clonidine and Pregnancy studies

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The study included patients with long-standing (2-11 years) unexplained infertility with a negative or reduced GH response to clonidine (up to 150 micrograms of clonidine orally)."	10.16	Synergistic effect of growth hormone and gonadotropins in achieving conception in "clonidine-negative" patients with unexplained infertility. ( Amit, T; Barkey, RJ; Blumenfeld, Z; Brandes, JM; Lunenfeld, B, 1991)
"0625% with fentanyl 2 μg/mL at 12 mL/h, a patient-administered bolus of 5 mL at lockout 6-10 min and a maximum of four boluses per hour, and experiencing breakthrough pain ≥5/10, were randomized to receive a 10 mL bolus containing 12."	9.34	Comparative efficacy of epidural clonidine versus epidural fentanyl for treating breakthrough pain during labor: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Landau, R; Lavin, T; Lee, A; Menon, P; Smiley, R, 2020)
"A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was carried out, comparing alpha-methyldopa and clonidine hydrochloride in 100 pregnant women with hypertension."	9.05	Clonidine hydrochloride--a safe and effective antihypertensive agent in pregnancy. ( Child, A; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Horvath, JS; Korda, A; Phippard, A; Tiller, DJ, 1985)
"Nicotine addiction has been identified as the primary contributor to continued widespread tobacco use worldwide."	8.81	Managing nicotine addiction. ( Hatsukami, DK; Kotlyar, M, 2002)
"Clonidine is a centrally acting, alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy."	7.76	CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance. ( Claessens, AJ; Easterling, TR; Eyal, S; Hebert, MF; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2010)
"Clonidine, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, has been used successfully in pregnancy."	7.76	Pharmacodynamics of clonidine therapy in pregnancy: a heterogeneous maternal response impacts fetal growth. ( Brateng, D; Carr, D; Easterling, TR; Hebert, M; Rothberger, S, 2010)
" All of these patients were born to mothers who had received methadone substitution for drug addiction during the course of pregnancy."	7.76	Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate. ( Bastanier, C; Beske, F; Esmaeili, A; Keinhorst, AK; Schlösser, R; Schuster, T, 2010)
"The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of clonidine during pregnancy compared with previously published data in nonpregnant subjects."	7.75	Clonidine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy. ( Buchanan, ML; Carr, DB; Easterling, TR; Hebert, MF; Mattison, DR; Nelson, WL; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2009)
"Antihypertensive drugs such as clonidine, diazoxide, hydralazine and furosemide are used in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to control blood pressure, but it is not clear if they modulate the production of placental or circulating cytokines."	7.73	Antihypertensive drugs clonidine, diazoxide, hydralazine and furosemide regulate the production of cytokines by placentas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in normal pregnancy. ( Hennessy, A; Horvath, JS; Makris, A; Ogle, R; Thornton, C; Xu, B, 2006)
" It is concluded that fetal hypoxic apnea may be mediated by inhibitory alpha 2-adrenergic receptors which can be blocked by the antagonist L-657,743."	7.68	Central effects of an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist on fetal lambs: a possible mechanism for hypoxic apnea. ( Bamford, O; Hawkins, RL, 1990)
"In order to prevent symptoms of drug withdrawal during pregnancy, we treated a woman with clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with central and peripheral actions."	7.67	[Treatment of withdrawal symptoms using clonidine during pregnancy]. ( Heidenreich, W; Knitsch, W; Plein, S; Pohl, S, 1989)
"Eighty two hypertensive pregnant patients were treated with clonidine during the last trimester of pregnancy."	7.67	Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. ( Kauppila, E; Punnonen, R; Tuimala, R, 1985)
"Pharmacokinetics of clonidine were examined in ten women during pregnancy, in nine during nursing, and in the newborns of these women."	7.67	Pharmacokinetics of clonidine during pregnancy and nursing. ( Hartikainen-Sorri, AL; Heikkinen, JE; Koivisto, M, 1987)
" The mother took clonidine during pregnancy."	7.66	Roberts's syndrome and clonidine. ( Beshara, D; Levy, JM; Stoll, C, 1979)
"Hypotension was significantly more frequent in C30 group (29 versus 3% and 3% in S5 and S10 groups) (p=0,001)."	6.73	[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. ( Belhadj Amor, M; Dhahri, S; Draief, A; Ferjani, M; Jebali, A; Lamine, K; Ouezini, R, 2007)
" The study included patients with long-standing (2-11 years) unexplained infertility with a negative or reduced GH response to clonidine (up to 150 micrograms of clonidine orally)."	6.16	Synergistic effect of growth hormone and gonadotropins in achieving conception in "clonidine-negative" patients with unexplained infertility. ( Amit, T; Barkey, RJ; Blumenfeld, Z; Brandes, JM; Lunenfeld, B, 1991)
" These results provide further evidence that alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation shortly after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia can promote neural recovery, but highlight the complex dose-response of exogenous therapy."	5.35	Partial neuroprotection with low-dose infusion of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. ( Bennet, L; Dean, JM; George, S; Gunn, AJ; Mallard, C; Naylor, AS, 2008)
"0625% with fentanyl 2 μg/mL at 12 mL/h, a patient-administered bolus of 5 mL at lockout 6-10 min and a maximum of four boluses per hour, and experiencing breakthrough pain ≥5/10, were randomized to receive a 10 mL bolus containing 12."	5.34	Comparative efficacy of epidural clonidine versus epidural fentanyl for treating breakthrough pain during labor: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Landau, R; Lavin, T; Lee, A; Menon, P; Smiley, R, 2020)
"Intrathecal morphine (ITM) is a widely used technique for postcaesarean section analgesia but entails a high risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)."	5.30	The impact of a transversus abdominis plane block including clonidine vs. intrathecal morphine on nausea and vomiting after caesarean section: A randomised controlled trial. ( Combescure, C; Dereu, D; Mathivon, S; Mercier, Y; Rehberg, B; Savoldelli, GL, 2019)
"To evaluate the quality of analgesia with epidural neostigmine and clonidine, added to initial spinal analgesia, and to test the hypothesis that the incidence of breakthrough pain could be reduced and patient satisfaction improved."	5.19	Epidural neostigmine and clonidine improves the quality of combined spinal epidural analgesia in labour: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial. ( Boogmans, T; Devroe, S; Roofthooft, E; Valkenborgh, T; Van de Velde, M; Vertommen, J, 2014)
"To study the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in the treatment of severe refractory hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), the most severe illness of pregnancy."	5.19	Transdermal clonidine in the treatment of severe hyperemesis. A pilot randomised control trial: CLONEMESI. ( Arrotta, M; Cicogna, L; Donvito, V; Maina, A; Mischinelli, M; Rivolo, S; Todros, T, 2014)
"The addition of clonidine to epidural levobupivacaine and sufentanil for patient-controlled epidural analgesia in labour improved analgesia, reduced the supplementation rate and reduced pruritus without improvement in maternal satisfaction."	5.14	Effects of a continuous low-dose clonidine epidural regimen on pain, satisfaction and adverse events during labour: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Aubrun, F; Bouret, C; Broisin, F; Charpiat, B; Clement, HJ; Derre, E; Huissoud, C; Lopez, F; Pignal, C; Schoeffler, M; Viale, JP; Wallet, F, 2010)
"A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was carried out, comparing alpha-methyldopa and clonidine hydrochloride in 100 pregnant women with hypertension."	5.05	Clonidine hydrochloride--a safe and effective antihypertensive agent in pregnancy. ( Child, A; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Horvath, JS; Korda, A; Phippard, A; Tiller, DJ, 1985)
"Epidural administration of neostigmine and clonidine, following the spinal injection of local anesthetic, has a stronger analgesic effect in managing labor pain and reduces hourly anesthetic consumption."	4.91	Effects of epidural neostigmine and clonidine in labor analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Xu, MJ; Zhang, N, 2015)
" Opioids are used in routinely, but alpha2-agonists, such as clonidine or cholinesterase inhibitors (neostigmine), have also been used for labour analgesia or to relieve pain following caesarean section."	4.83	The use of neuraxial adjuvant drugs (neostigmine, clonidine) in obstetrics. ( Roelants, F, 2006)
" There are now eight effective pharmacotherapies (nicotine gum, patch, nasal spray, inhaler, lozenge/tablet, bupropion, nortriptyline and clonidine) available to aid smoking cessation."	4.83	Developments in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence: past, present and future. ( Foulds, J; Steinberg, MB; Williams, JM; Ziedonis, DM, 2006)
"Nicotine addiction has been identified as the primary contributor to continued widespread tobacco use worldwide."	4.81	Managing nicotine addiction. ( Hatsukami, DK; Kotlyar, M, 2002)
" It has also been used intravenously in phaeochromocytoma, tetanus, clonidine withdrawal, and as an adjunct to halothane to produce hypotensive anaesthesia."	4.76	Combined alpha- and beta-receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension. ( Prichard, BN, 1984)
" We present a case report of a neonate born to a 25-year-old mother enrolled in a medication-assisted treatment program for substance use disorder who was noncompliant in prenatal care, using multiple substances throughout the pregnancy, including gabapentin and fentanyl."	3.91	Novel Withdrawal Symptoms of a Neonate Prenatally Exposed to a Fentanyl Analog. ( Davies, TH; Hansen, Z; Loudin, S; Murray, S; Nellhaus, EM, 2019)
" All of these patients were born to mothers who had received methadone substitution for drug addiction during the course of pregnancy."	3.76	Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate. ( Bastanier, C; Beske, F; Esmaeili, A; Keinhorst, AK; Schlösser, R; Schuster, T, 2010)
"Clonidine, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, has been used successfully in pregnancy."	3.76	Pharmacodynamics of clonidine therapy in pregnancy: a heterogeneous maternal response impacts fetal growth. ( Brateng, D; Carr, D; Easterling, TR; Hebert, M; Rothberger, S, 2010)
"The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of clonidine during pregnancy compared with previously published data in nonpregnant subjects."	3.75	Clonidine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy. ( Buchanan, ML; Carr, DB; Easterling, TR; Hebert, MF; Mattison, DR; Nelson, WL; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2009)
" With the exception of one subject, all pre-eclamptics were taking clonidine (a known suppressant of rapid eye movement-REM-sleep) for control of their hypertension."	3.70	Pre-eclampsia is associated with marked alterations in sleep architecture. ( Blyton, CM; Edwards, N; Kesby, GJ; Sullivan, CE; Wilcox, I, 2000)
"Clonidine is a recommended antihypertensive for use during pregnancy, although little is known of its fetal effects."	3.68	Effects of clonidine on breathing movements and electrocortical activity in the fetal lamb. ( Bamford, OS; Blanco, CE; Hawkins, RL, 1990)
" It is concluded that fetal hypoxic apnea may be mediated by inhibitory alpha 2-adrenergic receptors which can be blocked by the antagonist L-657,743."	3.68	Central effects of an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist on fetal lambs: a possible mechanism for hypoxic apnea. ( Bamford, O; Hawkins, RL, 1990)
"In order to prevent symptoms of drug withdrawal during pregnancy, we treated a woman with clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with central and peripheral actions."	3.67	[Treatment of withdrawal symptoms using clonidine during pregnancy]. ( Heidenreich, W; Knitsch, W; Plein, S; Pohl, S, 1989)
" The amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration (mean +/- SD) in cases of hypertension treated with clonidine (0."	3.67	Amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration as an indicator of fetal sympathetic nervous activity. Effect of pregnancy complications. ( Kauppila, A; Puolakka, J; Vuori, J, 1984)
"This study on clonidine action on fetal HR and on BP and HR in newborns during the first 3 days of life was carried out with 10 mother-child couples in comparison with 10 other couples randomly chosen among our patients; in these last couples the mother has not been treated with this oral anti-hypertensive agent during the last 6 months of the pregnancy."	3.67	[Hemodynamic effects of clonidine on the fetus and newborn infant]. ( Bazin, C; Frelon, JH; Hardy, F; Wingtin, LN, 1989)
"Pharmacokinetics of clonidine were examined in ten women during pregnancy, in nine during nursing, and in the newborns of these women."	3.67	Pharmacokinetics of clonidine during pregnancy and nursing. ( Hartikainen-Sorri, AL; Heikkinen, JE; Koivisto, M, 1987)
"Eighty two hypertensive pregnant patients were treated with clonidine during the last trimester of pregnancy."	3.67	Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. ( Kauppila, E; Punnonen, R; Tuimala, R, 1985)
"Pregnant mice were fed a phenobarbital-containing diet on days nine through 18 of pregnancy."	3.66	Prenatal phenobarbital treatment and temperature-controlling dopamine receptors. ( Kuprys, R; Tabakoff, B, 1983)
" The mother took clonidine during pregnancy."	3.66	Roberts's syndrome and clonidine. ( Beshara, D; Levy, JM; Stoll, C, 1979)
"Epidural clonidine improves analgesia but may induce adverse effects in labor."	3.01	Efficacy and safety of epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or patient-controlled analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Chang, XY; Wang, LZ; Xia, F; Zhang, YF, 2023)
"The primary outcome was acute postoperative pain."	2.87	Clonidine Effect on Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Different Routes of Administration. ( Ashmawi, HA; Bliacheriene, F; Corregliano, GT; Fernandes, HS; Francisco, RP; Torres, ML; Vago, TM, 2018)
"Captopril plays an important role in the treatment of very high blood pressure episodes and may be used postpartum."	2.84	Clonidine versus Captopril for Severe Postpartum Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Amorim, MM; Coutinho, IC; Katz, L; Maia, SS; Noronha Neto C, C; Souza, AR, 2017)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively, in women undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia, the effectiveness of hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 3 different adjuvants (fentanyl, clonidine, and dexmedtomidine) on quality of blockade and maternal and neonatal repercussions."	2.80	A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section. ( Huang, AJ; Li, AZ; Li, KZ; Li, Z; Qi, J; Shi, CX; Tian, M; Xin, DQ; Zhang, CY, 2015)
"Hypotension was significantly more frequent in C30 group (29 versus 3% and 3% in S5 and S10 groups) (p=0,001)."	2.73	[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. ( Belhadj Amor, M; Dhahri, S; Draief, A; Ferjani, M; Jebali, A; Lamine, K; Ouezini, R, 2007)
"Hyperalgesia contributes to postoperative pain and may be associated with increased risk of chronic pain after surgery."	2.73	An evaluation of the postoperative antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of intrathecal clonidine administered during elective cesarean delivery. ( Collet, V; De Kock, MF; Lavand'homme, PM; Roelants, F; Waterloos, H, 2008)
"We previously found that spinal clonidine prolongs labor analgesia when combined with spinal bupivacaine and sufentanil."	2.70	Neostigmine combined with bupivacaine, clonidine, and sufentanil for spinal labor analgesia. ( D'Angelo, R; Dean, LS; Meister, GC; Nelson, KE, 2001)
"Thirty micrograms of intrathecal clonidine combined with 2."	2.69	Intrathecal clonidine combined with sufentanil for labor analgesia. ( De Kock, M; Fanard, L; Gautier, PE; Hody, JL; Van Steenberge, A, 1998)
" The authors evaluated the dose-response potency of intrathecally administered clonidine by itself during first stage of labor with respect to analgesia and maternal and fetal side effects."	2.69	Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of intrathecal clonidine as the sole analgesic agent during first stage of labor: a dose-response study. ( Chiari, A; Eisenach, JC; Germann, P; Kainz, C; Klimscha, W; Krenn, C; Lorber, C; Wildling, E; Zavrsky, A, 1999)
"We have studied the use of clonidine combined with low doses of sufentanil and bupivacaine in 45 parturients requiring extradural analgesia for the first stage of labour, in a double-blind, randomized study."	2.68	Extradural clonidine combined with sufentanil and 0.0625% bupivacaine for analgesia in labour. ( Boulétreau, P; Chassard, D; Dailler, F; Golfier, F; Mathon, L; Tournadre, JP, 1996)
"5 mg combined with adrenaline 25 micrograms and sufentanil 10 micrograms; group B received the same solution with clonidine 30 micrograms."	2.67	Clonidine combined with sufentanil and bupivacaine with adrenaline for obstetric analgesia. ( De Kock, M; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Van Lierde, M, 1993)
" This study was performed to evaluate the dose-response hemodynamic and analgesic profiles of intrathecal clonidine administered after a standard surgical intervention, without perioperative administration of additional analgesics, local anesthetics, or tranquilizers."	2.67	Hemodynamic and analgesic profile after intrathecal clonidine in humans. A dose-response study. ( Filos, KS; Goudas, LC; Patroni, O; Polyzou, V, 1994)
"clonidine to suppress post-extradural shivering in parturients."	2.67	IV clonidine for post-extradural shivering in parturients: a preliminary study. ( Capogna, G; Celleno, D, 1993)
"It is essential to find good postoperative pain control strategies that facilitate early mobility, early recovery, and early hospital discharge with minimal side effects on the mother and infant."	2.66	Strategies of analgesic treatment after cesarean delivery. Current state and new alternatives. ( Arroyo-Fernández, FJ; Calderón Seoane, JE; Torres Morera, LM, 2020)
"When opioid misuse rises in the United States, pregnant women and their neonates are affected."	2.61	Analgesia, Opioids, and Other Drug Use During Pregnancy and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. ( Jones, HE; Kraft, WK, 2019)
" This review demonstrates that neuraxial clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section with neuraxial anaesthesia, but this has to be balanced against increased maternal adverse effects."	2.58	The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Allen, TK; Habib, AS; Klinger, RY; Mishriky, BM, 2018)
"Clonidine is an effective and safe adjuvant to local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery."	2.55	Intrathecal clonidine as an adjuvant for neuraxial anaesthesia during caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. ( Crespo, S; Dangelser, G; Haller, G, 2017)
"Recent awareness that chronic pain may occur after childbirth has prompted clinicians and researchers to investigate this topic."	2.49	Chronic pain after childbirth. ( Bollag, L; Landau, R; Ortner, C, 2013)
"While nitroprusside is commonly used to treat severe hypertension, it is an extremely toxic drug that should only be used in rare circumstances."	2.41	The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises. ( Marik, PE; Varon, J, 2000)
"Clonidine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist."	2.38	Fetal effects of maternally administered clonidine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. ( Boutroy, MJ, 1989)
" Chronic administration of drugs acting on monoamines (such as clonidine, imipramine, alpha-methyl-Dopa, reserpine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, diazepam) disturb the spontaneous activity and behavioral state dependency of the monoaminergic cells, influences neurotransmitter turnover and change the sensitivity of both pre- and post-synaptic receptors."	2.37	Central neurotransmitter disturbances underlying developmental neurotoxicological effects. ( Mirmiran, M; Swaab, DF, 1986)
"Hypertension in pregnancy has implications for both maternal and fetal welfare."	2.37	Hypertension in pregnancy. Pathophysiology and management. ( Lubbe, WF, 1984)
" Therefore, we asked if a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could be used to evaluate different dosing regimens for pregnant women."	1.39	A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women. ( Isoherranen, N; Ke, AB; Nallani, SC; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Unadkat, JD; Zhao, P, 2013)
" These results provide further evidence that alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation shortly after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia can promote neural recovery, but highlight the complex dose-response of exogenous therapy."	1.35	Partial neuroprotection with low-dose infusion of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. ( Bennet, L; Dean, JM; George, S; Gunn, AJ; Mallard, C; Naylor, AS, 2008)
"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an acronym that identifies a new clinico-neuroradiologic entity occurring in association with different conditions."	1.33	PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? ( Abbate, M; Ferlazzo, E; Granata, F; Mazzù, I; Musolino, R; Narbone, MC, 2006)
" Dose-response curves for the inhibitory effect of clonidine showed subsensitivity of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors in protein-deprived rats, a phenomenon reversed by fluoxetine treatment."	1.32	Locus coeruleus activity in perinatally protein-deprived rats: effects of fluoxetine administration. ( Cuadra, GR; Orsingher, OA; Ramírez, OA; Sodero, AO; Valdomero, A, 2004)
" In addition, dose-response curves for the inhibitory LC activity of clonidine showed a shift to the right in deprived animals indicating a subsensitivity of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors."	1.31	Increased neuronal activity in locus coeruleus from adult rats undernourished at perinatal age: its reversal by desipramine. ( Cuadra, GR; Nasif, FJ; Orsingher, OA; Ramírez, OA, 2001)
" In fetal, but not adult, MCA, UK-14304 induced a significant decrease in pD(2) for the phenylephrine dose-response relation."	1.31	Pre- and postjunctional alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries. ( Bishai, JM; Buchholz, JN; Gheorghe, CP; Longo, LD; Meulenaar, R; Nijland, R; Penninga, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2002)
"Clonidine use was assessed in 90 treatment-seeking, pregnant, opiate-abusing women using both self-report and urinalysis toxicology."	1.30	Illicit use of clonidine in opiate-abusing pregnant women. ( Anderson, F; Huggins, G; Lee, J; Paluzzi, P; Svikis, D, 1997)
"Women with mild withdrawal symptoms were given clonidine initially, and methadone was substituted if symptoms persisted."	1.30	Opioid detoxification in pregnancy. ( Dashe, JS; Jackson, GL; Olscher, DA; Wendel, GD; Zane, EH, 1998)
" No adverse maternal or fetal effects were noted with serum clonidine concentrations less than 1."	1.28	Intravenous clonidine hydrochloride toxicity in pregnant ewes. ( Castro, MI; Dewan, DM; Eisenach, JC; Grice, SC; Rose, JC, 1989)
" Dose-response curves were constructed for phenylephrine (an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist), ST-91 (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin (AVP)."	1.28	Does magnesium sulfate alter the maternal cardiovascular response to vasopressor agents in gravid ewes? ( Chatterjee, P; Chestnut, DH; Sipes, SL; Thompson, CS; Vincent, RD; Weiner, CP, 1991)
"Female rats were subjected to stress treatments during pregnancy and the offspring were studied at several different ages."	1.27	Prenatal stress: effect on development of rat brain adrenergic receptors. ( Peters, DA, 1984)
"Maternal body weight was reduced in a dose dependent manner."	1.27	Neurochemical evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine. ( Ali, SF; Holson, RR; Newport, GD; Pizzi, WJ; Slikker, W, 1988)
"Clonidine (CLON), is a widely used antihypertensive agent with a potential for expanded therapeutic application in combating drug withdrawal symptoms in opiate and alcohol addiction."	1.27	Behavioral evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine. ( Ali, SF; Holson, RR; Pizzi, WJ, 1988)
"Guanidine was transiently accumulated inside the vesicles against a concentration gradient in the presence of the H+ gradient."	1.27	Evidence for an organic cation-proton antiport system in brush-border membranes isolated from the human term placenta. ( Ganapathy, ME; Ganapathy, V; Leibach, FH; Mahesh, VB; Nair, CN, 1988)
"The nicotine intake was then maintained at a level of 6."	1.27	Prenatal nicotine exposure increases adrenergic receptor binding in the rat cerebral cortex. ( Peters, DA, 1984)
"Pretreatment with clonidine prevented this action of the prostaglandins, but if the animals were first given prostaglandin and allowed to go out of estrus, then clonidine did not restore lordosis."	1.26	Prostaglandins, clonidine and sexual receptivity in the guinea pig. ( Davis, GA; Goy, RW; Haning, RV; Irving, SM, 1981)
" In terms of lofexidine, there was no evidence of any adverse interactions with hydrochlorothiazide either following a single, oral administration to rats and mice or following short-term and long-term repeated oral dosing of rats and dogs."	1.26	Toxicology of the combination lofexidine/hydrochlorothiazide. ( Fontaine, R; Friehe, H; Gibson, JP; Larson, EJ; Sells, DM, 1982)

Research

Studies (225)

Authors

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Daily Doses of Standard Antiemetic Drugs Required in the Two Different Periods.

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	77 (34.22)	18.7374
1990's	59 (26.22)	18.2507
2000's	49 (21.78)	29.6817
2010's	34 (15.11)	24.3611
2020's	6 (2.67)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Xia, F	1
Wang, LZ	1
Chang, XY	1
Zhang, YF	1
Bang Madsen, K	1
Robakis, TK	1
Liu, X	1
Momen, N	1
Larsson, H	1
Dreier, JW	1
Kildegaard, H	1
Groth, JB	1
Newcorn, JH	1
Hove Thomsen, P	1
Munk-Olsen, T	1
Bergink, V	1
Lee, A	1
Landau, R	3
Lavin, T	1
Goodman, S	1
Menon, P	1
Smiley, R	1
Evans, KM	1
Breidenstein, MW	1
Pedro, C	1
Nunez, K	1
Marroquin, B	1
Grondin, LS	1
Arroyo-Fernández, FJ	1
Calderón Seoane, JE	1
Torres Morera, LM	1
Elkoundi, A	1
Mounir, K	1
Atmani, W	1
Balkhi, H	1
Carvalho, F	1
Crespo, S	1
Dangelser, G	1
Haller, G	1
Allen, TK	1
Mishriky, BM	1
Klinger, RY	1
Habib, AS	1
Hoyt, MR	1
Shah, U	1
Cooley, J	1
Temple, M	1
Fernandes, HS	1
Bliacheriene, F	1
Vago, TM	1
Corregliano, GT	1
Torres, ML	1
Francisco, RP	1
Ashmawi, HA	1
Nellhaus, EM	1
Murray, S	1
Hansen, Z	1
Loudin, S	1
Davies, TH	1
Leavitt, K	1
Običan, S	1
Yankowitz, J	1
Jones, HE	1
Kraft, WK	1
Dereu, D	1
Savoldelli, GL	1
Mercier, Y	1
Combescure, C	1
Mathivon, S	1
Rehberg, B	1
Bollag, L	1
Ortner, C	1
Boogmans, T	1
Vertommen, J	1
Valkenborgh, T	1
Devroe, S	2
Roofthooft, E	1
Van de Velde, M	2
Sevrez, C	1
Lavocat, MP	1
Mounier, G	1
Elefant, E	1
Magnin, S	1
Teyssier, G	1
Patural, H	1
Maina, A	1
Arrotta, M	1
Cicogna, L	1
Donvito, V	1
Mischinelli, M	1
Todros, T	1
Rivolo, S	1
Bagley, SM	1
Wachman, EM	1
Holland, E	1
Brogly, SB	1
Stephansson, O	1
Zhang, N	1
Xu, MJ	1
Li, Z	1
Tian, M	1
Zhang, CY	1
Li, AZ	1
Huang, AJ	1
Shi, CX	1
Xin, DQ	1
Qi, J	1
Li, KZ	1
Roelants, F	4
Lavand'homme, P	1
Carvalho, FA	1
Tenório, SB	1
Shiohara, FT	1
Maia, LR	1
Mota, A	1
Noronha Neto C, C	1
Maia, SS	1
Katz, L	1
Coutinho, IC	1
Souza, AR	1
Amorim, MM	1
Nakamura, G	1
Ganem, EM	1
Módolo, NS	1
Rugolo, LM	1
Castiglia, YM	1
Dean, JM	1
George, S	1
Naylor, AS	1
Mallard, C	1
Gunn, AJ	1
Bennet, L	1
Dewandre, PY	2
Kirsch, M	1
Bonhomme, V	2
Columb, M	1
Hans, P	2
Brichant, JF	3
Lavand'homme, PM	2
Waterloos, H	1
Collet, V	1
De Kock, MF	1
McDonnell, NJ	1
Muchatuta, NA	1
Paech, MJ	3
Kuczkowski, KM	4
Chandra, S	3
Machaalani, R	1
Makris, A	3
Thornton, C	2
Hennessy, A	3
Buchanan, ML	1
Easterling, TR	3
Carr, DB	1
Shen, DD	2
Risler, LJ	2
Nelson, WL	1
Mattison, DR	1
Hebert, MF	2
Malvasi, A	1
Tinelli, A	1
Brizzi, A	1
Greco, F	1
Celleno, D	2
Tinelli, R	1
Paech, M	1
Pan, P	1
Berends, N	1
Kumar, A	1
Devlieger, R	1
Vandermeersch, E	1
De Buck, F	1
Esmaeili, A	1
Keinhorst, AK	1
Schuster, T	1
Beske, F	1
Schlösser, R	1
Bastanier, C	1
Patel, NJ	1
Chen, MJ	1
Russo-Neustadt, AA	1
Decurninge, V	1
Wallet, F	1
Clement, HJ	1
Bouret, C	1
Lopez, F	1
Broisin, F	1
Pignal, C	1
Schoeffler, M	1
Derre, E	1
Charpiat, B	1
Huissoud, C	1
Aubrun, F	1
Viale, JP	1
Claessens, AJ	1
Eyal, S	1
Rothberger, S	1
Carr, D	1
Brateng, D	1
Hebert, M	1
Rowles, BM	1
Findling, RL	1
Thornton, CE	1
Tooher, JM	1
Ogle, RF	1
Bazin, M	1
Bonnin, M	1
Storme, B	1
Bolandard, F	1
Vernis, L	1
Lavergne, B	1
Pereira, B	1
Bazin, JE	1
Dualé, C	1
Bio, LL	1
Siu, A	1
Poon, CY	1
Labbene, I	1
Gharsallah, H	1
Abderrahman, A	1
Belhadj Amor, M	2
Trabelsi, W	1
Hajjej, Z	1
Ferjani, M	2
Braga, Ade F	1
Frias, JA	1
Braga, FS	1
Pereira, RI	1
Titotto, SM	1
Ke, AB	1
Nallani, SC	1
Zhao, P	1
Rostami-Hodjegan, A	1
Isoherranen, N	1
Unadkat, JD	1
Yakubu, MA	1
Pourcyrous, M	1
Randolph, MM	1
Blaho, KE	1
Mandrell, TD	1
Bada, HS	1
Leffler, CW	1
Schiffer, E	1
Morales, M	1
Savoldelli, G	1
Kern, C	1
Aveline, C	1
El Metaoua, S	1
Masmoudi, A	1
Boelle, PY	1
Bonnet, F	2
Kotlyar, M	1
Hatsukami, DK	1
Banks, SL	2
Gurrin, LC	1
Yeo, ST	2
Pavy, TJ	2
Orlikowski, CE	1
Evans, SF	1
Henderson, J	1
Kayacan, N	2
Arici, G	2
Karsli, B	2
Bigat, Z	1
Akar, M	1
Kusaka, K	1
Morinobu, S	1
Kawano, K	1
Yamawaki, S	1
Sodero, AO	1
Valdomero, A	1
Cuadra, GR	2
Ramírez, OA	2
Orsingher, OA	3
Sia, AT	2
Kwek, K	1
Yeo, GS	1
Mercier-Fuzier, V	1
Foulds, J	1
Steinberg, MB	1
Williams, JM	1
Ziedonis, DM	1
Xu, B	1
Ogle, R	1
Horvath, JS	5
Bay, KD	1
Mamiya, K	1
Good, CH	1
Skinner, RD	1
Garcia-Rill, E	1
Füessl, HS	1
van Tuijl, I	1
van Klei, WA	1
van der Werff, DB	1
Kalkman, CJ	1
Narbone, MC	1
Musolino, R	1
Granata, F	1
Mazzù, I	1
Abbate, M	1
Ferlazzo, E	1
Parker, RK	1
Connelly, NR	1
Lucas, T	1
Serban, S	1
Pristas, R	1
Berman, E	1
Gibson, C	1
Elsworth, JD	1
Morrow, BA	1
Nguyen, VT	1
Mitra, J	1
Picciotto, MR	1
Roth, RH	1
Nacitarhan, C	1
Sadan, G	1
Ertugrul, F	1
Erman, M	1
Ferris, MJ	1
Mactutus, CF	1
Silvers, JM	1
Hasselrot, U	1
Beaudin, SA	1
Strupp, BJ	1
Booze, RM	1
Draief, A	1
Ouezini, R	1
Dhahri, S	1
Jebali, A	1
Lamine, K	1
Gardey-Levassort, C	1
Ventura, MA	1
Thiroux, G	1
Olive, G	1
Moodley, J	1
Richter, R	1
Martin, DE	1
Kammerer, WS	1
Lubbe, WF	1
Prichard, BN	1
Dausse, JP	2
Le Quan-Bui, KH	2
Meyer, P	2
Valli, M	1
Bruguerolle, B	1
Jadot, G	1
Bouyard, P	1
Courtière, A	1
Baret, A	1
Estes, KS	1
Simpkins, JW	1
Cheng, HC	1
Woodward, JK	1
Adler, RA	1
Herzberg, VL	1
Sokol, HW	1
Pombo Arias, M	1
Ram, CV	2
Peters, DA	2
Fleming, SE	1
Korda, A	3
Puolakka, J	1
Kauppila, A	1
Vuori, J	1
Kuprys, R	1
Tabakoff, B	1
Tsai, TH	1
Beitman, RE	1
Gibson, JP	2
Larson, EJ	2
Friehe, H	1
Fontaine, R	1
Sells, DM	1
Berkowitz, RL	2
Hodding, GC	1
Jann, M	1
Ackerman, IP	1
Irving, SM	2
Goy, RW	2
Davis, GA	2
Haning, RV	1
Cellina, G	1
Lo Cicero, G	1
Montanari, C	1
Barbato, M	1
Brina, A	1
Eisenach, JC	7
D'Angelo, R	2
Taylor, C	1
Hood, DD	1
Siegemund, M	1
Schneider, MC	1
Hampl, KF	1
Hösli, I	1
Mhaouty, S	1
Cohen-Tannoudji, J	1
Bouet-Alard, R	1
Limon-Boulez, I	2
Maltier, JP	2
Legrand, C	2
Pivalizza, EG	1
Zuckerman, RL	1
Harris, AP	1
Blumenfeld, Z	2
Amit, T	2
Vercauteren, MP	2
Vandeput, DM	1
Meert, TF	1
Adriaensen, HA	2
Filos, KS	2
Goudas, LC	2
Patroni, O	2
Polyzou, V	2
Héry, M	1
François-Bellan, AM	1
Deprez, P	1
Faudon, M	1
Héry, F	1
Capogna, G	1
Macdonald, R	1
Hermans, RH	1
Longo, LD	2
Hansen, S	1
O'Meara, ME	1
Gin, T	1
Le Polain, B	1
De Kock, M	2
Scholtes, JL	1
Van Lierde, M	1
Shi, CZ	1
Zhuang, LZ	1
Mercier, FJ	3
Boulay, G	1
Ben Ayed, M	1
Benhamou, D	5
Frank, GR	1
Cheung, PT	1
Horn, JA	1
Alfaro, MP	1
Smith, EP	1
Chernausek, SD	1
Buggy, DJ	1
MacDowell, C	1
Nair, R	1
Dyer, DC	2
Chassard, D	1
Mathon, L	1
Dailler, F	1
Golfier, F	1
Tournadre, JP	1
Boulétreau, P	1
Saldien, V	1
Bosschaerts, P	1
Ala-Kokko, TI	1
Pienimäki, P	1
Lampela, E	1
Hollmén, AI	1
Pelkonen, O	1
Vähäkangas, K	1
Hu, XQ	1
Pabbathi, VK	1
Brennan, H	1
Muxworthy, A	1
Gill, L	1
Holmes, FE	1
Vignes, M	1
Haynes, LW	1
Conway, S	1
Ling, SY	1
Leidy, JW	1
Blaine, K	1
Holtzman, T	1
Anderson, F	1
Paluzzi, P	1
Lee, J	1
Huggins, G	1
Svikis, D	1
Mhaouty-Kodja, S	1
Coudouel, N	1
Benoit de Coignac, A	1
Gautier, PE	1
Fanard, L	1
Van Steenberge, A	1
Hody, JL	1
Keller, EA	2
Rey, A	1
Gutiérrez, AC	1
Cancela, LM	1
Radev, R	1
Tan, TK	1
Thorin, D	1
Dailland, P	1
Milon, D	1
Schneider, M	1
Dounas, M	1
Bouaziz, H	2
Des Mesnards-Smaja, V	1
Foiret, C	1
Vestermann, MN	1
Fischler, M	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Dexmedetomidine Comme Adjuvant à la rachianesthésie Lors de césariennes électives : Une étude Pilote[NCT05099055]	Phase 3	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Completed
Comparison Between Intravenous and Intrathecal Clonidine in Post-cesarean Analgesia[NCT02550444]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Caesarean Section - Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT01931215]	Phase 4	180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial Comparing Programed Intermittent Epidural Boluses (PIEB) Versus Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) With Epidural or Combined Spinal-epidural (CSE) Technique[NCT02768272]	Phase 4	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-01	Completed
The CLONEMESI Study: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Study With Transdermal Clonidine in the Treatment of Severe Hyperemesis Gravidarum.[NCT01559012]	Phase 3	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial for Effectiveness of Clonidine Versus Captopril for Treatment of Postpartum Very High Blood Pressure[NCT01761916]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Labor Analgesia With Ropivacaine Added to Clonidine. A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT00626977]		32 participants (Actual)	Observational	2000-05-31	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section[NCT01015807]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Epidural Analgesia During Labour. Impact of Clonidine Addition to Levobupivacaine and Sufentanil[NCT00437996]	Phase 3	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
Effects of a Systematic Addition of Clonidine in the Local Anaesthetic and Opiate Solution for Epidural Patient Controlled Analgesia in Labour (Levobupivacaine 0.568 mg.mLl-1 + Sufentanil 0.45 µg.mL-1)[NCT00983125]	Phase 4	124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Butorphanol Tartrate for Postoperative Analgesia and Breastfeeding in Cesarean Section[NCT03065530]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-07	Completed
Hemodynamic Effect of Intrathecal Clonidine in Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study to Assess Its Effectiveness in Hypertensive Subjects With Poor Blood Pressure Control (Phase II)[NCT01297335]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Pilot Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial of Buprenorphine vs. Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy.[NCT03098407]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-20	Completed
Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Pain Management During Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT06067958]	Phase 3	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"The patients were randomly treated with and without TD clonidine (5mg patch) for 2 consecutive periods of 5 days , other antiemetic drugs (promethazine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron) and anti reflux drugs (ranitidine, omeprazole) being administered on a scheduled or as-needed basis.~All patients received intravenous hydration and supplementation with thiamine, during both periods. The use of steroids was allowed as a rescue medication in case of further worsening of symptoms." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	daily doses of antiemetics (Mean)
Clonidine	1.5
Placebo	2.3

Diastolic BP was recorded every day during clonidine (5 days) and placebo (5 days) cycle (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: 10 days

Morning Urine Ketonuria

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Clonidine	58
Placebo	61

Morning urine ketonuria is a simple direct marker of starving associated to nausea and vomiting (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

Newborn Outcome Measure: APGAR Score.

Intervention	Proportion of person-days (Mean)
Clonidine	0.06
Placebo	0.36

"The APGAR score is the most common indicator of neonatal status immediately after delivery.~The test is done by a doctor, midwife, or nurse. The health care provider will examine the baby's:~Breathing effort Heart rate Muscle tone Reflexes Skin color Each category is scored with 0, 1, or 2, depending on the observed condition. The APGAR rating is based on a total score of 1 to 10. The higher the score, the better the baby is doing after birth." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at 1 minute and at 5 minutes after delivery

Number of Days Off i.v. Therapy, the TD System (Clonidine/Placebo) Being Applied Only

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
APGAR Score at 1'	9
APGAR Score at 5'	9

if the symptoms improve the patient and her doctors may decide to stop parenteral drugs continuing the TD system therapy. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

Number of Patients Choosing Active Treatment for Off-label, Compassionate Use.

Intervention	Proportion of person-days (Mean)
Clonidine	0.40
Placebo	0.20

the patients were asked to choose between two transdermal systems (active drug versus placebo) as the most effective (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at 10 days since start of treatment

Pregnancy Outcome Measures: Birth Weight.

Intervention	participants (Number)
Clonidine	9
Placebo	3

Birth weight adjusted for gestational age at delivery is a measure of pregnancy outcome after treatment of HG. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at delivery

PUQE Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Intervention	grams (Mean)
Mean Birth Weight of 12 Patients	3312

"PUQE in an acronym for Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis, a validated clinical score for assessment of severity of emesis in pregnancy.~It is composed of three items; every item has a score from 1 (best) to 5 (worst).~The sum range varies from 3 (best) to 15 (worst). Participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) asking them to score their symptoms daily." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: Mean values of first period of five days are compared with mean values of second period of five days. Change is reported as baseline value - value at day 5 or at day 10.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine	6.3
Placebo	8.5

Systolic BP was measured every day during the clonidine treatment (5 days) and placebo (5 days) (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: 10 days

VAS Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Clonidine	91
Placebo	97

VAS is a Visual Analogic Scale formulated in 5 items. Every item has a score from 0 (best) to 10 (worst). The sum range swings from 0 (best ) to 50 (worst). Participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) asking them to score their symptoms daily. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: Mean values of first period of five days are compared with mean values of second period of five days. Change is reported as baseline value - value at day 5 or at day 10.

Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine	22
Placebo	29

Determine which of three different TAP formulations (Placebo, TAP, Clo-TAP) has the most beneficial effect on the postoperative area of hyperalgesia 48hrs after the start of the cesarean section. The smaller the area of WHA, assessed in cm2, the better the outcome. Area sizes may range from 0 to any size. (NCT01015807)
Timeframe: 48hrs after CS

Number of Participants That Experienced Nausea or Vomiting

Intervention	cm^2 (Mean)
Placebo	1.07
TAP (Bupi)	1.27
Clo-TAP (Bupi + Clon)	0.74

Total times during 48h after cesarean section. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Group C	1
Group D1	2
Group D2	1
Group D3	1

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS at rest was assessed when the patient was in supine position (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2.11
Group D1	2
Group D2	1.72
Group D3	125

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.29
Group D1	2.86
Group D2	1.62
Group D3	0.93

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.21
Group D1	2.93
Group D2	1.72
Group D3	1.57

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.143
Group D1	2.897
Group D2	1.665
Group D3	1.25

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS on movement was assessed when patients changed from supine to lateral position. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.71
Group D1	3.52
Group D2	2.69
Group D3	1.18

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.82
Group D1	3.79
Group D2	2.35
Group D3	1.93

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.43
Group D1	3.28
Group D2	2.24
Group D3	1.21

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	4.39
Group D1	4.31
Group D2	2.86
Group D3	2.2

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS-C was assessed when the patient required oxytocin after surgery in supine position (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.46
Group D1	3.41
Group D2	2.17
Group D3	1.07

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.75
Group D1	3.55
Group D2	2.59
Group D3	1.79

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.86
Group D1	3.66
Group D2	2.79
Group D3	2

Sedation intensity measured with RSS is recorded at the 6, 12 24 and 48 h after cesarean section. Sedation was assessed by the Ramsay Sedation Scores (RSS) (1, anxious patient; 2, cooperative and tranquil; 3, responding to command; 4, brisk response to stimulus; 5, sluggish response to stimulus; 6, no response to stimulus). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 6h after cesarean section.

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control Group	2
Dexmedetomidine 0.03ug/kg/h Group	2.17
Dexmedetomidine 0.05ug/kg/h Group	2.14
Dexmedetomidine 0.08ug/kg/h Group	3.14

Sedation intensity measured with RSS is recorded at the 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after cesarean section. Sedation was assessed by the Ramsay Sedation Scores (RSS) (1, anxious patient; 2, cooperative and tranquil; 3, responding to command; 4, brisk response to stimulus; 5, sluggish response to stimulus; 6, no response to stimulus). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2.21
Group D2	2.28
Group D3	3.21

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2.07
Group D2	2.10
Group D3	2.25

Relative Infant Dose (RID) of Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2
Group D2	2
Group D3	2

Relative infant dose (RID) =Dose (infant, mg•kg-1•day-1) /Dose (mother, mg•kg-1•day-1) μg·kg-1·h-1. The Dose (infant) in mg•kg-1 is calculated by multiplying the concentration of the drug in breast milk by the volume of breast milk consumed daily (about 150 mL•kg-1). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

The Degree of Satisfaction

Intervention	percentage of one hundred (Mean)
Group D1	0.1712
Group D2	0.1967
Group D3	0.3701

The degree of satisfaction (0, very satisfied; 1, satisfied; 2, moderately satisfied; 3, not satisfied) was evaluated at 48 h after surgery. The number of overall satisfied patients (satisfied and very satisfied) is reported. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Group C	12
Group D1	16
Group D2	26
Group D3	25

"Subjects baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), and blood pressures after clonidine injection was compared against baseline to assess efficacy of clonidine in refractory hypertensive subjects. Subject's blood pressure was monitored continuously after intrathecal injection of clonidine until subjects blood pressure nadir and return to pre clonidine injection level. The mean value reported below are the average changes in blood pressure from baseline (pre clonidine injection) in both SBP and DBP during post clonidine injection blood pressure monitoring for 4 hours.~Blood pressure measurements were collected every 10 minutes for first hour after injection, and every 15 minutes after the first hour, up to 4 hours were averaged to report the change from baseline." (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Baseline, Every 10 Minutes for first hour after clonidine injection, and every 15 minutes after first hour, until 4 hours after clonidine injection

Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Change in mean SBP after clonidine injection	Change in DBP after clonidine injection
Intrathecal Clonidine	79	37

Subjects were asked to rate severity of two of the most common side effects of clonidine, sedation and sensation of dry mouth, at pre and post (1 hour after) intrathecal administration of clonidine. The mean changes between pre and post injection VAS ratings of sedation and sensation of dry mouth are reported below. The VAS scale ranges from 1 to 10 cm, with higher values indicating higher level of sedation and higher level of dry mouth. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Before clonidine injection (Baseline), and at 1 hour after clonidine injection.

Likert Scale Pain Rating

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	Change in level of sedation	Change in sensation of dry mouth
Intrathecal Clonidine	3.36	3.47

Likert scale is 11 point digital pain rating system that asks subjects to rate their pain from 0 to 10. Rating of 0 means no pain at all, and in increasing order, 10 would mean worst pain imaginable/ unbearable pain. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 1 hour post injection.

Article	Year
Efficacy and safety of epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or patient-controlled analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2023, Volume: 161, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anes	2023
Strategies of analgesic treatment after cesarean delivery. Current state and new alternatives. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2020, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epi	2020
Intrathecal clonidine as an adjuvant for neuraxial anaesthesia during caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2017, Volume: 32 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Apgar Score; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Female; Human	2017
The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2018, Volume: 120, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section;	2018
Treatment and Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy. Clinics in perinatology, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Aspirin; Calcium Channel Blockers; Chronic Dis	2019
Analgesia, Opioids, and Other Drug Use During Pregnancy and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Clinics in perinatology, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Breast Feeding; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine	2019
Chronic pain after childbirth. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Pain; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Cesarea	2013
Review of the assessment and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Addiction science & clinical practice, 2014, Sep-09, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Breast Feeding; Buprenorphine; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Methadone; Narcotics; Neo	2014
Effects of epidural neostigmine and clonidine in labor analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Score; Clonidine; Delivery,	2015
Review of pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD-like symptoms in children and adolescents with developmental disorders. Developmental disabilities research reviews, 2010, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Amphetamines; Antipsychotic Agents; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; Attention Deficit Disorde	2010
Update on the pharmacologic management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2011, Volume: 31, Issue:11 Topics: Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn;	2011
Managing nicotine addiction. Journal of dental education, 2002, Volume: 66, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adolescent; Adult; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bupropion; Chewing	2002
Developments in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence: past, present and future. Drug and alcohol review, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bupropion; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Drug Administration Routes; Femal	2006
The use of neuraxial adjuvant drugs (neostigmine, clonidine) in obstetrics. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Cesarean Section; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clonidine; Female;	2006
The management of hypertension in pregnancy: A review. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1980, Jul-19, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anticoagu	1980
The hypertensive surgical patient. Controversies in management. The Surgical clinics of North America, 1983, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive A	1983
Hypertension in pregnancy. Pathophysiology and management. Drugs, 1984, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Calcium Channel Blockers; Captopril; Clon	1984
Combined alpha- and beta-receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs, 1984, Volume: 28 Suppl 2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Antihyp	1984
[Progress in the study of growth retardation]. Anales espanoles de pediatria, 1984, Oct-15, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromoso	1984
Hypertensive crisis. Cardiology clinics, 1984, Volume: 2, Issue:2 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Brain Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Clonidine; Coronary Disease; Dia	1984
Anti-hypertensive drugs in the pregnant patient. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 1980, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Chronic Disease; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Diuretics; Female; Fetus; Furosemide	1980
Drug withdrawal syndromes-- a literature review. The Western journal of medicine, 1980, Volume: 133, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anticoagulants; Anticonvulsants; Clonidine; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Infant	1980
Anesthesia in obstetrics. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia	1994
Epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 1998, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analg	1998
Promising non-narcotic analgesic techniques for labour. Bailliere's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 1998, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Midazolam;	1998
The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises. Chest, 2000, Volume: 118, Issue:1 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Aortic Aneurysm; Aortic Dissection; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Enalaprilat; Fema	2000
New techniques and drugs for epidural labor analgesia. Seminars in perinatology, 2002, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Female; Flu	2002
The use of antihypertensive drugs in hypertension in pregnancy. Clinics in obstetrics and gynaecology, 1977, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Diuretic	1977
Synergistic effect of growth hormone and gonadotropins in achieving conception in "clonidine-negative" patients with unexplained infertility. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991, Volume: 626 Topics: Adult; Carrier Proteins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Female; Fertilization; G	1991
[Biological markers of depression]. Revue medicale de Liege, 1986, May-01, Volume: 41, Issue:9 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Apomorphine; Clonidine; Contingent Negative Variation; Depression; Dexamethas	1986
Fetal effects of maternally administered clonidine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, 1989, Volume: 13, Issue:2-4 Topics: Adult; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Clonidine; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypertension; Mat	1989
Hypertension in pregnancy. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York, 1985, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Chronic Disease; Clonidine; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Hydrala	1985
Central neurotransmitter disturbances underlying developmental neurotoxicological effects. Neurotoxicology, 1986,Summer, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Brain; Clonidine; Drug Interactions; Female; Growth; Humans; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter	1986
[Management of peroperative hypertensive crises]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1988, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia, General; Calcium Channel Blockers; Clonidine; Coronary Dise	1988
Hypertensive cardiovascular emergencies. Comprehensive therapy, 1985, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Brain Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Clonidine; Coronary Disease; Dia	1985
Disorders of prolactin and growth hormone secretion. Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Acromegaly; Arginine; Clonidine; Dwarfism; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Growth Hormone; Growth Ho	1985

Article	Year
Comparative efficacy of epidural clonidine versus epidural fentanyl for treating breakthrough pain during labor: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2020, Volume: 42 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Breakthrough Pai	2020
The effect of clonidine added to ropivacaine on opioid consumption in transverse abdominis plane blocks for cesarean section: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2020, Volume: 62 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Amides; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Doub	2020
Clonidine Effect on Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Different Routes of Administration. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2018, Volume: 127, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesth	2018
The impact of a transversus abdominis plane block including clonidine vs. intrathecal morphine on nausea and vomiting after caesarean section: A randomised controlled trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Cesarean	2019
Epidural neostigmine and clonidine improves the quality of combined spinal epidural analgesia in labour: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthesi	2014
Transdermal clonidine in the treatment of severe hyperemesis. A pilot randomised control trial: CLONEMESI. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Antiemetics; Clonidine; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; D	2014
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section. Drug research, 2015, Volume: 65, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiv	2015
Clonidine versus sufentanil as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in patient-controlled epidural labour analgesia: A randomised double-blind trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2015, Volume: 32, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesic	2015
Randomized study of postcesarean analgesia with intrathecal morphine alone or combined with clonidine. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 33 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Double-Blind Meth	2016
Clonidine versus Captopril for Severe Postpartum Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Captopril; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension,	2017
Labor analgesia with ropivacaine added to clonidine: a randomized clinical trial. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina, 2008, Mar-06, Volume: 126, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Apgar Sc	2008
Impact of the addition of sufentanil 5 microg or clonidine 75 microg on the minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine for epidural analgesia in labour: a randomized comparison. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local;	2008
An evaluation of the postoperative antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of intrathecal clonidine administered during elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics	2008
Long-term epidural analgesia treatment in pre-eclamptic women: a preliminary trial. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2009, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obs	2009
Effects of epidural clonidine and neostigmine following intrathecal labour analgesia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pr	2009
Side effects of the addition of clonidine 75 microg or sufentanil 5 microg to 0.2% ropivacaine for labour epidural analgesia. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Clonidi	2010
Effects of a continuous low-dose clonidine epidural regimen on pain, satisfaction and adverse events during labour: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; An	2010
Addition of clonidine to a continuous patient-controlled epidural infusion of low-concentration levobupivacaine plus sufentanil in primiparous women during labour. Anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 66, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioi	2011
[Effects of 15 mcg intrathecal clonidine added to bupivacaine and sufentanil for labor analgesia]. La Tunisie medicale, 2011, Volume: 89, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2011
Spinal anesthesia for elective ceasarean section: use of different doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine associated with morphine and clonidine. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia,	2013
The dose-sparing effect of clonidine added to ropivacaine for labor epidural analgesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics,	2002
The effect of clonidine on the minimum local analgesic concentration of epidural ropivacaine during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics,	2002
A randomized, double-blinded trial of subarachnoid bupivacaine and fentanyl, with or without clonidine, for combined spinal/epidural analgesia during labor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical	2002
Postcesarean analgesia with spinal morphine, clonidine, or their combination. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammato	2004
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia in labour: the addition of fentanyl or clonidine to bupivacaine. Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology, 2004, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics; Blood Pressure; Bupivacaine;	2004
Epidural administration of neostigmine and clonidine to induce labor analgesia: evaluation of efficacy and local anesthetic-sparing effect. Anesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 102, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Clonidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Labo	2005
The effect of addition of intrathecal clonidine to hyperbaric bupivacaine on postoperative pain and morphine requirements after Caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. British journal of anaesthesia, 2006, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Sectio	2006
Management of labor pain with single dose spinal analgesia: Indonesian perspective. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2007, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Clonidin	2007
[30 microg intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia, but increases the incidence of hypotension and abnormal foetal heart rate patterns]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2007, Volume: 26, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; He	2007
An isobolographic study of epidural clonidine and fentanyl after cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1994, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Bl	1994
The role of growth hormone in ovulation induction. Annals of medicine, 1994, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Carrier Proteins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clonidine; Drug Therapy, Combination;	1994
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with sufentanil following caesarean section: the effect of adrenaline and clonidine admixture. Anaesthesia, 1994, Volume: 49, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Cesarean Section;	1994
Hemodynamic and analgesic profile after intrathecal clonidine in humans. A dose-response study. Anesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Dose	1994
IV clonidine for post-extradural shivering in parturients: a preliminary study. British journal of anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 71, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Clonidi	1993
Comparison of 0.125% bupivacaine with 0.125% bupivacaine and clonidine as extradural analgesia in the first stage of labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Blood Pressure; Bupivac	1993
Clonidine combined with sufentanil and bupivacaine with adrenaline for obstetric analgesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Double-Blin	1993
[Combined spinal and epidural analgesia for labor. Prolongation by addition of a minidose of clonidine to sufentanil. An initial study]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1996, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Clonidi	1996
Extradural analgesia with clonidine and fentanyl compared with 0.25% bupivacaine in the first stage of labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Loc	1996
Extradural clonidine combined with sufentanil and 0.0625% bupivacaine for analgesia in labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 77, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthet	1996
Potentiation of sufentanil by clonidine in PCEA with or without basal infusion. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Sectio	1996
Intrathecal clonidine combined with sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 88, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Labor, Obstetric;	1998
Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bu	1998
The effect of adding a minidose of clonidine to intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; C	1998
[The effects of a dose of epidural clonidine combined with intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1998, Volume: 64, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Clonidi	1998
Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of intrathecal clonidine as the sole analgesic agent during first stage of labor: a dose-response study. Anesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 91, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug	1999
Low-dose clonidine infusion during labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 83, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analysis	1999
Low-dose clonidine and neostigmine prolong the duration of intrathecal bupivacaine-fentanyl for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local;	2000
Optimal dose of intrathecal clonidine added to sufentanil plus bupivacaine for labour analgesia. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2000, Volume: 47, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bl	2000
Epidural fentanyl-bupivacaine compared with clonidine-bupivacaine for analgesia in labour. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; A	2000
Neostigmine combined with bupivacaine, clonidine, and sufentanil for spinal labor analgesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 93, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, O	2001
[Treatment of the hypertensive syndrome with hemiton and isobarin in certain diseases of pregnant women]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1977, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Drug Evaluation; Female; Guanethidine; Humans;	1977
Ventilatory effects of epidural clonidine during the first 3 hours after caesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Apnea; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method	1992
Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief after cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1992, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Inj	1992
Epidural clonidine after cesarean section. Appropriate dose and effect of prior local anesthetic. Anesthesiology, 1992, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Bupiv	1992
Synergistic effect of growth hormone and gonadotropins in achieving conception in "clonidine-negative" patients with unexplained infertility. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1991, Volume: 626 Topics: Adult; Carrier Proteins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Female; Fertilization; G	1991
Early blood pressure control improves pregnancy outcome in primigravid women with mild hypertension. The Medical journal of Australia, 1991, Mar-18, Volume: 154, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; D	1991
Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dos	1990
Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dos	1990
Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dos	1990
Epidural clonidine analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 73, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Dos	1990
[Clonidine in hypertension in pregnancy]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1988, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newbo	1988
Clonidine hydrochloride--a safe and effective antihypertensive agent in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1985, Volume: 66, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Apgar Score; Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female	1985
[Treatment of vascular headaches]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1973, Aug-31, Volume: 98, Issue:35 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Carbamazepine; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Clonidine; Ergotamine; Female	1973

Article	Year
In utero exposure to ADHD medication and long-term offspring outcomes. Molecular psychiatry, 2023, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amphetamines; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Coh	2023
Management of a patient with Shapiro syndrome variant during pregnancy. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2020, Volume: 43 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Clonidine; Diagnosis, Diff	2020
Reply to the correspondence in relation to the article "Randomized study of post-cesarean analgesia with intrathecal morphine alone or combined with clonidine". Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2017, Volume: 38 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Morp	2017
Use of epidural clonidine for the management of analgesia in the opioid addicted parturient on buprenorphine maintenance therapy: an observational study. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 34 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Buprenorphine; Cathet	2018
Novel Withdrawal Symptoms of a Neonate Prenatally Exposed to a Fentanyl Analog. Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners, 2019, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Clonidine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Levetiracetam; Methadone; Myo	2019
[Transplacental or breast milk intoxication to clonidine: a case of neonatal hypotonia and drowsiness]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2014, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Clonidine; Consciousness Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pregnancy	2014
A novel study on transdermal clonidine treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:12 Topics: Antiemetics; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hyperemesis Gravidarum; Pregnancy	2014
Partial neuroprotection with low-dose infusion of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep. Neuropharmacology, 2008, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Brain; Clonidine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relation	2008
Management of a super-morbidly obese parturient requiring caesarean delivery (again!). Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2008, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetr	2008
Intrathecal clonidine for control of labor pain: international perspective. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; In	2008
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (Flt1) and apoptosis in the preeclamptic placenta and effects of in vivo anti-hypertensive exposure. Hypertension in pregnancy, 2008, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Apoptosis; Case-Control Studies; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Growth Ret	2008
Clonidine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2009, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Area Under Curve; Clonidine; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Hypertensi	2009
New recipes for neuraxial labor analgesia: simple fare or gourmet combos? International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Clonidine; Drug	2009
Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with clonidine and chloral hydrate. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2010, Volume: 99, Issue:2 Topics: Blood Pressure; Chloral Hydrate; Clonidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and	2010
Norepinephrine and nitric oxide promote cell survival signaling in hippocampal neurons. European journal of pharmacology, 2010, May-10, Volume: 633, Issue:1-3 Topics: Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Clonidine; Cyclic AMP Re	2010
CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Chromatography, Liquid; Clonidine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Female; Human	2010
Pharmacodynamics of clonidine therapy in pregnancy: a heterogeneous maternal response impacts fetal growth. American journal of hypertension, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Clonidine; Cohort Stud	2010
Does the anti-hypertensive drug clonidine affect the short-term variation in CTG recordings? The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 2010, Volume: 50, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Cardiotocography; Clonidine; Female; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Hype	2010
Subarachnoid clonidine for labor pain: the two sides of the coin. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2012, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; C	2012
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Clonidine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Dextromethorpha	2013
Consequences of maternal cocaine on cerebral microvascular functions in piglets. Brain research, 2002, Aug-30, Volume: 947, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arterioles; Autonomic Nervous System; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Cereb	2002
Effect of neonatal isolation on the noradrenergic transduction system in the rat hippocampal slice. Synapse (New York, N.Y.), 2004, Dec-15, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Clonidine;	2004
Locus coeruleus activity in perinatally protein-deprived rats: effects of fluoxetine administration. European journal of pharmacology, 2004, Oct-25, Volume: 503, Issue:1-3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Amphetamines; Animals; Antidepressive Agent	2004
The in vitro effects of clonidine and dexmedetomidine on human myometrium. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2005, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Myometrium; Pregnancy; Uterine Cont	2005
Antihypertensive drugs clonidine, diazoxide, hydralazine and furosemide regulate the production of cytokines by placentas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in normal pregnancy. Journal of hypertension, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Clonidine; Culture Media, Conditi	2006
Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of pedunculopontine nucleus neurons during development. Neuroscience, 2006, Aug-25, Volume: 141, Issue:2 Topics: Acetylcholine; Action Potentials; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Analysis	2006
[Emergency checklist in hypertensive crisis]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2006, Jun-22, Volume: 148, Issue:25 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure Determination; Calcium Channel Blockers; Clonidine; Diuretic	2006
PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2006, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antihypertensive Agents; Brain; Brain Diseases; Cl	2006
Epidural clonidine added to a bupivacaine infusion increases analgesic duration in labor without adverse maternal or fetal effects. Journal of anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Apgar Score; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Ge	2007
Prenatal cocaine exposure enhances responsivity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons: role of autoreceptors. Neuroscience, 2007, Jun-29, Volume: 147, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Autoreceptors; Clonidine; Cocaine; Female; Genes, fos; Immunohistochemistr	2007
The effects of opioids, local anesthetics and adjuvants on isolated pregnant rat uterine muscles. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Alfentanil; Amides; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Anim	2007
Sex mediates dopamine and adrenergic receptor expression in adult rats exposed prenatally to cocaine. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 2007, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Autoradiography; Behavior, Animal; Benzazepines; Brain Chemistry	2007
Maternal satisfaction with single-dose spinal analgesia for labor pain in Indonesia: a landmark study. Journal of anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Benchmarking; Bupivacaine	2008
An attempt to identify alpha-adrenoceptors in the human placenta. Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, 1984, Volume: 7 Suppl 1 Topics: Binding Sites; Clonidine; Dihydroergotoxine; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Placenta; Prazosin; Pregnancy	1984
[Antihypertensive therapy in pregnancy]. Der Gynakologe, 1982, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hydralazine; Hydro	1982
Effect of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1982, Volume: 4 Suppl 1 Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Clonidine; Female; Hydroxydopamines; Kinetics; Prazosin; Pr	1982
[Neuro-endocrine effects of chronic clonidine administration in rats]. Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de biologie et de ses filiales, 1982, Volume: 176, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Diestrus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estrus; Female; Follicle Stimulating	1982
Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex: effects of neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. European journal of pharmacology, 1982, Feb-19, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Clonidine; Female; Hydroxydopamines; Membranes; Nerve Endings; Nor	1982
Resumption of pulsatile luteinizing hormone release after alpha-adrenergic stimulation in aging constant estrous rat. Endocrinology, 1982, Volume: 111, Issue:6 Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Clonidine; Estrus; Female; Luteinizing Hormone; Organ Size;	1982
Mouse uterine muscle as a model for studying beta 2-adrenoreceptor mediated relaxation. Journal of autonomic pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Estrus; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Isoproterenol; Mice; Models, B	1984
Studies of anterior pituitary-grafted rats: II. Normal growth hormone secretion. Life sciences, 1983, Jun-27, Volume: 32, Issue:26 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Diestrus; Female; Growth Hormone; Hypophysectomy; Insulin; Pituitary Gland, Ante	1983
Prenatal stress: effect on development of rat brain adrenergic receptors. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1984, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain; Clonidine; Dihydroalprenolol; Dioxanes; Female; P	1984
Prenatal nicotine exposure increases adrenergic receptor binding in the rat cerebral cortex. Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cerebral Cortex; Clonidine; Dihydroalprenolol; Dioxanes; Female; Neurons; Nico	1984
Errors in the measurement of blood pressure. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1983, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Pressure Determination; Cardiac Catheterization; Clonidine; False Negative Reactions; Female;	1983
Amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration as an indicator of fetal sympathetic nervous activity. Effect of pregnancy complications. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 1984, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Norepinephrine; Pregnancy;	1984
Prenatal phenobarbital treatment and temperature-controlling dopamine receptors. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1983, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Body Temperature Regulation; Brain; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	1983
Teratologic and reproductive studies of lofexidine. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1982, Volume: 32, Issue:8a Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Female; Fertility; Fetus; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rabbits; Rats; Rep	1982
Toxicology of the combination lofexidine/hydrochlorothiazide. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1982, Volume: 32, Issue:8a Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Female; Hydrochlorothiazide; Male; Pregnancy; Rats; Rat	1982
Copulation-induced abbreviation of estrus in the female guinea pig: block by clonidine. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1980, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Copulation; Estrus; Female; Guinea Pigs; Methysergide; Pimozide; Pregnancy; Sexu	1980
Prostaglandins, clonidine and sexual receptivity in the guinea pig. Brain research, 1981, Jan-05, Volume: 204, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Castration; Clonidine; Estradiol; Estrus; Female; Guinea Pigs; Posture; Pregnancy; Progeste	1981
[The effect of clonidine on cardiocirculatory function in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy]. Minerva cardioangiologica, 1981, Volume: 29, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Ca	1981
Epidural clonidine for relief from intractable labour pain. Anaesthesia, 1995, Volume: 50, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Pai	1995
Characteristics of the alpha 2/beta 2-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase system in rat myometrium during pregnancy. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1995, May-05, Volume: 270, Issue:18 Topics: Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Base Sequence; Cell Membrane; Clonidine; DNA Pr	1995
Postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesia; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Pain, Postoperative; Pregnancy	1995
Evidence for the presence of noradrenergic neurons and their inhibitory action on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in cultured fetal rat hypothalamic cells. Life sciences, 1993, Volume: 52, Issue:25 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; alpha-Methyltyrosine; Animals; Cells, Cultu	1993
Extradural clonidine--the need for well designed controlled trials. British journal of anaesthesia, 1994, Volume: 72, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Female; H	1994
Altered catecholaminergic behavioral and hormonal responses in rats following early postnatal hypoxia. Physiology & behavior, 1994, Volume: 55, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Arousal; Behavior, Animal; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Corticosterone; Dose-Res	1994
Maternal behavior of female rats with 6-OHDA lesions in the ventral striatum: characterization of the pup retrieval deficit. Physiology & behavior, 1994, Volume: 55, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Clonidine; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Female; Male; Maternal Behavior; Nucle	1994
Stimulatory effect of norepinephrine on progesterone production by human first trimester placenta explants in vitro. Life sciences, 1993, Volume: 52, Issue:20 Topics: Atenolol; Clonidine; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Cyclic AMP; Female; Gadolinium; Gonadotropin-Releasi	1993
Predicting the growth response to growth hormone in patients with intrauterine growth retardation. Clinical endocrinology, 1996, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Body Height; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Fetal Growth	1996
Pharmacological characterization of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in porcine uterine artery. European journal of pharmacology, 1996, Sep-19, Volume: 312, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arteries; Calcium; Clonidine; Estrus; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Nifedipine; Norepinephri	1996
Transfer of clonidine and dexmedetomidine across the isolated perfused human placenta. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1997, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antipyrine; Biological	1997
Heterogeneity and complexity of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the ovine uterine artery and umbilical vein. European journal of pharmacology, 1997, Apr-11, Volume: 324, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Arteries; Binding, Competitive; Ca	1997
Catecholaminergic regulation of proliferation and survival in rat forebrain paraventricular germinal cells. Brain research, 1997, Jun-20, Volume: 760, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Catecholamines; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured	1997
Effect of fetal ethanol exposure on the in vitro release of growth hormone, somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing factor induced by clonidine and growth hormone feedback in male and female rats. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 1997, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Body Weight; Clonidine; Culture Techniques; Feedback; Female; Fe	1997
Illicit use of clonidine in opiate-abusing pregnant women. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1997, Volume: 90, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Case-Control Studies; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Opioid-Related Diso	1997
The alpha1B-adrenergic receptor subtype activates the phospholipase C signaling pathway in rat myometrium at parturition. Biology of reproduction, 1997, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Cell Membran	1997
Opiate agonist-induced changes in behavioral sensitivity to clonidine are observed in perinatally malnourished rats exposed to chronic stress. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1998, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; beta-Endorphin; Clonidine; Female; Immobilizat	1998
[The use of clofelin for the treatment of arterial hypertension and for the anesthesia of labor]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1997, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Cysti	1997
Opioid detoxification in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1998, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Chi-Square Distribution; Clonidine; Drug Therapy, Combination	1998
Expression of alpha2A adrenoceptors during rat neocortical development. Journal of neurobiology, 1999, Feb-05, Volume: 38, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Clonidine; Female; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriph	1999
Low-dose clonidine infusion during labour. British journal of anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Birth Injuries; Bupivac	1999
Alterations in respiratory behavior, brain neurochemistry and receptor density induced by pharmacologic suppression of sleep in the neonatal period. Brain research. Developmental brain research, 2000, Apr-14, Volume: 120, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Suckling; Brain; Brain Chemist	2000
Vasoconstrictive versus vasodilatory effects of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on the spinal microcirculation. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Arteries; Clonidine; Dogs; Female; Microcirculation; Muscle, Smo	2000
Pre-eclampsia is associated with marked alterations in sleep architecture. Sleep, 2000, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Electroencephalography; Electrooculography; Female; Human	2000
Increased neuronal activity in locus coeruleus from adult rats undernourished at perinatal age: its reversal by desipramine. Life sciences, 2001, Oct-12, Volume: 69, Issue:21 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Desipramine; Female; Locus Coeruleus; Models, Animal; Neurons; Nutrition Disorde	2001
Effects of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists on perinatal excitotoxic brain injury: comparison of clonidine and dexmedetomidine. Anesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 96, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cl	2002
Pre- and postjunctional alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2002, Volume: 282, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agon	2002
[Spinal clonidine: potential consequences for fetal monitoring]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2002, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Pregnancy	2002
Withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of chronic clonidine treatment in rats. European journal of pharmacology, 1977, Jul-15, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Fetus; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Materna	1977
Review: the significance and management of raised blood pressure in pregnancy. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1979, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Antihypertensive Agents; Chlormethiazole; Clonidine; Diazepam; D	1979
Withdrawal of clonidine. Lancet (London, England), 1977, Mar-05, Volume: 1, Issue:8010 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complication	1977
Management of hypertension. The Practitioner, 1975, Volume: 215, Issue:1287 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Age Factors; Bethanidine; Clonidine; Debrisoquin; Decision Making; Diur	1975
Roberts's syndrome and clonidine. Journal of medical genetics, 1979, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Clonidine; Diazepam;	1979
[The therapy of the hypertensive form of late gestosis (author's transl)]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1978, Volume: 38, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Cardiac Output; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Placenta; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy;	1978
Management of eclampsia. British medical journal, 1976, Jul-24, Volume: 2, Issue:6029 Topics: Adult; Chlormethiazole; Clonidine; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Hydralazine; Pregnancy	1976
Is imidazoline site a unique receptor? A correlation with clonidine-displacing substance activity. American journal of hypertension, 1992, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Pt 2 Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Imidazoles;	1992
Effects of estrogen pretreatment of the spare alpha 1-adrenoceptors and the slow and fast components of the contractile response of the isolated female rat aorta. General pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Clonidine; Estrogens; Female; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular	1992
Does magnesium sulfate alter the maternal cardiovascular response to vasopressor agents in gravid ewes? Anesthesiology, 1991, Volume: 75, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female;	1991
[The characteristics of treating hypertension with clofelin in pregnant women]. Vrachebnoe delo, 1991, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Discriminant Analysis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension	1991
Lack of neuronal adaptive changes following chronic treatments in perinatally undernourished rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Apomorphine; Clonidine; Desipramine; Female; Motor Activity; Neu	1990
Lasting effects of early noradrenergic receptor occupation on brain noradrenaline turnover and on beta-receptors. Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics, 1990, Volume: 15, Issue:3-4 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Clonidine; Electrophysiology; Female; Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylgl	1990
Intrathecal clonidine in obstetrics: sheep studies. Anesthesiology, 1990, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Resp	1990
Central effects of an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist on fetal lambs: a possible mechanism for hypoxic apnea. Journal of developmental physiology, 1990, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Apnea; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Hypoxia; Preg	1990
Low-dose clonidine enhances pregnancy-induced analgesia to visceral but not somatic stimuli in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1991, Volume: 72, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Animals; Clonidine; Female; Pain Measurement; Physical Stimulati	1991
Functional coupling of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase complex in the pregnant human myometrium. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1990, Volume: 70, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; Adenylyl Cyclase	1990
Actions of vasoactive drugs on human placental vascular smooth muscle. General pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Arteries; Clonidine; Diphenhydramine; Dopamine; Female; Histamine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Musc	1990
Effects of clonidine on breathing movements and electrocortical activity in the fetal lamb. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1990, Volume: 163, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Clonidine; Female; Fetus; Heart Rate, Fetal; Lung; Pregnancy; Respiration;	1990
Prolactin-lowering ability of (+/-)-idazoxan may be linked to a central noradrenergic-serotonergic interplay. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1989, Volume: 249, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Brain; Clonidine; Dioxanes; Dioxins; Female; Idazoxan; Lactat	1989
Lipolytic response of bovine adipose tissue to alpha and beta adrenergic agents 30 days pre- and 120 days postpartum. General pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; A	1989
[Treatment of withdrawal symptoms using clonidine during pregnancy]. Der Anaesthesist, 1989, Volume: 38, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	1989
[The combined and separate use of prostaglandin and adrenergic agents for the purpose of the experimental correction of uterine contractile activity]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1989, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Female; Fenot	1989
[Hemodynamic effects of clonidine on the fetus and newborn infant]. Revue francaise de gynecologie et d'obstetrique, 1989, Volume: 84, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Heart; Fetus; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Infa	1989
Raised levels of an endogenous nonadrenergic substance in the serum of pregnancy-induced hypertension patients. Israel journal of medical sciences, 1987, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Parity; Placenta; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnanc	1987
[Therapy of the hypertensive crisis]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1985, Nov-08, Volume: 110, Issue:45 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Calcium Channel Blockers; Clonidine; Dihydralazin	1985
[What is safe in the therapy of hypertensive heart disease?]. Der Internist, 1985, Volume: 26, Issue:12 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animal	1985
Effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and its antagonist idazoxan on the fetal lamb. The Journal of physiology, 1986, Volume: 381 Topics: Action Potentials; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Brain; Brain Stem; Carotid Sinus; Clonidin	1986
Neurochemical evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine. Neurotoxicology, 1988,Fall, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Body Weight; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cl	1988
Studies in animals should precede human use of spinally administered drugs. Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Female;	1989
Epidural clonidine analgesia in obstetrics: sheep studies. Anesthesiology, 1989, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Clonidine; Female; Fetus; Heart Rate; Heart R	1989
Intravenous clonidine hydrochloride toxicity in pregnant ewes. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1989, Volume: 160, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Blood; Heart Rate; Heart Rate, Fetal; Hydrocortison	1989
Sex-dependent endorphinergic and adrenergic control mechanisms of luteinizing hormone secretion in immature rats. Acta endocrinologica, 1985, Volume: 109, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Castration; Clonidine; Female; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Naloxone; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats,	1985
Influence of prenatal ethanol exposure on hormonal responses to clonidine and naloxone in prepubescent male and female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1986, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Brain; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Corticosterone; Endorphins; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectru	1986
Interaction of clonidine with human placental Na+ -H+ exchanger. Biochemical pharmacology, 1986, Nov-15, Volume: 35, Issue:22 Topics: Amiloride; Carrier Proteins; Cimetidine; Clonidine; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; M	1986
Alpha-2-adrenergic control of prolactin release. Neuroendocrinology, 1986, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Brimonidine Tartrate; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Piperoxan;	1986
Behavioral evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine. Neurotoxicology, 1988,Fall, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Clonidine; Drug Evaluation, Preclin	1988
Evidence for an organic cation-proton antiport system in brush-border membranes isolated from the human term placenta. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1988, Apr-05, Volume: 263, Issue:10 Topics: Carrier Proteins; Cations, Monovalent; Cimetidine; Clonidine; Female; Guanidine; Guanidines; Humans;	1988
Hypertensive emergencies. Primary care, 1986, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Angina Pectoris; Antihypertensive Agents; Aortic Aneurysm; Aortic Dissectio	1986
Is clonidine a behavioural teratogen in the human? Early human development, 1986, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Dose-Response Rel	1986
[Clonidine and treatment of arterial hypertension in the pregnant woman]. Revue francaise de gynecologie et d'obstetrique, 1986, Volume: 81, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular	1986
Pharmacokinetics of clonidine during pregnancy and nursing. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1987, Volume: 69, Issue:4 Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Breast Feeding; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Hypertension; Infant, Newbor	1987
Tissue distribution of endralazine and its clinical effect in refractory hypertension. Contributions to nephrology, 1985, Volume: 49 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Autoradiography; Blood Pressure; Carbon Radioisotopes; Clonidine;	1985
Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae. Supplementum, 1985, Volume: 197 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hypertension; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Com	1985
Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine potentiates clonidine's locomotor effects throughout maturation in the rat. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1985, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Female; Hydroxydopamines; Motor Activit	1985
Hypertension in pregnancy. A study of 142 women presenting before 32 weeks' gestation. The Medical journal of Australia, 1985, Jul-08, Volume: 143, Issue:1 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Infant Mor	1985
Management of severe hypertension. The American journal of cardiology, 1973, Sep-20, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Benzothiadiazines; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Disseminated Intra	1973
[Effects of psychotropic drugs on the epithelium of rat mammary gland, uterus, uterine glands and adrenal cortex]. Acta anatomica, 1974, Volume: 90, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Clonidine; Densitometry; Dibenzothiazepines; Epithelial Cel	1974
A critical survey of drugs used in the treatment of hypertensive crises of pregnancy. The Medical journal of Australia, 1974, Aug-17, Volume: 2, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Barbiturates; Chlormethiazole; Clonidine; Diazepam;	1974
Letter: A critical survey of drugs used in the treatment of hypertensive crises of pregnancy. The Medical journal of Australia, 1974, Nov-02, Volume: 2, Issue:18 Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Puerperal	1974
[Blood glucose studies in rats under treatment with clonidine]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1974, Volume: 24, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Clonidine; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age	1974

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pre-injection average Likert score	Post-injection average Likert score
Intrathecal Clonidine	6.5	3.6

clonidine and Pregnancy

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (225)

Authors

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Daily Doses of Standard Antiemetic Drugs Required in the Two Different Periods.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Morning Urine Ketonuria

Newborn Outcome Measure: APGAR Score.

Number of Days Off i.v. Therapy, the TD System (Clonidine/Placebo) Being Applied Only

Number of Patients Choosing Active Treatment for Off-label, Compassionate Use.

Pregnancy Outcome Measures: Birth Weight.

PUQE Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Systolic Blood Pressure

VAS Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Number of Participants That Experienced Nausea or Vomiting

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Relative Infant Dose (RID) of Dexmedetomidine

The Degree of Satisfaction

Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.

Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection

Likert Scale Pain Rating

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies