clonidine and Complication, Postoperative studies

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Among patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery, neither aspirin nor clonidine administered perioperatively reduced the risk of acute kidney injury."	9.19	Perioperative aspirin and clonidine and risk of acute kidney injury: a randomized clinical trial. ( Acedillo, R; Amir, M; Bergese, S; Biccard, B; Bidgoli, SJ; Cata, JP; Cegarra, V; Chan, MT; Chan, V; Clanchet, Mde N; Cuerden, M; Devereaux, PJ; Dresser, G; Fleischmann, E; Font, A; Forget, P; Garg, AX; Gomez, MF; Jones, PM; Kumar, P; Kurz, A; Leslie, K; Malaga, G; Martinsen, K; Mehra, B; Meyhoff, CS; Mizera, R; Mrkobrada, M; Myles, P; Painter, T; Parikh, CR; Parlow, J; Pasin, L; Robinson, A; Roshanov, PS; Sessler, DI; Srinathan, S; Tiboni, M; Torres, D; VanHelder, T; Villar, JC; Walsh, M; Whitlock, R; Wijeysundera, DN; Yusuf, S, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral clonidine (5 g/kg) in preventing ocular hypertension in the early period after cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under general anaesthesia."	9.16	Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after cataract extraction under general anaesthesia. ( Boroojeny, SB; Fard, MM, 2012)
"To determine the efficacy and safety of oral clonidine in decreasing the prevalence and intensity of postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise in those undergoing phacoemulsification."	9.15	Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification: a prospective double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. ( Boroojeny, SB; Fard, MM; Ghaffarpasand, F; Hourang, MH; Zakeri, H; Zeraatian, S, 2011)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	9.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
"To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic topical apraclonidine 1% in preventing an intraocular pressure (IOP) rise in the early period after uneventful phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation."	9.10	Preventing intraocular pressure increase after phacoemulsification and the role of perioperative apraclonidine. ( Desai, SP; Kasetti, SR; Sivakumar, S; Sunderraj, P, 2002)
"Using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled design, 20 patients with essential hypertension (systolic pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure >95 mm Hg for > or =1 yr) were assigned to receive clonidine (or placebo), 6 microg/kg orally 120 min before anesthesia and 3 microg/kg intravenously over 60 min before the end of surgery."	9.09	Cardiac baroreflex during the postoperative period in patients with hypertension: effect of clonidine. ( Annat, G; Bégou, G; Bonnet, F; Cottet-Emard, JM; Ghignone, M; Hughson, R; Levron, JC; Parlow, JL; Quintin, L; Sagnard, P; Viale, JP, 1999)
"We investigated antiemetic effect of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy."	9.08	[Effectiveness of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting--epidural versus oral administration]. ( Ishii, S; Kobayashi, N, 1997)
"0% apraclonidine in preventing laser-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after trabeculoplasty, neodymium: YAG (Nd: YAG) iridotomy, and capsulotomy."	9.08	Apraclonidine and anterior segment laser surgery. Comparison of 0.5% versus 1.0% apraclonidine for prevention of postoperative intraocular pressure rise. ( Gieser, DK; Grewal, RK; Karalekas, DP; Krupin, T; McDaniel, DL; Rosenberg, LF; Ruderman, J; Siegfried, C; Williams, R, 1995)
"Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride 1% is effective for controlling the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT)."	9.08	Apraclonidine 0.5% versus 1% for controlling intraocular pressure elevation after argon laser trabeculoplasty. ( Allingham, RR; Assalian, AA; Shields, MB; Threlkeld, AB, 1996)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	9.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
"Apraclonidine effectively decreased large IOP elevations in glaucomatous eyes undergoing trabeculectomy combined with extracapsular cataract surgery."	9.07	Effect of topical apraclonidine on the frequency of intraocular pressure elevations after combined extracapsular cataract extraction and trabeculectomy. ( Robin, AL, 1993)
"We evaluated the prophylactic effect of 1% apraclonidine HCl in controlling the increase in intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy in a large, multicenter double-masked clinical trial."	9.07	Prophylactic use of apraclonidine for intraocular pressure increase after Nd:YAG capsulotomies. ( Brint, SF; Burk, LL; deFaller, JM; McCarty, GR; Olander, KW; Silverstone, DE; Taylor, RB, 1992)
"We studied apraclonidine hydrochloride (aplonidine hydrochloride or ALO 2145), an alpha-agonist, for its effect on the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy (YPC)."	9.06	Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical 1% apraclonidine. ( Brown, RH; Crandall, AS; Pollack, IP; Robin, AL; Stewart, RH; White, GL, 1988)
"When compared with placebo, melatonin given as premedication (as tablets or sublingually) probably reduces preoperative anxiety in adults (measured 50 to 120 minutes after administration), which is potentially clinically relevant."	9.05	Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. ( Madsen, BK; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J; Zetner, D, 2020)
"To determine the effect of oral clonidine premedication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness, we evaluated the incidence and severity of each of these complications in patients who underwent elective surgery in the supine position."	7.73	Effect of clonidine premedication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anesthesia. ( Hara, K; Maruyama, K; Yamada, T, 2006)
"0% apraclonidine in preventing intraocular pressure (IOP) spike after argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in patients on chronic apraclonidine therapy compared with patients not on chronic apraclonidine use."	7.69	Chronic use of apraclonidine decreases its moderation of post-laser intraocular pressure spikes. ( Birt, CM; Chung, HS; Hakimzadeh, R; Juzych, MS; Kim, C; Lee, D; Levin, DS; Shin, DH, 1997)
"We evaluated the effectiveness of topical apraclonidine (ALO 2145, p-amino clonidine hydrochloride) in suppressing an acute postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following Nd:YAG laser iridotomy."	7.67	Use of apraclonidine to reduce acute intraocular pressure rise following Q-switched Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. ( Kitazawa, Y; Sugiyama, K; Taniguchi, T, 1989)
"Its use in premedication and postoperative pain management may be limited by its principal effects of hypotension and bradycardia."	6.38	[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. ( Heil, T; Koenigs, D; Striebel, HW, 1993)
"Neither aspirin nor clonidine had a significant effect on the primary 1-yr outcome, a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, with a 1-yr hazard ratio for aspirin of 1."	5.34	One-year Results of a Factorial Randomized Trial of Aspirin versus Placebo and Clonidine versus Placebo in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery. ( Amir, M; Balasubramanian, K; Berwanger, O; Biccard, BM; Chan, MTV; Conen, D; Devereaux, PJ; Fleischmann, E; Forget, P; Gilron, I; Graham, M; Guyatt, G; Kumar, PA; Kurz, A; Lamy, A; Landoni, G; Leslie, K; Malaga, G; Manach, YL; Meyhoff, CS; Mrkobrada, M; Paniagua, P; Parlow, JL; Pettit, S; Popova, E; Sessler, DI; Sigamani, A; Srinathan, S; Torres, D; Turan, A; Villar, JC; Wang, CY; Whitlock, R; Xavier, D; Yusuf, S, 2020)
"Among patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery, neither aspirin nor clonidine administered perioperatively reduced the risk of acute kidney injury."	5.19	Perioperative aspirin and clonidine and risk of acute kidney injury: a randomized clinical trial. ( Acedillo, R; Amir, M; Bergese, S; Biccard, B; Bidgoli, SJ; Cata, JP; Cegarra, V; Chan, MT; Chan, V; Clanchet, Mde N; Cuerden, M; Devereaux, PJ; Dresser, G; Fleischmann, E; Font, A; Forget, P; Garg, AX; Gomez, MF; Jones, PM; Kumar, P; Kurz, A; Leslie, K; Malaga, G; Martinsen, K; Mehra, B; Meyhoff, CS; Mizera, R; Mrkobrada, M; Myles, P; Painter, T; Parikh, CR; Parlow, J; Pasin, L; Robinson, A; Roshanov, PS; Sessler, DI; Srinathan, S; Tiboni, M; Torres, D; VanHelder, T; Villar, JC; Walsh, M; Whitlock, R; Wijeysundera, DN; Yusuf, S, 2014)
" Low-dose clonidine, which blunts central sympathetic outflow, may prevent perioperative myocardial infarction and death without inducing hemodynamic instability."	5.19	Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. ( Alonso-Coello, P; Amir, M; Berwanger, O; Biccard, BM; Botto, F; Chan, MT; Chow, C; Chrolavicius, S; Cook, D; Devereaux, PJ; Eikelboom, J; Fleischmann, E; Forget, P; Gao, P; Garg, AX; Graham, M; Guyatt, G; Kearon, C; Kumar, PA; Kurz, A; Lamy, A; Le Manach, Y; Leslie, K; Lurati Buse, G; Malaga, G; Meyhoff, CS; Mizera, R; Mrkobrada, M; Paniagua, P; Parlow, JL; Pasin, L; Pettit, S; Pogue, J; Robinson, A; Rodseth, RN; Sessler, DI; Sigamani, A; Srinathan, S; Tiboni, M; Torres, D; Vanhelder, T; Villar, JC; Wang, CY; Whitlock, R; Xavier, D; Yusuf, S, 2014)
"To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral clonidine (5 g/kg) in preventing ocular hypertension in the early period after cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under general anaesthesia."	5.16	Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after cataract extraction under general anaesthesia. ( Boroojeny, SB; Fard, MM, 2012)
"To determine the efficacy and safety of oral clonidine in decreasing the prevalence and intensity of postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise in those undergoing phacoemulsification."	5.15	Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification: a prospective double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. ( Boroojeny, SB; Fard, MM; Ghaffarpasand, F; Hourang, MH; Zakeri, H; Zeraatian, S, 2011)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	5.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
"To determine the 1- and 3-hour changes in intraocular pressure after neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma and to determine the effect of acetazolamide and apraclonidine on these changes."	5.11	Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet capsulotomy and intraocular pressure in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma. ( Barnes, EA; Behrend, M; Cahill, A; Kehoe, B; Murdoch, IE; Subramaniam, S, 2004)
"Perioperative administration of clonidine for 4 days to patients at risk for coronary artery disease significantly reduces the incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia and postoperative death."	5.11	Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. ( Boisvert, DM; Galindez, D; Haratonik, KA; Kardatzke, D; Layug, EL; Lazo, EA; Salahieh, A; Wallace, AW, 2004)
"The goals of this two-part study were to determine the dose of clonidine to prevent postoperative shivering after mild hypothermia and to evaluate the effect of clonidine on recovery from anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery for intracranial lesions."	5.11	Intraoperative clonidine administration to neurosurgical patients. ( Brown, R; Lobo, EP; Stapelfeldt, C; Talke, PO, 2005)
"In this study, we evaluated the effect of intrathecal and oral clonidine as supplements to spinal anesthesia with lidocaine in patients at risk of postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)."	5.11	Intrathecal and oral clonidine as prophylaxis for postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized double-blinded study. ( Axelsson, K; Berggren, L; Dobrydnjov, I; Holmström, B; Samarütel, J, 2004)
"To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic topical apraclonidine 1% in preventing an intraocular pressure (IOP) rise in the early period after uneventful phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation."	5.10	Preventing intraocular pressure increase after phacoemulsification and the role of perioperative apraclonidine. ( Desai, SP; Kasetti, SR; Sivakumar, S; Sunderraj, P, 2002)
"Using a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled design, 20 patients with essential hypertension (systolic pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure >95 mm Hg for > or =1 yr) were assigned to receive clonidine (or placebo), 6 microg/kg orally 120 min before anesthesia and 3 microg/kg intravenously over 60 min before the end of surgery."	5.09	Cardiac baroreflex during the postoperative period in patients with hypertension: effect of clonidine. ( Annat, G; Bégou, G; Bonnet, F; Cottet-Emard, JM; Ghignone, M; Hughson, R; Levron, JC; Parlow, JL; Quintin, L; Sagnard, P; Viale, JP, 1999)
"Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride 1% is effective for controlling the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT)."	5.08	Apraclonidine 0.5% versus 1% for controlling intraocular pressure elevation after argon laser trabeculoplasty. ( Allingham, RR; Assalian, AA; Shields, MB; Threlkeld, AB, 1996)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	5.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
"0% apraclonidine in preventing laser-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after trabeculoplasty, neodymium: YAG (Nd: YAG) iridotomy, and capsulotomy."	5.08	Apraclonidine and anterior segment laser surgery. Comparison of 0.5% versus 1.0% apraclonidine for prevention of postoperative intraocular pressure rise. ( Gieser, DK; Grewal, RK; Karalekas, DP; Krupin, T; McDaniel, DL; Rosenberg, LF; Ruderman, J; Siegfried, C; Williams, R, 1995)
"We investigated antiemetic effect of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy."	5.08	[Effectiveness of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting--epidural versus oral administration]. ( Ishii, S; Kobayashi, N, 1997)
"Apraclonidine effectively decreased large IOP elevations in glaucomatous eyes undergoing trabeculectomy combined with extracapsular cataract surgery."	5.07	Effect of topical apraclonidine on the frequency of intraocular pressure elevations after combined extracapsular cataract extraction and trabeculectomy. ( Robin, AL, 1993)
"We evaluated the prophylactic effect of 1% apraclonidine HCl in controlling the increase in intraocular pressure after Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy in a large, multicenter double-masked clinical trial."	5.07	Prophylactic use of apraclonidine for intraocular pressure increase after Nd:YAG capsulotomies. ( Brint, SF; Burk, LL; deFaller, JM; McCarty, GR; Olander, KW; Silverstone, DE; Taylor, RB, 1992)
"To determine the effect of apraclonidine hydrochloride on the acute intraocular pressure (IOP) rise after argon laser iridotomy (ALI), a double-masked comparative study was carried out."	5.07	Effect of apraclonidine hydrochloride on acute introacular pressure rise after argon laser iridotomy. ( Hong, C; Park, WH; Sohn, YH; Song, KY, 1991)
"The effect of an alpha adrenergic agonist, ALO 2145 (para-amino-clonidine [PAC]), was examined in a double-masked, multicenter study on the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after laser surgery in 165 patients (83 trabeculoplasty, 36 iridotomy, and 46 capsulotomy)."	5.06	ALO 2145 reduces the intraocular pressure elevation after anterior segment laser surgery. ( Brown, RH; Crandall, AS; DeFaller, JM; Gaasterland, DE; Higginbotham, EJ; Lynch, MG; Mandell, AI; Schwartz, AL; Stewart, RH; Wilensky, JT, 1988)
"We studied apraclonidine hydrochloride (aplonidine hydrochloride or ALO 2145), an alpha-agonist, for its effect on the intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy (YPC)."	5.06	Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical 1% apraclonidine. ( Brown, RH; Crandall, AS; Pollack, IP; Robin, AL; Stewart, RH; White, GL, 1988)
"When compared with placebo, melatonin given as premedication (as tablets or sublingually) probably reduces preoperative anxiety in adults (measured 50 to 120 minutes after administration), which is potentially clinically relevant."	5.05	Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. ( Madsen, BK; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J; Zetner, D, 2020)
" Our review, based on moderate-quality evidence, revealed that hypotension occurred frequently during the preoperative and postoperative periods, for both clonidine and dexmedetomidine."	5.01	Perioperative adverse events attributed to α2-adrenoceptor agonists in patients not at risk of cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Antunes, T; Demiri, M; Fletcher, D; Martinez, V, 2019)
" Two children with anisocoria, one of whom had Horner Syndrome confirmed with apraclonidine 1% and the other, in whom an apraclonidine test ruled out this syndrome but in whom pilocarpine 0."	3.75	[Usefulness of apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome]. ( Alias, E; Díaz, S; Fernández, FJ; Ferrer, C; González, I; Honrubia, FM; Pérez-Iñigo, MA, 2009)
"To determine the effect of oral clonidine premedication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness, we evaluated the incidence and severity of each of these complications in patients who underwent elective surgery in the supine position."	3.73	Effect of clonidine premedication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anesthesia. ( Hara, K; Maruyama, K; Yamada, T, 2006)
" We prospectively evaluated the use of four anesthetic techniques (general anesthesia, axillary block, and IV regional anesthesia [IVRA] with lidocaine with or without clonidine) for patients undergoing fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture."	3.73	The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture: a prospective observational study of four anesthetic techniques. ( Dixon, D; Faruqi, S; Madabhushi, L; Pristas, R; Reuben, SS; Wenner, S, 2006)
"0% apraclonidine in preventing intraocular pressure (IOP) spike after argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in patients on chronic apraclonidine therapy compared with patients not on chronic apraclonidine use."	3.69	Chronic use of apraclonidine decreases its moderation of post-laser intraocular pressure spikes. ( Birt, CM; Chung, HS; Hakimzadeh, R; Juzych, MS; Kim, C; Lee, D; Levin, DS; Shin, DH, 1997)
"We evaluated the effectiveness of topical apraclonidine (ALO 2145, p-amino clonidine hydrochloride) in suppressing an acute postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise following Nd:YAG laser iridotomy."	3.67	Use of apraclonidine to reduce acute intraocular pressure rise following Q-switched Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. ( Kitazawa, Y; Sugiyama, K; Taniguchi, T, 1989)
"A patient with essential hypertension treated with clonidine developed accelerated acute clonidine withdrawal syndrome during coronary artery bypass surgery."	3.66	Accelerated acute clonidine withdrawal syndrome during coronary artery bypass surgery. A case report. ( O'Connor, DE, 1981)
"The intraocular pressures were measured at regular intervals during the 6-months follow-up period."	2.80	Influence on intraocular pressure of anti-inflammatory treatments after selective laser trabeculoplasty. ( Anctil, JL; Champagne, S; Des Marchais, B; Goyette, A; Lajoie, C, 2015)
"Clonidine has many beneficial effects in the perioperative period."	2.77	Onset time for pharmacologic premedication with clonidine as a nasal aerosol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. ( Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA, 2012)
"Sevoflurane anaesthesia was administered via a facemask (O2/N2O: 40/60)."	2.73	Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. ( De Groote, F; De Hert, S; De Villé, A; Dierick, A; Tazeroualti, N; Van der Linden, P, 2007)
"As clonidine was the most effective drug in terms of preservation of pre-operative lung function, it may be clinically advantageous in post-thoracotomy patients."	2.71	Epidural clonidine, bupivacaine and methadone as the sole analgesic agent after thoracotomy for lung resection. ( Drenger, B; Gozal, Y; Matot, I; Shauli, A; Weissman, C, 2004)
"clonidine 1 microg/kg is an effective method to prevent shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for orthopedic surgery."	2.71	Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post-spinal shivering. ( Bahk, JH; Do, SH; Jeon, YS; Jeon, YT; Kim, YC; Lim, YJ, 2005)
"The incidence of immediate postoperative pain (0-2 h), as assessed by repeated Objective Pain Scale (OPS) scores, was chosen as the primary end-point of the study."	2.71	Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordenberg, L; Oddby, E; Ruthström, E; Zetterqvist, H, 2004)
"Clonidine was associated with a significant (P < 0."	2.69	Clonidine and cardiac surgery: haemodynamic and metabolic effects, myocardial ischaemia and recovery. ( Buckland, MR; Bujor, MA; Davis, BB; Esmore, DS; Hall, J; Holdgaard, HO; Hunt, JO; McRae, R; Moloney, J; Morgan, DJ; Myles, PS, 1999)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by a blinded observer using an objective pain scale (OPS)."	2.68	Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children. ( Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1996)
"Clonidine was found to reduce the total incidence (p = 0."	2.68	The effect of prophylactic clonidine on postoperative shivering. A large prospective double-blind study. ( Herijgers, P; Mattheussen, M; Van Aken, H; Vanacker, B; Vandermeersch, E; Vanderstappen, I, 1996)
" Risk of bradycardia of high potential danger did not occur with a median daily dosage of 1."	2.67	[Clonidine supplemented analgesia and sedation in prevention of postoperative delirium]. ( Hartmann, M; Seitz, W; Verner, L, 1990)
" This review demonstrates that neuraxial clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section with neuraxial anaesthesia, but this has to be balanced against increased maternal adverse effects."	2.58	The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Allen, TK; Habib, AS; Klinger, RY; Mishriky, BM, 2018)
"A case of type III aortic dissection which occurred fourteen months after heart transplantation is presented."	2.40	Successful management of acute aortic dissection in a heart transplant recipient. ( Bertrand, O; Defraigne, JO; Demoulin, JC; Detry, O; Limet, R, 1997)
"Apraclonidine is a alpha 2 adrenergic agonic which is a para-amino derivative of clonidine."	2.39	[Effect and side effects of apraclonidine]. ( Stewart, WC, 1996)
"Its use in premedication and postoperative pain management may be limited by its principal effects of hypotension and bradycardia."	2.38	[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. ( Heil, T; Koenigs, D; Striebel, HW, 1993)
"Clonidine was administered during surgery, and beta-blockers were titrated after surgery to achieve heart rates less than 80 bpm."	1.31	The impact of a cardioprotective protocol on the incidence of cardiac complications after aortic abdominal surgery. ( Bednarkiewicz, M; Chevalley, C; Khatchatourian, G; Licker, M; Schweizer, A; Tassaux, D, 2002)
"Awake regional anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in former preterm infants is suggested to avoid life-threatening respiratory complications known to occur after general anaesthesia."	1.31	Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Fellmann, C; Gerber, AC; Weiss, M, 2002)
" Its frequency is influenced by length of treatment, daily dosage and degree of hypertension."	1.27	[Hypertensive crisis after withdrawal of clonidine and nadolol. Case report and review of the literature]. ( Fried, M; Schwander, J, 1987)
"The major reason for treating hypertension is to avoid complications of the disease as it affects "target organs."	1.26	Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension. ( Grissom, RL; Gust, WF, 1977)

Research

Studies (141)

Authors

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Preoperative Anxiety

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	16 (11.35)	18.7374
1990's	40 (28.37)	18.2507
2000's	46 (32.62)	29.6817
2010's	36 (25.53)	24.3611
2020's	3 (2.13)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Demiri, M	1
Antunes, T	1
Fletcher, D	1
Martinez, V	1
Sessler, DI	5
Conen, D	1
Leslie, K	5
Yusuf, S	4
Popova, E	3
Graham, M	2
Kurz, A	4
Villar, JC	5
Mrkobrada, M	5
Sigamani, A	3
Biccard, BM	3
Meyhoff, CS	5
Parlow, JL	4
Guyatt, G	3
Xavier, D	3
Chan, MTV	2
Kumar, PA	3
Forget, P	3
Malaga, G	4
Fleischmann, E	5
Amir, M	4
Torres, D	4
Wang, CY	2
Paniagua, P	2
Berwanger, O	2
Srinathan, S	4
Landoni, G	2
Manach, YL	1
Whitlock, R	5
Lamy, A	3
Balasubramanian, K	1
Gilron, I	1
Turan, A	1
Pettit, S	2
Devereaux, PJ	6
Wang, N	1
Wang, Z	1
Song, X	1
Wang, J	1
Madsen, BK	1
Zetner, D	1
Møller, AM	1
Rosenberg, J	1
Graham, MM	1
Cook, DJ	1
Tandon, V	1
Alvarez-Garcia, J	1
Painter, TW	1
Le Manach, Y	2
Aphang-Lam, M	1
Cata, JP	3
Gao, P	2
Terblanche, NCS	1
Ramana, PV	1
Jamieson, KA	1
Bessissow, A	1
Mendoza, GR	1
Ramirez, S	1
Diemunsch, PA	1
Allen, TK	1
Mishriky, BM	1
Klinger, RY	1
Habib, AS	1
Duncan, D	1
Sankar, A	1
Beattie, WS	3
Wijeysundera, DN	4
Engelhardt, T	2
Lauder, GR	1
Boroojeny, SB	2
Fard, MM	2
Garg, AX	3
Cuerden, M	2
Robinson, A	3
Parikh, C	1
Mizera, R	3
Jones, PM	2
Tiboni, M	3
Rodriguez, RG	1
Rojas Gomez, MF	1
Vanhelder, T	3
Chan, MT	3
Parlow, J	2
de Nadal Clanchet, M	2
Bidgoli, SJ	2
Pasin, L	3
Martinsen, K	2
Myles, P	2
Acedillo, R	2
Roshanov, P	1
Walsh, M	2
Dresser, G	2
Kumar, P	2
Painter, T	2
Biccard, B	2
Bergese, S	2
Chan, V	2
Mehra, B	2
Bortone, L	2
Bertolizio, G	1
Frawley, G	2
Somaini, M	1
Ingelmo, PM	2
Vaishnava, P	1
Eagle, KA	1
Alonso-Coello, P	2
Rodseth, RN	1
Botto, F	1
Lurati Buse, G	1
Cook, D	1
Eikelboom, J	1
Pogue, J	1
Kearon, C	1
Chow, C	1
Chrolavicius, S	1
Pickard, A	1
Davies, P	1
Birnie, K	1
Beringer, R	1
Geach, T	1
Treschan, TA	1
Kienbaum, P	1
Mitka, M	1
Choi, PT	1
Badner, NH	1
Brasher, PM	1
Dresser, GK	1
Delgado, DH	1
Stucke, AG	1
Weisman, SJ	1
Parikh, CR	1
Font, A	1
Cegarra, V	1
Gomez, MF	1
Clanchet, Mde N	1
Roshanov, PS	1
Slawski, BA	1
Cohn, SL	1
Pfeifer, KJ	1
Dutta, S	1
Jaffer, AK	1
Smetana, GW	1
Cegarra-Sanmartin, V	1
Paniagua-Iglesias, P	1
Plou, P	1
Mata Mena, E	1
Fernández-Riveira, C	1
García del Valle, S	1
Tena Blanco, B	1
Sabaté Tenas, S	1
Font Gual, A	1
Maestre Hittinger, ML	1
González Rodríguez, R	1
Champagne, S	1
Anctil, JL	1
Goyette, A	1
Lajoie, C	1
Des Marchais, B	1
Ydemann, M	1
Nielsen, BN	1
Wetterslev, J	1
Henneberg, S	1
Lauritsen, T	1
Steen, N	1
Edström, B	1
Afshari, A	1
Brown, M	1
Carvalho, FA	1
Tenório, SB	1
Shiohara, FT	1
Maia, LR	1
Mota, A	1
Zhang, L	1
Weizer, JS	1
Musch, DC	1
Pérez-Iñigo, MA	1
González, I	1
Fernández, FJ	1
Díaz, S	1
Ferrer, C	1
Alias, E	1
Honrubia, FM	1
Chalikonda, SA	1
Bender, JS	1
Dahmani, S	1
Brasher, C	1
Stany, I	1
Golmard, J	1
Skhiri, A	1
Bruneau, B	1
Nivoche, Y	1
Constant, I	1
Murat, I	1
II'nitskiĭ, AN	1
Proshchaev, KI	1
Zaradeĭ, II	1
Almukhov, AA	1
Aksenov, DV	1
Kniaz'kin, IV	1
Safonov, IS	1
Thammasitboon, S	1
Rosen, DA	1
Lutfi, R	1
Ely, BA	1
Weber, MA	1
Hilvers, PN	1
Gustafson, RA	1
Attigah, N	1
Kutter, J	1
Demirel, S	1
Hakimi, M	1
Hinz, U	1
Motsch, J	2
Böckler, D	1
Jöhr, M	1
Zeraatian, S	1
Zakeri, H	1
Hourang, MH	1
Ghaffarpasand, F	1
Shin, RK	1
Cheek, AG	1
Ramos, R	1
Ureña, A	1
Rivas, F	1
Macia, I	1
Rosado, G	1
Pequeño, S	1
Masuet, C	1
Badia, M	1
Miguel, M	1
Delgado, MA	1
Escobar, I	1
Moya, J	1
Patil, SK	1
Anitescu, M	1
Arora, P	1
Kolli, H	1
Nainani, N	1
Nader, N	1
Lohr, J	1
Larsson, P	1
Eksborg, S	2
Lönnqvist, PA	2
Bock, M	1
Kunz, P	1
Schreckenberger, R	1
Graf, BM	1
Martin, E	1
Bilotta, F	1
Rosa, G	1
Fellmann, C	1
Gerber, AC	1
Weiss, M	1
Licker, M	1
Khatchatourian, G	1
Schweizer, A	1
Bednarkiewicz, M	1
Tassaux, D	1
Chevalley, C	1
Kasetti, SR	1
Desai, SP	1
Sivakumar, S	1
Sunderraj, P	1
Hensel, M	1
Kox, WJ	1
Stanley, KM	1
Amabile, CM	1
Simpson, KN	1
Couillard, D	1
Norcross, ED	1
Worrall, CL	1
Hussain, AS	1
Siddiqui, MS	1
Hamdard, F	1
Mayhew, JF	1
Puskas, F	1
Camporesi, EM	1
O'Leary, CE	1
Hauser, M	1
Nasrallah, FV	1
Dobrydnjov, I	1
Axelsson, K	1
Berggren, L	1
Samarütel, J	1
Holmström, B	1
Piper, SN	2
Röhm, KD	2
Suttner, SW	2
Maleck, WH	2
Kranke, P	3
Boldt, J	2
Barnes, EA	1
Murdoch, IE	1
Subramaniam, S	1
Cahill, A	1
Kehoe, B	1
Behrend, M	1
Wallace, AW	1
Galindez, D	1
Salahieh, A	1
Layug, EL	1
Lazo, EA	1
Haratonik, KA	1
Boisvert, DM	1
Kardatzke, D	1
Matot, I	1
Drenger, B	1
Weissman, C	1
Shauli, A	1
Gozal, Y	1
Eberhart, LH	2
Roewer, N	2
Tramèr, MR	2
Bergendahl, HT	1
Ruthström, E	1
Nordenberg, L	1
Zetterqvist, H	1
Oddby, E	1
Stapelfeldt, C	1
Lobo, EP	1
Brown, R	1
Talke, PO	1
Wheeler, M	1
Patel, A	1
Suresh, S	1
Roth, AG	1
Birmingham, PK	1
Heffner, CL	1
Coté, CJ	1
Jeon, YT	1
Jeon, YS	1
Kim, YC	1
Bahk, JH	1
Do, SH	1
Lim, YJ	1
Chen, TC	2
Aslanides, IM	1
Tsiklis, NS	1
Pallikaris, IG	1
Jankov, MR	1
Coskunseven, E	1
Ozkilic, E	1
Reuben, SS	1
Pristas, R	1
Dixon, D	1
Faruqi, S	1
Madabhushi, L	1
Wenner, S	1
Malviya, S	2
Voepel-Lewis, T	1
Ramamurthi, RJ	1
Burke, C	1
Tait, AR	1
Sprung, J	1
Sanders, MS	1
Warner, ME	1
Gebhart, JB	1
Stanhope, CR	1
Jankowski, CJ	1
Liedl, L	1
Schroeder, DR	1
Brown, DR	1
Warner, DO	1
Unal, M	1
Yücel, I	1
Akar, Y	1
Maruyama, K	1
Yamada, T	1
Hara, K	1
Scuderi, G	1
Regine, F	1
Perdicchi, A	1
Mannino, G	1
Recupero, SM	1
Romanoff, ME	1
Hensley, FA	1
Stauffer, RA	1
Skeehan, TM	1
Martin, DE	1
Bevacqua, BK	1
Fattouh, M	1
Backonja, M	1
Tazeroualti, N	1
De Groote, F	1
De Hert, S	1
De Villé, A	1
Dierick, A	1
Van der Linden, P	1
Sathishkumar, S	1
Dorje, P	1
Schmidt, AP	1
Valinetti, EA	1
Bandeira, D	1
Bertacchi, MF	1
Simões, CM	1
Auler, JO	1
Wrench, I	1
Ackerman, WE	1
Ahmad, M	1
O'Connor, DE	1
Faivre, JM	1
Freysz, M	1
Coulon, C	1
Jaboeuf, R	1
David, M	1
Bömer, TG	2
Lagrèze, WD	2
Funk, J	2
Fulgencio, JP	1
Rimaniol, JM	1
Catoire, P	1
Bonnet, F	2
Robin, AL	4
Loprinzi, CL	1
Goldberg, RM	1
O'Fallon, JR	1
Quella, SK	1
Miser, AW	1
Mynderse, LA	1
Brown, LD	1
Tschetter, LK	1
Wilwerding, MB	1
Dose, M	1
Flacke, JW	1
Flacke, WE	1
Striebel, HW	2
Koenigs, D	1
Heil, T	1
Mikawa, K	2
Nishina, K	2
Maekawa, N	2
Obara, H	2
Asano, M	1
Spies, CD	1
Dubisz, N	1
Funk, W	1
Blum, S	1
Müller, C	1
Rommelspacher, H	1
Brummer, G	1
Specht, M	1
Hannemann, L	1
Vanderstappen, I	1
Vandermeersch, E	1
Vanacker, B	1
Mattheussen, M	1
Herijgers, P	1
Van Aken, H	1
Azuara-Blanco, A	1
Araujo, SV	1
Lu, DW	1
Lesk, MR	1
Katz, LJ	1
Spaeth, GL	1
Threlkeld, AB	1
Assalian, AA	1
Allingham, RR	1
Shields, MB	2
Stewart, WC	1
Rosenberg, LF	1
Krupin, T	1
Ruderman, J	1
McDaniel, DL	1
Siegfried, C	1
Karalekas, DP	1
Grewal, RK	1
Gieser, DK	1
Williams, R	1
Lee, HT	1
Brown, J	1
Fee, WE	1
Kobayashi, N	1
Ishii, S	1
Grundmann, U	1
Berg, K	1
Stamminger, U	1
Juckenhöfel, S	1
Wilhelm, W	1
Rovera, G	1
Furukawa, H	1
Reyes, J	1
Todo, S	1
Hutson, W	1
Dodd-o, JM	1
Breslow, MJ	2
Dorman, T	2
Rosenfeld, BA	2
Defraigne, JO	1
Demoulin, JC	1
Detry, O	1
Bertrand, O	1
Limet, R	1
Clarkson, K	1
Shanholtz, C	1
Lipsett, PA	1
Chung, HS	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Premedication With Melatonin vs. Placebo in Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Procedure[NCT02415309]	Phase 3	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
SurgerySMART: Studying Melatonin and Recovery in Teens[NCT06093477]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Anxiolytic and Analgesic Effects of Melatonin: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study[NCT02386319]	Phase 3	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Perioperative Analgesic and Anxiolytic Effect of Melatonin in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Laminectomy[NCT01126294]		84 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Recruiting
Use of Melatonin for Prevention of POCD After TURP Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia for Elderly Patients[NCT03966950]		104 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-06-26	Recruiting
The Effect of MElatonin on Depression, Anxiety, CIrcadian and Sleep Disturbances in Patients After Acute Myocardial Syndrome[NCT02451293]	Phase 2/Phase 3	252 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-18	Completed
A Large, International, Placebo-controlled, Factorial Trial to Assess the Impact of Clonidine and Acetyl-salicylic Acid (ASA) in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Who Are at Risk of a Perioperative Cardiovascular Event[NCT01082874]	Phase 3	10,010 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
Impact of Intraoperative Goal-directed Blood Pressure Management and Dexmedetomidine on Outcomes of High-risk Patients After Major Abdominal Surgeries: a 2×2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03933306]	Phase 4	496 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-20	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Target Intraoperative Blood Pressure on the Incidence of Post-operative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Aged 75 and Older Undergoing General Anesthesia for Non-cardiac Surgery: an International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02428062]	Phase 2/Phase 3	1,812 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Suspended (stopped due to Pending Pilot study results evaluation)
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial Using Single Dose Dexmedetomidine In The Treatment Of Pain In Patients Undergoing Cleft Palate Repair[NCT02915042]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Recruitment concerns)
Does Intraoperative Clonidine Reduce Post Operative Agitation in Children Anaesthetised With Sevoflurane? A RCT Including Pharmacokinetic Investigation.[NCT02361476]	Phase 4	379 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Effect of Single-dose Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Agitation and Postoperative Behavior Changes After Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Children[NCT03596775]	Early Phase 1	96 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Not yet recruiting
The EPIC (Evaluating Perioperative Ischemia Reduction by Clonidine) Study: A Randomized, Double-blinded Trial of Clonidine for Reducing Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality Following Non-cardiac Surgery.[NCT00335582]	Phase 4	165 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Active, not recruiting
Clonidine for Tourniquet-related Pain in Children: A Pilot Study[NCT04564430]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Recruiting
Hemodynamic Effect of Intrathecal Clonidine in Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study to Assess Its Effectiveness in Hypertensive Subjects With Poor Blood Pressure Control (Phase II)[NCT01297335]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Great Auricular Nerve Block for Children Undergoing Tympanomastoid Surgery: Does the Addition of Clonidine Increase the Duration of Postoperative Analgesia?[NCT01638052]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
Short-term Intraocular Pressure Control After YAG Iridotomy - Comparison Between Brimonidine 0.1% vs. 0.2%[NCT01417858]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Recruiting
Use of Intraoperative Clonidine for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation in Pedriatic Anesthesia With Sevoflurane.[NCT02181543]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Standardised Nurse-led Approach for Risk Screening and Decrease of Alcohol Withdrawal Among Adult Inpatients With Alcohol Dependence in an Ear, Nose, Throat and Jaw Surgery Department[NCT02782156]		89 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-11-30	Completed
A Safe Ketamine-Based Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression[NCT01179009]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Traitement Des Frissons Lors de la césarienne Sous anesthésie péridurale Durant le Travail - un Essai Clinique randomisé Comparant la dexmédétomidine et la mépéridine[NCT03115047]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-07	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"The State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Construct: Current level of anxiety. Scale range: 20-40 (higher scores indicate higher level of current anxiety) Scores are calculated according to the STAI scoring manual by adding point from each item (possible point for each item is 1-4)." (NCT02386319)
Timeframe: 60 minutes preoperative

Composite of All-cause Mortality and Nonfatal MI

Fentanyl and Morphine Requirements

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Melatonin	27
Placebo	28

Intervention	participants (Number)
Active Clonidine and Active ASA	173
Active Clonidine and Placebo ASA	194
Placebo Clonidine and Active ASA	178
Placebo Clonidine and Placebo ASA	161

Amount used (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: Recorded during the stay in the postoperative recovery room

First Administration of Fentanyl or Morphine

Pain Assessment

Intervention	mg morphine equivalents (Mean)
Intervention	0.46
Placebo	0.7

Intervention	MEDIAN time (min) to administration (Median)
Intervention	105
Placebo	60

"Pain score used:~FLACC score = Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Score ranges from 0 to 10 (severity increases with increasing score) Pain is FLACC score more than 3" (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: recovery room - hours

Postoperative Agitation

Intervention	Pain Score (Mean)
Intervention	1.57
Placebo	2.45

Measured by Watchae Scale (score 1-4), scores 1-2 = no agitation and scores 3-4 = agitated (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: 1 day

Adverse Events

Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.

Intervention	participants with agitation (Number)
Intervention	46
Placebo	86

Intervention	participants (Number)
	adverse events	serious adverse events	Treated for low blood pressure
Intervention	0	2	0
Placebo	5	2	0

"Subjects baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), and blood pressures after clonidine injection was compared against baseline to assess efficacy of clonidine in refractory hypertensive subjects. Subject's blood pressure was monitored continuously after intrathecal injection of clonidine until subjects blood pressure nadir and return to pre clonidine injection level. The mean value reported below are the average changes in blood pressure from baseline (pre clonidine injection) in both SBP and DBP during post clonidine injection blood pressure monitoring for 4 hours.~Blood pressure measurements were collected every 10 minutes for first hour after injection, and every 15 minutes after the first hour, up to 4 hours were averaged to report the change from baseline." (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Baseline, Every 10 Minutes for first hour after clonidine injection, and every 15 minutes after first hour, until 4 hours after clonidine injection

Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Change in mean SBP after clonidine injection	Change in DBP after clonidine injection
Intrathecal Clonidine	79	37

Subjects were asked to rate severity of two of the most common side effects of clonidine, sedation and sensation of dry mouth, at pre and post (1 hour after) intrathecal administration of clonidine. The mean changes between pre and post injection VAS ratings of sedation and sensation of dry mouth are reported below. The VAS scale ranges from 1 to 10 cm, with higher values indicating higher level of sedation and higher level of dry mouth. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Before clonidine injection (Baseline), and at 1 hour after clonidine injection.

Likert Scale Pain Rating

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	Change in level of sedation	Change in sensation of dry mouth
Intrathecal Clonidine	3.36	3.47

Likert scale is 11 point digital pain rating system that asks subjects to rate their pain from 0 to 10. Rating of 0 means no pain at all, and in increasing order, 10 would mean worst pain imaginable/ unbearable pain. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 1 hour post injection.

Average Observer-Rated Patient Pain Scores

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pre-injection average Likert score	Post-injection average Likert score
Intrathecal Clonidine	6.5	3.6

Patients will be observed with behaviors rated at regular time intervals using the CHIPPS (Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale) pain survey. The CHIPPS scale values range from a minimum of 0 (no pain, better outcome) to a maximum of 10 (worst pain, worse outcome). (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Number of Participants Requiring Use of Rescue Analgesic Medication in the Initial 24 Hours Postoperatively

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
0.25% Bupivacaine	2
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine	1.9

Count of participants who will require use of rescue analgesic medication in the initial 24 hours postoperatively as recorded in the hospital or by parents at home following discharge. (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Bupivacaine	18
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine	22

Incidence of nausea/vomiting during 24 hour observation (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Bupivacaine	14
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine	10

The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item scale that measures the severity of depression, with a higher score indicating a higher level of depression. The range of scores is 0 to 60. (NCT01179009)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine 100-hour Infusion	-9.0
Ketamine 40-minute Infusion	-6.4

Article	Year
Perioperative adverse events attributed to α2-adrenoceptor agonists in patients not at risk of cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2019, Volume: 123, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypotension;	2019
Intravenous dexmedetomidine versus intravenous clonidine for post spinal anesthesia shivering: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Scottish medical journal, 2020, Volume: 65, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, Spinal; Clonidine; De	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of anaesthesia, 2018, Volume: 120, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section;	2018
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among adults undergoing surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 03-06, Volume: 3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Diseases; Humans; Imidazoles; Intraoper	2018
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of intraoperative α₂-adrenergic agonists on postoperative behaviour in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anest	2014
Perioperative cardiovascular medicine: an update of the literature 2013-2014. Hospital practice (1995), 2014, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clonidine; Heart Arrest; Humans; P	2014
Perioperative medications for preventing temporarily increased intraocular pressure after laser trabeculoplasty. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, 02-23, Volume: 2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Antihypertensive Agents; Brimonidine Tartrate; Clonidine; Conj	2017
Alpha2-adrenergic agonists and their role in the prevention of perioperative adverse cardiac events. AANA journal, 2009, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Imidazoles; Myocardial Ischemia; Post	2009
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among patients undergoing surgery. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2009, Oct-07, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Diseases; Humans; Imidazoles; Intraoper	2009
Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clo	2010
Preventable risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Asp	2012
Single-dose parenteral pharmacological interventions for the prevention of postoperative shivering: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 99, Issue:3 Topics: Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Nefopam; Postoperative Complications; Randomize	2004
[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Ethanol; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Pain, Postoperative; Po	1993
[Effect and side effects of apraclonidine]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1996, Volume: 209, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Press	1996
Successful management of acute aortic dissection in a heart transplant recipient. Acta chirurgica Belgica, 1997, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic; Aortic Dissection; Clonidine; Heart Transp	1997
Thalamic hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy-induced labile blood pressure: controlling the liability with clonidine--a case report. Angiology, 1999, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Cerebral Hemorrhag	1999
Pharmacological treatment of postoperative shivering: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Clonidine; Humans; Ketanserin; Lidocaine; Meperidine;	2002

Article	Year
One-year Results of a Factorial Randomized Trial of Aspirin versus Placebo and Clonidine versus Placebo in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology, 2020, Volume: 132, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Clonidine; Female; Follow-Up Stu	2020
Aspirin in Patients With Previous Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Annals of internal medicine, 2018, 02-20, Volume: 168, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Aspirin; Biomarkers; Clonidine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Th	2018
Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after cataract extraction under general anaesthesia. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2012, Volume: 62, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia, General; Antihypertensive Agents; Cata	2012
Aspirin and clonidine in non-cardiac surgery: acute kidney injury substudy protocol of the Perioperative Ischaemic Evaluation (POISE) 2 randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 2014, Feb-25, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal;	2014
The effect of fentanyl and clonidine on early postoperative negative behavior in children: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Anxiety; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Clo	2014
Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Apr-17, Volume: 370, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Kaplan-Meier Est	2014
Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Apr-17, Volume: 370, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Kaplan-Meier Est	2014
Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Apr-17, Volume: 370, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Kaplan-Meier Est	2014
Clonidine in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Apr-17, Volume: 370, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Kaplan-Meier Est	2014
Rationale and design of the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation-2 (POISE-2) trial: an international 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial of acetyl-salicylic acid vs. placebo and clonidine vs. placebo in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. American heart journal, 2014, Volume: 167, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aspirin; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; M	2014
A randomized feasibility trial of clonidine to reduce perioperative cardiac risk in patients on chronic beta-blockade: the EPIC study. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Canada; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Dru	2014
Perioperative aspirin and clonidine and risk of acute kidney injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, Dec-03, Volume: 312, Issue:21 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Ag	2014
[Perioperative acetylsalicylic acid and clonidine in noncardiac surgery patients (POISE-2 trial)]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2015, Volume: 62, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clo	2015
Influence on intraocular pressure of anti-inflammatory treatments after selective laser trabeculoplasty. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie, 2015, Volume: 38, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Clonidine; Combined Modalit	2015
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Randomized study of postcesarean analgesia with intrathecal morphine alone or combined with clonidine. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 33 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Clonidine; Double-Blind Meth	2016
[Clinical aspects of the using of clopheline in postoperative period in elderly patient with arterial hypertension]. Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Antiemetics; Antihypertensive Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Data Interpre	2009
Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification: a prospective double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Double-B	2011
Onset time for pharmacologic premedication with clonidine as a nasal aerosol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2012, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aerosols; Ambulatory Surgical Proc	2012
Comparison of caudal and intravenous clonidine in the prevention of agitation after sevoflurane in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Chil	2002
Preventing intraocular pressure increase after phacoemulsification and the role of perioperative apraclonidine. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 2002, Volume: 28, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Clonidine; Double-Blind	2002
Intrathecal and oral clonidine as prophylaxis for postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized double-blinded study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Alcoholism; Anesthesia; Central Nervous Syste	2004
A comparison of nefopam and clonidine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering: a comparative, double-blind and placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Anaesthesia, 2004, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia, General; Blood Pressure; Body Tempera	2004
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet capsulotomy and intraocular pressure in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmology, 2004, Volume: 111, Issue:7 Topics: Acetazolamide; Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Antihyperte	2004
Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 101, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anesthesia; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Diseases; Catechol	2004
Epidural clonidine, bupivacaine and methadone as the sole analgesic agent after thoracotomy for lung resection. Anaesthesia, 2004, Volume: 59, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; H	2004
Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Behavior; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine;	2004
Intraoperative clonidine administration to neurosurgical patients. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method;	2005
The addition of clonidine 2 microg.kg-1 does not enhance the postoperative analgesia of a caudal block using 0.125% bupivacaine and epinephrine 1:200,000 in children: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthesia, General; Anestheti	2005
Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post-spinal shivering. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2005, Volume: 49, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Clonidine; Female; Hemodynam	2005
Brimonidine 0.15% versus apraclonidine 0.5% for prevention of intraocular pressure elevation after anterior segment laser surgery. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 2005, Volume: 31, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anterior Eye Segment; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Brim	2005
Apraclonidine and LASIK. Ophthalmology, 2005, Volume: 112, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Clonidine; Conjunctival Disea	2005
Clonidine for the prevention of emergence agitation in young children: efficacy and recovery profile. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2006, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Child, Preschool; Cl	2006
Pain relief and functional status after vaginal hysterectomy: intrathecal versus general anesthesia. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Com	2006
Brinzolamide 1% versus apraclonidine 0.5% to prevent intraocular pressure elevation after neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 2006, Volume: 32, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Clonidine;	2006
Comparative efficacy of acetazolamide and apraclonidine in the control of intraocular pressure following phacoemulsification. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde, 2006, Volume: 220, Issue:6 Topics: Acetazolamide; Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Aged,	2006
Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. British journal of anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 98, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Analgesics; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Child,	2007
Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Child,	2007
Intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation: effect of prophylactic medication, wound closure, and surgeon's experience. The British journal of ophthalmology, 1995, Volume: 79, Issue:9 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Intraocular Pressure;	1995
[Increased intraocular pressure after cataract extraction--effect of surgical technique, surgical procedure and preventive drug administration. A prospective, randomized double-blind study]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1995, Volume: 206, Issue:1 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract Extraction; Clinical Com	1995
Clonidine and postoperative myocardial ischaemia. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Analgesia, Epidural; Aorta, Abdominal; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Co	1994
Effect of topical apraclonidine on the frequency of intraocular pressure elevations after combined extracapsular cataract extraction and trabeculectomy. Ophthalmology, 1993, Volume: 100, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Cataract Extraction; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glauco	1993
Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating post-orchiectomy hot flashes. The Journal of urology, 1994, Volume: 151, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Climacteric; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Male; Middle Ag	1994
Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 82, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cl	1996
Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, N	1995
Prophylaxis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in alcohol-dependent patients admitted to the intensive care unit after tumour resection. British journal of anaesthesia, 1995, Volume: 75, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chlormethiazole; Clonidine; Critical Care	1995
The effect of prophylactic clonidine on postoperative shivering. A large prospective double-blind study. Anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Double-Blind Metho	1996
Apraclonidine 0.5% versus 1% for controlling intraocular pressure elevation after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Ophthalmic surgery and lasers, 1996, Volume: 27, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma; Humans;	1996
Apraclonidine and anterior segment laser surgery. Comparison of 0.5% versus 1.0% apraclonidine for prevention of postoperative intraocular pressure rise. Ophthalmology, 1995, Volume: 102, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anterior Eye Segment; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Glaucoma; Hum	1995
[Effectiveness of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting--epidural versus oral administration]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Ch	1997
[Comparative study of pethidine and clonidine for prevention of postoperative shivering. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 1997, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Body Temperature Regu	1997
Effects of clonidine on prolonged postoperative sympathetic response. Critical care medicine, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Catecholamines; Clonidin	1997
Cardiac baroreflex during the postoperative period in patients with hypertension: effect of clonidine. Anesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Antihypertensive Agents; Baroreflex; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Heart Rate; Humans;	1999
Clonidine and cardiac surgery: haemodynamic and metabolic effects, myocardial ischaemia and recovery. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Creati	1999
Pretreatment with oral clonidine attenuates cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation in children. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia, General; Antiemetics; Antihypertensive	2000
Effects of oral clonidine premedication on side effects of intravenous ketamine anesthesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhala	2000
Effectiveness of apraclonidine 1% in preventing intraocular pressure rise following macular hole surgery. The British journal of ophthalmology, 2001, Volume: 85, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method;	2001
Brimonidine 0.2% versus apraclonidine 0.5% for prevention of intraocular pressure elevations after anterior segment laser surgery. Ophthalmology, 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anterior Eye Segment; Blood Pressure; Brimonidine Tartrate; Clonidi	2001
Low dose clonidine premedication accentuates the hyperglycemic response to surgery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2001, Volume: 48, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hyperglycemia; Hysterectomy; Middle Aged; Po	2001
Dolasetron for preventing postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 94, Issue:1 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Body Temperature; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; I	2002
Prophylactic use of apraclonidine for intraocular pressure increase after Nd:YAG capsulotomies. American journal of ophthalmology, 1992, Apr-15, Volume: 113, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Cataract Extraction; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans	1992
[Does the use of sympathicolytics to prevent withdrawal syndromes compromise microvascular anastomoses?]. Deutsche zahnarztliche Zeitschrift, 1992, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Male; Microcirculation; Middle	1992
Effect of apraclonidine hydrochloride on acute introacular pressure rise after argon laser iridotomy. Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO, 1991, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glauc	1991
[Treatment of postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome after esophageal resection]. Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie. Supplement II, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. Kongress, 1990 Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Clonidine; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Ethanol; Humans; Midazo	1990
The combined use of apraclonidine and pilocarpine during laser iridotomy in a Hispanic population. Annals of ophthalmology, 1990, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure; Gl	1990
[Clonidine supplemented analgesia and sedation in prevention of postoperative delirium]. Anasthesie, Intensivtherapie, Notfallmedizin, 1990, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Anesthesia, General; Arousal; Clonidine; Critical Care; Di	1990
[Effects of clonidine on postoperative shivers: a double blind study]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Middle Aged; Postoperative	1989
Effects of ALO 2145 on intraocular pressure following argon laser trabeculoplasty. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1987, Volume: 105, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Fe	1987
ALO 2145 reduces the intraocular pressure elevation after anterior segment laser surgery. Ophthalmology, 1988, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Anterior Eye Segment; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans	1988
Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical 1% apraclonidine. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1988, Volume: 106, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Cataract Extraction; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;	1988
Prevention of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias post coronary artery bypass surgery. European heart journal, 1987, Volume: 8 Suppl L Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Female; Heart Rate; Human	1987

Article	Year
α-2-receptor agonist use in children: some answers, more questions. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 2018, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Child; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; M	2018
The yin and yang of perioperative medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Apr-17, Volume: 370, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aspirin; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Myocard	2014
Surgery: Low-dose aspirin and clonidine--no benefit during surgery. Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2014, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aspirin; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Myocard	2014
[Comments on: perioperative administration of clonidine or aspirin]. Der Anaesthesist, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Aspirin; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Myocard	2014
Myocardial infarction risks remain for patients undergoing noncardiac elective surgery. JAMA, 2014, May-21, Volume: 311, Issue:19 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Aspirin; Clonidine; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Myocardial Infarc	2014
Can we tell emergence agitation from pain? Comment on Bortone et al.: the effect of fentanyl and clonidine on early postoperative negative behavior in children. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Clonidine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Postoperat	2014
We can't tell emergence agitation from pain, yet. Reply to: Stucke and Weisman 'Can we tell emergence agitation from pain?'. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Clonidine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Postoperat	2015
Preventing, identifying, and managing cosmetic procedure complications, part 1: soft-tissue augmentation and botulinum toxin injections. Cutis, 2016, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Blepharoptosis; Botulinum Toxins; Clonidine; Cosmetic Techniqu	2016
[Usefulness of apraclonidine in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia, 2009, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anisocoria; Birth Injuries; Brachial Plexus; Clonidine; Cocaine; D	2009
An institutional experience with epidural analgesia in children and young adults undergoing cardiac surgery. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Acidosis; Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesth	2010
Assessment of patients' satisfaction in carotid surgery under local anaesthesia by psychometrical testing--a prospective cohort study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, 2011, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Local; Anxiety; Cervical Plexus; Clonidine; Endarterecto	2011
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Child; Clonidine; Humans; Nerv	2011
Teaching NeuroImages: Positive apraclonidine test in Horner syndrome. Neurology, 2011, May-17, Volume: 76, Issue:20 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Blepharoptosis; Clonidine; Diskectomy; Female; Horner Syndrome; Hu	2011
Impact of T3 thoracoscopic sympathectomy on pupillary function: a cause of partial Horner's syndrome? Surgical endoscopy, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clonidine; Equipment Design; Horner Syndrome; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Intraoperati	2012
Opioid-free perioperative analgesia for hemicolectomy in a patient with opioid-induced delirium: a case report and review of the analgesic efficacy of the alpha-2 agonist agents. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2012, Volume: 12, Issue:8 Topics: Abdominal Abscess; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Non-Narcot	2012
Pharmacological prevention of postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antiemetics; Clonidine; Humans; Indoles; Nefopa	2002
Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthetics, Combined; Apnea; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Hernia, Inguinal; Humans;	2002
The impact of a cardioprotective protocol on the incidence of cardiac complications after aortic abdominal surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Aorta, Abdominal; Clonidine; Coro	2002
[Can alcoholic withdrawal delirium be prevented?]. Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation, 2003, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholism; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines;	2003
Impact of an alcohol withdrawal syndrome practice guideline on surgical patient outcomes. Pharmacotherapy, 2003, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Clonidine; Ethanol; Female; Haloperidol; Humans;	2003
Postoperative apnoea in an ex-premature infant: is it only related to clonidine? Paediatric anaesthesia, 2003, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Apnea; Bupivacaine; Clonidi	2003
Intrathecal clonidine and severe hypotension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Clonidine; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypotension; Inj	2003
The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture: a prospective observational study of four anesthetic techniques. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 102, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Arm; Axilla;	2006
Effect of clonidine premedication on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anesthesia. Journal of anesthesia, 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesth	2006
Perioperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome associated with a myocardial revascularization procedure. Journal of cardiothoracic anesthesia, 1988, Volume: 2, Issue:4 Topics: Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures; Clonidine; Electroencephalography; Fentanyl; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;	1988
Depression, night terrors, and insomnia associated with long-term intrathecal clonidine therapy. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2007, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic; Catheterization; Clonidine; Humans; Male; Neuritis; Pai	2007
Management of emergence agitation. Anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 62, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Clonidine; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Psychomotor	2007
Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. British journal of anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 99, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Clonidine; Humans; Methyl Ethers; Postoperative Complications;	2007
Recurrent postoperative CRPS I in patients with abnormal preoperative sympathetic function. The Journal of hand surgery, 2008, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autonomic Nerve Block; Carpal Tu	2008
Accelerated acute clonidine withdrawal syndrome during coronary artery bypass surgery. A case report. British journal of anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotension; Intraoperative	1981
Post carotid endarterectomy hypertension: clonidine therapy. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1981, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Carotid Arteries; Clonidine; Endarterectomy; Humans; Hypertension; Postoperative Complications	1981
Clonidine prevention of myocardial ischemia during cardiac surgery: will this change outcome? Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 1993, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Bradycardia; Cardiac Output; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Heart; H	1993
Effects of apraclonidine on short-term outcome of glaucoma surgery. Journal of glaucoma, 1996, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Mi	1996
Baroreflex dysfunction after nasopharyngectomy and bilateral carotid isolation. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery, 1997, Volume: 123, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Carcinoma, Squamous Cel	1997
The use of clonidine for the treatment of high intestinal output following small bowel transplantation. Transplantation proceedings, 1997, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Colon; Diarrhea;	1997
Preserved sympathetic response to hypotension despite perioperative alpha2 agonist administration. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 84, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Humans; Hypotension; Intra	1997
Chronic use of apraclonidine decreases its moderation of post-laser intraocular pressure spikes. Ophthalmology, 1997, Volume: 104, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressu	1997
Can a dose of 2microg.kg(-1) caudal clonidine cause respiratory depression in neonates? Paediatric anaesthesia, 1999, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Amides; Anesthesia, Caudal; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Local; A	1999
[Baroreflex failure syndrome: an uncommon case of an extreme blood pressure variability]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2001, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Carotid Body Tumor; Clonidine; Follow-Up Studie	2001
[Iopidine in the control of intraocular pressure after glaucoma laser treatment]. Oftalmologia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990), 2001, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Laser Therapy; Postope	2001
Preoperative and postoperative use of clonidine with neurolept anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1979, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Blood Circulation; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Hypert	1979
[Use of clonidine hydrochloride in the control of early postoperative hypertension in patients operated on for aortic coarctation in childhood. Considerations on 2 treated cases]. Minerva cardioangiologica, 1978, Volume: 26, Issue:9 Topics: Age Factors; Aortic Coarctation; Child; Clonidine; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Post	1978
Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension. The Journal of family practice, 1977, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Antihypertensive Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Clonidine; Diabetes Complications; Drug Incom	1977
Acute postoperative clonidine withdrawal syndrome. Anesthesiology, 1976, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Clonidine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Substance Withdraw	1976
Apraclonidine and argon laser trabeculoplasty. American journal of ophthalmology, 1992, Dec-15, Volume: 114, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Clonidine; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Laser Therapy; Pilocar	1992
Early intraocular pressure response to laser trabeculoplasty 180 degrees without apraclonidine versus 360 degrees with apraclonidine. Ophthalmic surgery, 1991, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Clonidine; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Laser Th	1991
Withdrawal symptoms in a postoperative patient. Hospital practice (Office ed.), 1992, Feb-15, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm; Clonidine; Humans; Hypertension; Intubation, Gastrointestin	1992
[Perioperative risk caused by alcohol and/or drug abuse. Which therapy?]. Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie. Supplement II, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. Kongress, 1990 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Alcoholism; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Chlormethiazole; Clon	1990
[Characteristics of alcohol withdrawal delirium in surgical patients and recommendations for treatment]. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen, 1991, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Combined Modality Therapy; Emer	1991
Near syncope and chest tightness after administration of apraclonidine before argon laser iridotomy. American journal of ophthalmology, 1990, Sep-15, Volume: 110, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Argon; Chest Pain; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Iris; Laser Therapy; Posto	1990
[Preoperative peridural administration of clonidine. Description of a case]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1990, Volume: 56, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Post	1990
The role of apraclonidine hydrochloride in laser therapy for glaucoma. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 1989, Volume: 87 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Aged; Animals; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; I	1989
Use of apraclonidine to reduce acute intraocular pressure rise following Q-switched Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. Ophthalmic surgery, 1989, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Clonidine; Female; Glaucoma; Gonioscopy; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Iris; Laser Therapy; Ma	1989
Therapy of venous hypertension in calves with total artificial heart (TAH). The International journal of artificial organs, 1989, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Captopril; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Cattle; Central Venous Pres	1989
[Hypertensive crisis after withdrawal of clonidine and nadolol. Case report and review of the literature]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1987, Jun-06, Volume: 117, Issue:23 Topics: Clonidine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Middle Age	1987

clonidine and Complication, Postoperative