Page last updated: 2024-10-24

response to aluminum ion

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]

Aluminum (Al) is a highly abundant metal in the Earth’s crust, but it is toxic to most living organisms. Plants are particularly susceptible to aluminum toxicity, which can lead to a range of adverse effects, including impaired root growth, reduced nutrient uptake, and decreased photosynthesis. To cope with this environmental stress, plants have evolved a complex set of responses to aluminum ions, aimed at minimizing its harmful effects.

The response to aluminum ion is a multifaceted process that involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here are some of the key steps:

1. **Perception and signaling:** Plants perceive aluminum ions through specific cell surface receptors. These receptors, often belonging to the malate transporter family, bind aluminum ions, triggering a cascade of signaling events. These signals may involve changes in intracellular calcium levels, activation of specific protein kinases, and modifications in gene expression.

2. **Aluminum detoxification:** Once aluminum ions enter the cell, plants employ different mechanisms to detoxify them. One strategy is to sequester aluminum ions in the vacuole, a large central compartment in plant cells. This process involves the action of specific transporter proteins that move aluminum ions into the vacuole, where they are isolated from cellular processes.

3. **Aluminum exclusion:** Plants can also exclude aluminum ions from entering their roots. This is achieved by modifying the root surface, making it less permeable to aluminum ions. This process involves the secretion of organic acids like malic acid and citric acid, which bind to aluminum ions, preventing them from entering the root cells.

4. **Gene expression changes:** Aluminum stress triggers changes in gene expression, leading to the production of proteins that contribute to aluminum detoxification and tolerance. These proteins include those involved in aluminum sequestration, organic acid production, and cell wall modifications.

5. **Morphological changes:** Prolonged exposure to aluminum can induce morphological changes in plants. For example, aluminum stress may lead to root growth inhibition, root hair formation, and changes in root architecture. These changes can alter the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients.

6. **Physiological adjustments:** Aluminum stress can also impact plant physiology. It can affect photosynthesis by disrupting chloroplast function, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency. Aluminum can also interfere with nutrient uptake, particularly that of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth and development.

Overall, the response to aluminum ion is a complex and dynamic process that involves a wide range of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ability of plants to tolerate aluminum stress is crucial for their survival in many environments, and the mechanisms they employ provide valuable insights into the resilience of living organisms in the face of environmental challenges.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BAn amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P27338]Homo sapiens (human)
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrataseA delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P13716]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (166)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.
methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine
neurotoxin
4'-bromoflavone4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source
7,8-dihydroxyflavone7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.dihydroxyflavoneantidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
7-hydroxyflavanone7-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7.

7-hydroxyflavanone: structure given in first source
monohydroxyflavanone
azobenzene(E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.

(Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.

azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.

azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure
azobenzenes
caffeinepurine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
chelerythrinechelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ciglitazoneciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.

ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes
aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone
antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
clonidineclonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
clonidine;
imidazoline
danthronchrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.

danthron: structure
dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
donepezil2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.

donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.

Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.
aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
emodinemodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.
trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fentanylfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.

Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines
adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
harmalineharmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.

Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.
harmala alkaloidoneirogen
phenelzinePhenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.primary amine
iproniazidcarbohydrazide;
pyridines
vitamin k 3Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.1,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium : An organic cation that is phenothiazin-5-ium substituted by dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 7. The chloride salt is the histological dye 'methylene blue'.organic cation
moclobemidemoclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.

Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
clorgylineclorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.

Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.
aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound
antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
quinone1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.

benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.

quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
1,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargylinePargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.aromatic amine
pioglitazonepioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.

Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.
aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones
antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
primaquineprimaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine
antimalarial
raloxifeneraloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.1-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
carbamylhydrazinecarbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpdcarbohydrazide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound;
ureas
vorinostatvorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine : A member of the class of cyclopropanes carrying amino and phenyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 respectively.benzenes;
cyclopropanes;
primary amine
troglitazoneTroglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.chromanes;
thiazolidinone
anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyraminemonoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
zonisamidezonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.

Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.
1,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
dextroamphetamine(S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.

Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.
1-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzenep-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)azobenzenes
ficusinFicusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.

psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.
psoralensplant metabolite
alizarindihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
purpurinpurpurin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4.

purpurin: from Rubiaceae plants; structure in first source
trihydroxyanthraquinonebiological pigment;
histological dye;
plant metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source

quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups
dihydroxyanthraquinonedye
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source

anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.
dihydroxyanthraquinoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
phthalimidephthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.

phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd
phthalimides
phthalide2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.

isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.
2-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone
aminacrine9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.

Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.
aminoacridines;
primary amino compound
acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specifiedisoquinolines
isatintribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
xanthenesXanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.xanthene
1,4-naphthoquinone1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.

naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
1,4-naphthoquinones
4-aminodiphenyl ether
n-phenethylpiperidine
phenylbenzoquinonephenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd
aloe emodinAloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.

aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe
aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
flavanoneflavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.

flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source
flavanones
4-chromone4-chromone: structure given in first source

chromone : The simplest member of the class of chromones that is 4H-chromene with an oxo group at position 4.
chromones;
enone
angelicinangelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structurefuranocoumarin
flavoneflavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.

flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source
flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
coumarin-3-carboxylic acidcoumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first sourcecoumarins
1,2-diaminoanthraquinone
tranylcypromine(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.

tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).

Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)
2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
5-nitroindazole
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
selegilineSelegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound
geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomerhydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
toloxatone5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.

toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.

toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
idazoxanidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.

Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.
benzodioxine;
imidazolines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist
norharmanbeta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.

norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd
beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent
fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
isoimperatorinisoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root
psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
rilmenidineRilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.isourea
9-chloroacridine9-chloroacridine: chromogenic reagent for detection of arylhydroxylamines & arylamines on paper & thin layer chromatograms; structure
lazabemidelazabemide: structure given in first source
thioxolonetioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
xanthydrol
3-acetylcoumarin3-acetylcoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by an acetyl group.

3-acetylcoumarin: structure given in first source
coumarins
4'-methoxyflavone4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first sourceether;
flavonoids
rosiglitazoneaminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from tobacco; structure in first source
inermin(-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.

inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure
maackiain
oxoglaucine1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first sourceisoquinoline alkaloid
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs
benzo(g)isoquinoline-5,10-dionebenzo(g)isoquinoline-5,10-dione: insect teratogen
4'-methoxyflavanone4'-methoxyflavanone : The parent member of the class of 4'-methoxyflavanones that is flavanone which is substituted by a methoxy group at the 4'-position.4'-methoxyflavanones
cinnabarinic acidcinnabarinic acid: structurephenoxazine
safinamidesafinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first sourceamino acid amide
2'-methoxyflavoneether;
flavonoids
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanonebenzodioxoles
4'-chloroflavone4'-chloroflavone: structure given in first source
rhodiolosideglycoside
harmalanharmalan: structure given in first sourceharmala alkaloid
corydalminecorydalmine: antagonizes dopamine receptors; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer
2'-hydroxyflavone2'-hydroxyflavone: isolated from Daphnopsis sellowiana; structure given in first sourceflavones
corynolinecorynoline : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is chelidonine substituted by a methyl group at position 13. Isolated from the aerial parts of Corydalis incisa, it acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and also exhibits antineoplastic and hepatoprotective activity.benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isoquinolines;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
secondary alcohol
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
Chromone-3-carboxylic acidchromones
1-acetyl-3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-(1h)-pyrazole
tv3326indanes
4'-hydroxyflavone4'-hydroxyflavone: structure in first source
naringenin(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin
expectorant;
plant metabolite
linezolidacetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone
antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
farnesol(2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.

farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.

Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
farnesolplant metabolite
resveratroltrans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid: structure in first source
u 100480U 100480: structure given in first source
8-prenylnaringenin8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source

sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.
(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
3'-methoxyflavone3'-methoxyflavone : The parent member of the class of 3'-methoxyflavones that is flavone which carries a methoxy group at the 3'-position.3'-methoxyflavonesplant metabolite
chalconetrans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
piperinepiperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1,4-diphenylbutadienestyrenes
4'-methoxychalcone4'-methoxychalcone: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designationchalcones
N-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-2-oxo-1-benzopyran-3-carboxamidecoumarins
3',4'-dimethoxyflavone
ethyl ferulateethyl ferulate: structure in first source
7-methoxy-2-oxo-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl estercoumarins
curcumincurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.

Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.
aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
3-(2-aminoethyl)-5-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione3-(2-aminoethyl)-5-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: inhibits ERK1 and ERK2; structure in first source
4-aminostilbene4-aminostilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
cis-resveratrolcis-resveratrol : The cis-stereoisomer of resveratrol.resveratrol
3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin: structure in first sourcecoumarins
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.hydrochloride
N5-(2-chloro-6-phenoxybenzyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diaminearomatic ether
mdl 72527MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor
azilect
rasagilineindanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first sourcebenzofurans
bakuchicinbakuchicin: a hepatoprotective compound of Psoralea corylifolia (Leguminosae); structure in first source
2',3-dihydroxychalcone2',3-dihydroxychalcone: structure in first source
7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-oneether;
flavonoids
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
biochanin a4'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin4'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
acacetin5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone
anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin3'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
scopoletinhydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
hymecromoneHymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
harmineharmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.

Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.
harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gardenia yellowcrocin-1 : A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.

gardenia yellow: extract of gardenia fruit; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF
diester;
disaccharide derivative;
diterpenoid
antioxidant;
food colouring;
histological dye;
plant metabolite
hispidolhispidol : A hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 4' respectively.hydroxyauroneplant metabolite
sulfuretinsulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl1-benzofurans
chrysinchrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.7-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
galangin5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source

galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.
7-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daidzein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
7-hydroxyflavone7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.hydroxyflavonoid
4',7-dihydroxyflavone4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.

4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene
dihydroxyflavonemetabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.

4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source
chalcones;
phenols
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent
as 605240(5Z)-5-(quinoxalin-6-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A quinoxaline derivative that is quinoxaline in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a (2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl group. It is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kgamma, with an IC50 of 8 nM and inhibits the progression of joint inflammation and damage in both lymphocyte-independent and dependent mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.

5-quinoxalin-6-ylmethylenethiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source
quinoxaline derivative;
thiazolidinediones
anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
istradefyllineoxopurine
osthenolosthenol : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 8 has been replaced by a prenyl group.

osthenol: structure in first source
hydroxycoumarinantifungal agent;
plant metabolite
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.

8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist
monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
n-(p-coumaroyl)serotoninN-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin: structure in first sourcecarboxamide;
hydroxyindoles
4'-chloroaurone4'-chloroaurone: aurones from marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile; structure in first source
geiparvaringeiparvarin: from Geijera parviflora; structure given in first source
derricidinderricidin: from Lonchocarpus sericeus; structure in first sourcechalcones
ciproxifanaromatic ketone
mofegiline
tracizolinetracizoline: RN given for (R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedionate (1:1); ligand for imidazoline receptor; structure in first source
pf9601n
delta-viniferin(2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.

delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source
1-benzofurans;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid
tedizolidDA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source

tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
pyridines;
tetrazoles
antimicrobial agent;
drug metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cyclopentylidene-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]hydrazonecyclopentylidene-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]hydrazone : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazole bearing 2-cyclopentylidenehydrazino and 4-chlorophenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4 respectively.1,3-thiazoles;
hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor
5-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-furancarboxamidearomatic amide;
furans
5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-furancarboxamidearomatic amide;
furans
5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-[2,6-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-2-furancarboxamidearomatic amide;
furans
5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-2-furancarboxamidearomatic amide;
furans
N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-3-thiophenyl)-2-furancarboxamidearomatic amide;
furans
1-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]ethanoneamino acid amide
ass234
gsk2879552GSK2879552 : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by (4-carboxyphenyl)methyl and {[(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]amino}methyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A). It was under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and small cell lung carcinoma.

GSK2879552: inhibits lysine demethylase 1; structure in first source
benzenes;
benzoic acids;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.66 (lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A) inhibitor
methylaplysinopsinmethylaplysinopsin: isolated from Dictyoceratid sponge Aplysinopsis reticulata; affects serotogenic neurotransmission; structure given in first source
aplysinopsinaplysinopsin: antineoplastic tryptophan deriv from Verongia spengetii (marine sponge); structure