg/kg, ig after 48 hrs by colorimetric method (Rvb = 101.5 +/- 22.3 U/L)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1351143Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as serum ALT level at 106 mg/kg, ig after 48 hrs by colorimetric method (Rvb = 42.7 +/- 6.3 U/L)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1351127Cytotoxicity against rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 10 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211913Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as downregulation of CYP1A2 protein level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis relative to control2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211889Upregulation of CYP3A2 in Sprague-Dawley rat liver at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211894Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP1A2 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 0.2 to 5 mM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211906Activity of CYP2C6 in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated diclofenac 4-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211914Hepatoprotective activity in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as downregulation of CYP2C6 protein level at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis relative to control2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID653306Inhibition of p-glycoprotein in human K562/A02 cells assessed as accumulation of rhodamine 123 at 10 uM by flow cytometry relative to control2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 51Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bifendate derivatives bearing 6,7-dihydro-dibenzo[c,e]azepine scaffold as potent P-glycoprotein inhibitors.
AID1351128Cytotoxicity against rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 50 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211908Activity of CYP2E1 in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1211897Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP2E1 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 2 to 50 uM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1426654Anti-proliferative activity against human K562 cells measured after 72 hrs by MTS assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-09, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Potent Inhibition of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Bifendate Derivatives against Drug-Resistant K562/A02 Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.
AID1573635Cytoprotection against H2O2-induced cell death in rat HBZY-1 cells assessed as cell viability at 100 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 62.1%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and biological evaluation of bifendate derivatives bearing acrylamide moiety as novel antioxidant agents.
AID1211901Activity of CYP1A2 in thioacetamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat liver cirrhosis model assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated phenacetin O-deethylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351117Inhibition of electric eel AChE at 50 uM using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute by Ellman's method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211896Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP3A2 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 0.2 to 5 mM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID235005Anti-HIV activity evaluated by measuring the growth inhibition of acutely infected H9 lymphocytes as therapeutic index.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-04, Volume: 38, Issue:16
Anti-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) agents. 17. New brominated hexahydroxybiphenyl derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents.
AID1351146Hepatotoxicity in Kunming mouse assessed as serum ASAT level at 106 mg/kg, ig cotreated with THA after 48 hrs by colorimetric method (Rvb = 101.5 +/- 22.3 U/L)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211907Activity of CYP3A2 in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated midazolam 4-hydroxylation in liver microsomes per mg protein at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID1351126Cytotoxicity against rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 1 uM by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-20, Volume: 144Development of tacrine-bifendate conjugates with improved cholinesterase inhibitory and pro-cognitive efficacy and reduced hepatotoxicity.
AID1211895Reversal of thioacetamide-induced CYP3A2 inactivation in rat liver microsomes at 2 to 50 uM in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
AID78927Anti-HIV activity was evaluated by measuring the growth inhibition of acutely infected H9 lymphocytes as IC50.1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-04, Volume: 38, Issue:16
Anti-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) agents. 17. New brominated hexahydroxybiphenyl derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents.
AID1211890Upregulation of CYP2E1 in Sprague-Dawley rat liver at 200 mg/kg administered intragastrically qd for 2 weeks by Western blotting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (123)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199017 (13.82)18.7374
1990's25 (20.33)18.2507
2000's34 (27.64)29.6817
2010's45 (36.59)24.3611
2020's2 (1.63)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.20

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index44.20 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.89 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.70 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index49.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (44.20)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials8 (6.45%)5.53%
Reviews2 (1.61%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.81%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other113 (91.13%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbamates
[no description available]		210amino-acid anion
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9810propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		7.4620acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		210acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.7330adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		1.9810ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.7830aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.4320aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.420dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		1.9710isopropyl ester
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.1110aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9810barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0510isoquinolines
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0710glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.22170chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.0710ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
acrylamide
[no description available]		7.2110acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0810organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.110enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.0810anthraquinone
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		1.9810primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.110acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.9440dialdehydebiomarker
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		4.7221organic sulfide
dimethyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.0110organic disulfidexenobiotic metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0310cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.0310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0710enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.3820D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9710dihydrogen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4520acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.110benzenes;
phenyl acetates
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.8421bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9810azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		1.9710D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
talinolol
[no description available]		8.4311ureas
schizandrol b
schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine		1.9710tannin
schizandrin b
schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant		2.9240
7-hydroxy-7'-methoxy-4,4'-bis(1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
7-hydroxy-7'-methoxy-4,4'-bis(1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: urinary metabolite of BDD; structure given in first source		2.3720
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.1110dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.0810oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
schizandrin b
(+)-schisandrin B : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is found in Fructus Schisandrae and Schisandra chinensis.		2.110aromatic ether;
cyclic acetal;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
tannin		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.0710
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.3920aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.13102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.3820
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		4.81100
schizandrin c
schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;		2.420tannin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1510anthracycline
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.2110resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.4110octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
schizandrin
schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name		3.7830
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.4920chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.1710aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4720thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
schizandrin
[no description available]		2.110
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.3920
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
quercetin
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.0310biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tectorigenin
tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavones;
methoxyisoflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.411chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		3.5520
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9910
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0110aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		210glycoside
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		8.821
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.4420
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.4420
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.0610
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.4620
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.51230
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1710
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1710
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.51230
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.610
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.1710
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.580
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.91120
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.2360
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		011.532
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		06.532
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		05.453
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		05.453
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		07.0310
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.821
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0310
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		03.821
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		07.0310
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.2110
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.1110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.7130
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.7130
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.6830
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.6830
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.4811
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.4811
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.4811
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.4811
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0510
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0510
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.0510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0610
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.0610
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.8121
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		15.8121
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.0710
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.0710
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.3711
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		04.7521
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		04.7521
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.6930
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		04.0731
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		04.0731
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Metastase
[description not available]		02.0310
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.6930
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.0310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.9140
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.6730
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.3920
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.3920
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.8940
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.8940
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		0210
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		0210
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		0210
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9710
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9710
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		01.9710
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9710
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9710
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.3720
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9710