outer dynein arm assembly
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:19944400]
Outer dynein arm (ODA) assembly is a complex and intricate process that involves the coordinated interaction of multiple proteins, including dynein heavy chains, intermediate chains, light chains, and associated proteins. The ODA is a large, multi-subunit protein complex that plays a crucial role in ciliary and flagellar motility. The assembly of the ODA occurs in a stepwise manner, with specific proteins assembling at distinct stages of the process.
The initial step in ODA assembly involves the formation of a dynein heavy chain (DHC) dimer. The DHC dimer serves as the core structure of the ODA and contains two identical DHC molecules, each with a motor domain and a stalk region. Once the DHC dimer is formed, it interacts with a variety of intermediate chains (ICs) and light chains (LCs), which are essential for the proper functioning of the ODA.
The ICs bind to the DHC dimer and act as linkers, connecting the DHC to the microtubule and providing structural support. There are multiple ICs, each with a unique structure and function. Some ICs are involved in the regulation of dynein activity, while others contribute to the stability of the ODA.
The LCs are smaller proteins that associate with the DHC and ICs. They play a critical role in the regulation of dynein activity and contribute to the proper assembly and stability of the ODA.
As the ODA is being assembled, it undergoes a series of conformational changes, ultimately leading to the formation of a functional complex. The assembly process is regulated by a variety of factors, including chaperone proteins, post-translational modifications, and interactions with other ciliary and flagellar components.
Defects in ODA assembly can lead to a range of human diseases, including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetic disorder that affects the cilia and flagella of the respiratory tract, reproductive system, and other organs. PCD is characterized by recurrent respiratory infections, male infertility, and situs inversus, a condition in which the internal organs are mirrored.
In summary, ODA assembly is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated interaction of multiple proteins. The assembly process is essential for ciliary and flagellar motility, and defects in ODA assembly can lead to a variety of human diseases.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Nischarin | A nischarin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y2I1] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (26)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| cirazoline | cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd | aromatic ether | |
| clonidine | clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION. | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| guanfacine | Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | acetamides | |
| naphazoline | Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant. | naphthalenes | |
| ondansetron | Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | carbazoles | |
| oxymetazoline | oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion. Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251) | carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols | alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| 4-iodoclonidine | 4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source | ||
| moxonidine | moxonidine: structure given in first source | organohalogen compound; pyrimidines | |
| tizanidine | tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
| phentolamine | phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. | imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| idazoxan | idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group. Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity. | benzodioxine; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| rilmenidine | Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION. | isourea | |
| efaroxan | efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1-benzofurans | |
| tryptoline | tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | beta-carbolines | |
| 293b cpd | 6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane: RN given for (trans-(+-))-isomer | 1-benzopyran | |
| 4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline | 4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline: acts as partial agonist at the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat anococcygeus muscle & as antagonist at the presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens | ||
| harmalan | harmalan: structure given in first source | harmala alkaloid | |
| n(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane | 2-(7-aminoheptyl)guanidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which the imino hydrogen of guanidine itself has been replaced by a 7-aminoheptyl group. It is an inhibitor of deoxyhypusine synthase activity (GO:0034038). N(1)-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane: inhibits deoxyhypusine synthase | guanidines; primary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.46 (deoxyhypusine synthase) inhibitor |
| 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline | 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source | benzofurans | |
| harmine | harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's. | harmala alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| guanabenz | Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. | dichlorobenzene | |
| tracizoline | tracizoline: RN given for (R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedionate (1:1); ligand for imidazoline receptor; structure in first source | ||
| 6-cyano-4-(n-ethylsulfonyl-n-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane, (trans-(+))-isomer | |||
| cilansetron | cilansetron: structure given in first source; binds to 5-HT(3) receptors | ||
| 4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride | |||
| bix 02565 |