clonidine and Anesthesia studies

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and clonidine (CLON) infusion to produce hypotensive anesthesia in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery."	9.51	Comparison of Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine Infusion to Produce Hypotensive Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bhatt, R; Bhutia, O; Goswami, D; Lakshmanan, S; Roychoudhury, A; Yadav, P, 2022)
"Clonidine, an α2 agonist, has been used in anesthesia for many years to provide sedation, anxiolysis, analgesia, controlled hypotension, and to provide opioid-sparing anesthesia."	9.19	Comparing the effects of oral clonidine premedication with intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion on anesthetic requirement and recovery from anesthesia in patients undergoing major spine surgery. ( Ashokkumar, H; Kuppuswamy, B; Mariappan, R, 2014)
" Midazolam, S+ ketamine, placebo, or clonidine was used for the anesthesia."	9.19	Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. ( Pretto, G; Silva, E; Westphal, GA, 2014)
" Anticipating that clonidine might attenuate this response, we measured oxygen consumption in patients undergoing surgery during ketamine anesthesia."	9.08	The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia. ( Aantaa, R; Kanto, JH; Kirvelä, OA; Taittonen, MT, 1998)
"To determine the effect of oral clonidine premedication on duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative analgesia, hemodynamic stability, sedation, and respiratory parameters after subarachnoid anesthesia (SA)."	9.08	Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia. ( Ezri, T; Geva, D; Katz, J; Shklar, B; Szmuk, P, 1998)
"The effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure and perioperative cardiovascular variables were studied by a randomized double blind design in 80 elderly patients (ASA physical status I-III) scheduled for elective ophthalmic surgery under general anesthesia (GA) and local anesthesia (LA)."	9.06	Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in the elderly: the effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure, perioperative hemodynamics, and anesthetic requirement. ( Calvillo, O; Ghignone, M; Noe, C; Quintin, L, 1988)
"The effects of clonidine, a centrally acting alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, on depth of fentanyl anesthesia and on cardiovascular response to laryngoscopy and intubation were studied."	9.06	Effects of clonidine on narcotic requirements and hemodynamic response during induction of fentanyl anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. ( Calvillo, O; Duke, PC; Ghignone, M; Kehler, CH; Quintin, L, 1986)
"Clonidine appears a safe and beneficial drug with moderate to high-quality evidence supporting its use in pediatric anesthesia."	9.01	Clonidine in pediatric anesthesia: the new panacea or a drug still looking for an indication? ( Afshari, A, 2019)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	8.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
"The objective of this study was to determine whether postoperative morphine requirement in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery was reduced by opioid-free anesthesia (OFA), as compared to an anesthetic strategy using opioids (opioid balanced anesthesia (OBA)) and to investigate the differences that may exist between the use of clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the context of OFA."	8.12	Effects of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative morphine consumption after bariatric surgery. ( Abrard, S; Berlier, J; Bouffard, Y; Carabalona, JF; Cerro, V; Le-Goff, MC; Rimmelé, T; Subtil, F; Tête, H, 2022)
"The influence of pentobarbital anesthesia (5 mg/100 g, i."	7.67	Modulation of cardiovascular depressant action of clonidine by pentobarbital anesthesia in rats. ( Abe, K; Imai, Y; Minami, N; Munakata, M; Nihei, M; Sasaki, S; Sekino, H; Yoshinaga, K, 1989)
"The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory effects of the specific bradycardic agent alinidine were evaluated in a conscious canine model of myocardial infarction and sudden death, and by determination of ventricular fibrillation thresholds (VFT) in anesthetized dogs."	7.67	Alinidine reduces the incidence of ischemic ventricular fibrillation in a conscious canine model, a protective effect antagonized by overdrive atrial pacing. ( Chi, LG; Driscoll, EM; Frye, JW; Lucchesi, BR; Lynch, JJ; Uprichard, AC, 1989)
"Effects of tizanidine, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcers were studied in the rat."	7.66	[Influence of a muscle relaxant, tizanidine, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcer in rats]. ( Kanaoka, R; Maeda-Hagiwara, M; Watanabe, H; Watanabe, K, 1983)
"Its use in premedication and postoperative pain management may be limited by its principal effects of hypotension and bradycardia."	6.38	[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. ( Heil, T; Koenigs, D; Striebel, HW, 1993)
" Midazolam, S+ ketamine, placebo, or clonidine was used for the anesthesia."	5.19	Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. ( Pretto, G; Silva, E; Westphal, GA, 2014)
"In 139 patients anxiety, sedation and adverse effects were measured at 6 consecutive perioperative time points after administration of midazolam, clonidine or a placebo."	5.14	[Quality of premedication and patient satisfaction after premedication with midazolam, clonidine or placebo : Randomized double-blind study with age-adjusted dosage]. ( Ivleva-Sauerborn, A; Seifert, B; Spahn, DR; Zalunardo, MP, 2010)
"The incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia was significantly reduced with clonidine (intraoperative and postoperative, 18 of 125, 14% vs."	5.11	Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. ( Boisvert, DM; Galindez, D; Haratonik, KA; Kardatzke, D; Layug, EL; Lazo, EA; Salahieh, A; Wallace, AW, 2004)
"In this study, we evaluated the effect of intrathecal and oral clonidine as supplements to spinal anesthesia with lidocaine in patients at risk of postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS)."	5.11	Intrathecal and oral clonidine as prophylaxis for postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized double-blinded study. ( Axelsson, K; Berggren, L; Dobrydnjov, I; Holmström, B; Samarütel, J, 2004)
"Fourteen mono-opioid addicted patients received naloxone during propofol anesthesia."	5.10	Sympathetic neural activation evoked by mu-receptor blockade in patients addicted to opioids is abolished by intravenous clonidine. ( Gastpar, M; Heuter, T; Kienbaum, P; Michel, MC; Peters, J; Scherbaum, N, 2002)
"To determine the effect of oral clonidine premedication on duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative analgesia, hemodynamic stability, sedation, and respiratory parameters after subarachnoid anesthesia (SA)."	5.08	Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia. ( Ezri, T; Geva, D; Katz, J; Shklar, B; Szmuk, P, 1998)
") clonidine and to evaluate the EEG and cardiovascular response to skin incision during isoflurane/N2O anesthesia."	5.08	Intravenous clonidine decreases minimum end-tidal isoflurane for induction of electroencephalographic burst suppression. ( Droese, D; Entholzner, EK; Hargasser, SR; Hipp, R; Mielke, LL; Plötz, W, 1997)
"Clonidine decreases opioid use and lowers hormonal response while maintaining stable hemodynamics in patients undergoing CABG with sufentanil anesthesia."	5.08	Effect of oral clonidine premedication on anesthetic requirement, hormonal response, hemodynamics, and recovery in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. ( Hiestand, DC; Howie, MB; Jopling, MW; Kelly, WB; McSweeney, TD; Romanelli, VA, 1996)
" During general anesthesia lasting about six hours with methohexital or propofol, naloxone was administered with doubling of the dose every 15 minutes with a starting bolus dose of 0."	5.08	Alternative strategies of opiate detoxification: evaluation of the so-called ultra-rapid detoxification. ( Gastpar, M; Kaube, H; Kienbaum, P; Klein, S; Peters, J; Scherbaum, N, 1998)
" Clonidine reduced enflurane requirements, intraoperative tachycardia, and myocardial ischemia (1/28 clonidine patients vs 5/24 placebo, P = 0."	5.07	Premedication with oral and transdermal clonidine provides safe and efficacious postoperative sympatholysis. ( Busse, JR; Drijvers, G; Ellis, JE; Foss, JF; Laff, SP; Mantha, S; McKinsey, JF; Pedlow, S; Shah, M; Sorrentino, MJ, 1994)
"The effects of clonidine, a centrally acting alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, on depth of fentanyl anesthesia and on cardiovascular response to laryngoscopy and intubation were studied."	5.06	Effects of clonidine on narcotic requirements and hemodynamic response during induction of fentanyl anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. ( Calvillo, O; Duke, PC; Ghignone, M; Kehler, CH; Quintin, L, 1986)
"The effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure and perioperative cardiovascular variables were studied by a randomized double blind design in 80 elderly patients (ASA physical status I-III) scheduled for elective ophthalmic surgery under general anesthesia (GA) and local anesthesia (LA)."	5.06	Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in the elderly: the effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure, perioperative hemodynamics, and anesthetic requirement. ( Calvillo, O; Ghignone, M; Noe, C; Quintin, L, 1988)
"Clonidine appears a safe and beneficial drug with moderate to high-quality evidence supporting its use in pediatric anesthesia."	5.01	Clonidine in pediatric anesthesia: the new panacea or a drug still looking for an indication? ( Afshari, A, 2019)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	4.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
" It has also been used intravenously in phaeochromocytoma, tetanus, clonidine withdrawal, and as an adjunct to halothane to produce hypotensive anaesthesia."	4.76	Combined alpha- and beta-receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension. ( Prichard, BN, 1984)
"Based on the findings from this cohort, high preinduction anxiety does not appear to be associated with NBCs postoperatively in children premedicated with clonidine or midazolam."	4.31	Preoperative anxiety level is not associated with postoperative negative behavioral changes in premedicated children. ( Brorsson, C; Haney, M; Hultin, M; Johansson, G; Winsö, O; Zickerman, C, 2023)
"The objective of this study was to determine whether postoperative morphine requirement in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery was reduced by opioid-free anesthesia (OFA), as compared to an anesthetic strategy using opioids (opioid balanced anesthesia (OBA)) and to investigate the differences that may exist between the use of clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the context of OFA."	4.12	Effects of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative morphine consumption after bariatric surgery. ( Abrard, S; Berlier, J; Bouffard, Y; Carabalona, JF; Cerro, V; Le-Goff, MC; Rimmelé, T; Subtil, F; Tête, H, 2022)
"Clonidine administered intraoperatively for (adeno) tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy prolonged emergence from anesthesia."	3.80	The impact of clonidine on sedation after adenotonsillectomy: a prospective audit. ( Anderson, BJ; Blackburn, L; Ottaway, K, 2014)
"After local anesthesia of all incisions and surgical wounds and myorelaxation with metocurine, rats had halothane withdrawn for 60 min."	3.74	Reduced blood pressure lability during emergence from anaesthesia in rats: a pilot study using clonidine. ( Cividjian, A; Quintin, L; Rentero, N, 2008)
" We prospectively evaluated the use of four anesthetic techniques (general anesthesia, axillary block, and IV regional anesthesia [IVRA] with lidocaine with or without clonidine) for patients undergoing fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture."	3.73	The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture: a prospective observational study of four anesthetic techniques. ( Dixon, D; Faruqi, S; Madabhushi, L; Pristas, R; Reuben, SS; Wenner, S, 2006)
"To investigate the influence of diabetes mellitus on the hemodynamic-stabilizing effect of clonidine during off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery."	3.72	Diabetes attenuates the hemodynamic stabilizing effects of oral clonidine during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. ( Kishi, Y; Kita, T; Mammoto, T; Taniguchi, H; Yamasaki, K, 2003)
" Because alpha2 agonists minimize perioperative circulatory activation, we asked the following question: do alpha2 agonists, such as clonidine and mivazerol, blunt the catecholamine activation observed in the RVLM on emergence from anesthesia? Halothane-anesthetized, paralyzed rats had their ventilatory, circulatory, and acid-base stability controlled."	3.70	Catecholamine activation in the vasomotor center on emergence from anesthesia: the effects of alpha2 agonists. ( Bruandet, N; Debeer, L; Quintin, L; Rentero, N, 1998)
" Most experiments were done under halothane anesthesia."	3.70	Antagonist precipitated clonidine withdrawal in rat: effects on locus coeruleus neurons, sympathetic nerves and cardiovascular parameters. ( Baertschi, AJ; Grubb, MC; Guyenet, PG; Pence, R; Stornetta, RL, 1998)
"We studied the acute effects of the ocular hypotensive drug, apraclonidine (AP), on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor dynamics of anesthetized rats during infusion-induced ocular hypertension."	3.70	Aqueous humor dynamics in anesthetized rats infused with intracameral apraclonidine. ( Balaban, CD; Searles, RV; Severs, WB; Shikher, V, 1999)
"Mivazerol attenuates surgical stress-induced elevations in BP and HR during pentobarbital anesthesia in rats, and these effects are mediated by stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors."	3.69	Mivazerol, a new alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, blunts cardiovascular effects following surgical stress in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. ( Hanin, I; Wülfert, E; Zhang, X, 1997)
" We measured arterial and venous plasma DOPA concentrations in healthy subjects at rest, patients who had undergone regional sympathectomies or were undergoing general anesthesia, and subjects during procedures (tilt, oral clonidine, or iv isoproterenol, yohimbine, trimethaphan, or diazepam) known to affect plasma norepinephrine levels."	3.67	Neuronal source of plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine. ( Eisenhofer, G; Goldstein, DS; Keiser, HR; Kopin, IJ; Stull, R; Udelsman, R, 1987)
" These hormonal and central effects of urethane (but not anesthesia) were inhibited when the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (150 micrograms/kg) was co-administered."	3.67	Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inhibition of growth hormone release via increased central noradrenaline neuronal activity by urethane anaesthesia in the rat: blockade by clonidine. ( Gleeson, RM; Smythe, GA; Stead, BH, 1987)
"The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory effects of the specific bradycardic agent alinidine were evaluated in a conscious canine model of myocardial infarction and sudden death, and by determination of ventricular fibrillation thresholds (VFT) in anesthetized dogs."	3.67	Alinidine reduces the incidence of ischemic ventricular fibrillation in a conscious canine model, a protective effect antagonized by overdrive atrial pacing. ( Chi, LG; Driscoll, EM; Frye, JW; Lucchesi, BR; Lynch, JJ; Uprichard, AC, 1989)
" To determine if the enhanced sympathetic response to PH stimulation seen in adult SHR is an intrinsic difference rather than secondary to sustained hypertension, we maintained SHR normotensive from four weeks of age with antihypertensive drug therapy (clonidine or hydralazine)."	3.66	Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. ( Juskevich, JC; Robinson, DS; Whitehorn, D, 1978)
"Male albino rats given a bilateral injection of Baclofen (Lioresal) (12 micrograms/rat) in the cerebral ventricles showed a behavioral syndrome of activation + ataxia, paddling, tail-pinch hyperresponse and anesthesia."	3.66	The role of monoamines for the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats. ( Smith, DF; Vestergaard, P, 1979)
"Effects of tizanidine, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcers were studied in the rat."	3.66	[Influence of a muscle relaxant, tizanidine, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcer in rats]. ( Kanaoka, R; Maeda-Hagiwara, M; Watanabe, H; Watanabe, K, 1983)
" Under pentobarbital anesthesia, precipitated shakes and ice water-induced wet shakes were inhibited by clonidine and norepinephrine."	3.65	Effects of clonidine on morphine withdrawal signs in the rat. ( Loh, HH; Tseng, LF; Wei, ET, 1975)
"Sufentanil and clonidine were effective as sedative in patients undergoing heart catheterization."	2.76	Sedation with sufentanil and clonidine in patients undergoing heart catheterization. ( Barros, GA; Castro, PA; Nascimento, Jdos S; Rocha, AP; Santos, KP; Vasconcelos, LM, 2011)
"The incidence of immediate postoperative pain (0-2 h), as assessed by repeated Objective Pain Scale (OPS) scores, was chosen as the primary end-point of the study."	2.71	Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordenberg, L; Oddby, E; Ruthström, E; Zetterqvist, H, 2004)
" We investigated the dose-response relationship for epidural clonidine when added to a continuous postoperative epidural infusion of ropivacaine."	2.70	The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. ( De Negri, P; De Vivo, P; Ivani, G; Lonnqvist, PA; Visconti, C, 2001)
"Clonidine is an effective preanesthetic medication in children, providing a preoperative sedative effect."	2.68	Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children. ( Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1996)
"Nefopam has no influence on the extubation time (WMD 0."	2.52	Nefopam for the prevention of perioperative shivering: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Liu, M; Lv, M; Qu, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2015)
"Clonidine has contrary to midazolam no effect on respiration."	2.43	Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. ( Bergendahl, H; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 2006)
"Yet Clonidine also has a sedative effect due to alpha (2)-adrenoceptor stimulation in the locus coeruleus and antinociceptive action caused through postjunctional noradrenergic pathways in the brainstem and spinal cord."	2.43	[Efficacy of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia]. ( Huber, D; Kretz, FJ, 2005)
"Its use in premedication and postoperative pain management may be limited by its principal effects of hypotension and bradycardia."	2.38	[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. ( Heil, T; Koenigs, D; Striebel, HW, 1993)
" The relative bioavailability of epidural and rectal clonidine was unity (F = 1)."	1.34	Clonidine disposition in children; a population analysis. ( Anderson, BJ; Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA; Potts, AL; Warman, G, 2007)
"Agmatine was isolated from bovine brain in 1994."	1.33	Cardiovascular effects of agmatine within the rostral ventrolateral medulla are similar to those of clonidine in anesthetized rats. ( Shen, FM; Su, DF; Wang, WZ; Yang, J, 2005)
"Pretreatment with neostigmine completely prevented the clonidine-induced attenuation of the hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation attenuated by intrathecal clonidine (16% +/- 7%, 15% +/- 6%, 12% +/- 6%, and 16% +/- 8%, respectively)."	1.33	Intrathecal neostigmine prevents intrathecal clonidine from attenuating hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation in rabbits. ( Dohi, S; Iida, H; Iida, M; Kumazawa, M; Sumi, K; Takenaka, M; Tanahashi, S, 2005)
"Clonidine was used as a reference alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonist."	1.32	Comparison of the visceral antinociceptive effects of spinally administered MPV-2426 (fadolmidine) and clonidine in the rat. ( Kalmari, J; Pertovaara, A, 2003)
"Mirtazapine (MIR) is a novel antidepressant, reported to raise extracellular noradrenaline (NA) through blockade of alpha2-autoreceptors and serotonin (5-HT) output via (1) indirect activation of facilitatory alpha1-adrenoceptors on the cell bodies of ascending 5-HT neurones and (2) blockade of presynaptic release-modulating alpha2-heteroreceptors on 5-HT terminals in the forebrain."	1.31	Interaction of the antidepressant mirtazapine with alpha2-adrenoceptors modulating the release of 5-HT in different rat brain regions in vivo. ( Bengtsson, HJ; Hjorth, S; Johansson, J; Kele, J, 2000)
"Pretreatment with phentolamine (1 mg kg-1) significantly increased and pretreatment with clonidine (60 micrograms kg-1 h-1) significantly decreased somatostatin release caused by vagal stimulation, whereas gastrin levels remained largely unchanged."	1.28	Alpha 2-receptor-mediated inhibition of intraluminal release of gastric somatostatin in anaesthetized rats. ( Aliño, SF; Garcia, D; Uvnäs-Moberg, K, 1992)
"The occurrence of cardiac extrasystoles was not affected."	1.28	Naloxone-induced cardiovascular depression in rats that had received chronic morphine-treatment. ( Dai, S; Wang, Y, 1991)
"The prazosin pretreatment caused a fall in blood pressure associated with femoral vasodilatation, a small bradycardia and little change in cardiac, splanchnic or renal nerve activities."	1.28	The mechanism of the sympathoinhibitory action of urapidil: role of 5-HT1A receptors. ( Ramage, AG, 1991)
" Chlorethylclonidine treatment had no significant effect on resting systemic arterial blood pressure or heart rate and shifted the phenylephrine pressor dose-response curve only 2."	1.28	The role of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. ( Butler, BT; Piascik, MT; Pruitt, TA, 1990)
" Cumulative dose-response (i."	1.28	Evidence that different regional sympathetic outflows vary in their sensitivity to the sympathoinhibitory actions of putative 5-HT1A and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthetized cats. ( Ramage, AG; Wilkinson, SJ, 1989)
" The effects of CU 32-085 and bromocriptine on dose-response curves to sympathomimetic agents (adrenaline, noradrenaline, methoxamine and clonidine), intravenously administered, were also studied."	1.27	Hypotensive action and alpha-adrenolytic properties of a new dopaminergic agonist, CU 32-085, in the rat. ( Esplugues, J; Morales-Olivas, FJ; Palop, V; Rubio, E, 1984)
" Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed for 8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone and clonidine."	1.27	Evidence that the putative 5-HT1A receptor agonists, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, have a central hypotensive action that differs from that of clonidine in anaesthetised cats. ( Fozard, JR; Ramage, AG, 1987)
"Haloperidol 10 mg/kg s."	1.27	Possible function of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the CNS in anaesthetized and conscious animals. ( Kobinger, W; Pichler, L, 1985)
"Clonidine was found to have similar effects to tizanidine at a lower dose."	1.27	Reduction of centrally-stimulated gastric acid secretion by tizanidine, a new imidazoline derivative, in anesthetized rats. ( Kanaoka, R; Maeda-Hagiwara, M; Watanabe, H; Watanabe, K, 1985)
"Rilmenidine (S 3341) is a new alpha 2 agonist, with antihypertensive properties."	1.27	Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of rilmenidine (S 3341) in rats. ( Beau, B; Delbarre, G; Koenig-Berard, E; Labrid, C; Lhoste, F; Tierney, C, 1988)
"The major reason for treating hypertension is to avoid complications of the disease as it affects "target organs."	1.26	Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension. ( Grissom, RL; Gust, WF, 1977)
" The antihypertensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and a number of its derivatives were quantified by means of ED20 values calculated from dose-response curves following intravenous administration to conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats."	1.26	Central hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of imidazolidines, structurally related to clonidine. ( Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1977)
" The vasodepressor effect of guanfacine was clearly dose-dependent, and was more marked when the initial level of the blood pressure was high, while that of clonidine was dose-dependent, only within a limited dosage range."	1.26	[Antihypertensive effect of guanfacine in rats]. ( Hamamura, M; Hashimoto, T; Imai, S; Kumada, M; Mitomi, A; Nakagawa, Y; Sakurai, H; Takeda, K, 1981)
" In conscious renal-hypertensive dogs ICI 106270 is 2--3 times less potent than clonidine when dosed either p."	1.26	A new centrally acting antihypertensive (ICI 106270) which separates antihypertensive effects from sedation. ( Clough, DP; Hatton, R; Pettinger, SJ, 1981)
"Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug that also has marked renal effects."	1.26	Effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on clonidine-induced diuresis in rats. ( Barr, JG; Kauker, ML, 1981)

Research

Studies (180)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Fentanyl and Morphine Requirements

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	70 (38.89)	18.7374
1990's	53 (29.44)	18.2507
2000's	33 (18.33)	29.6817
2010's	21 (11.67)	24.3611
2020's	3 (1.67)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Berlier, J	1
Carabalona, JF	1
Tête, H	1
Bouffard, Y	1
Le-Goff, MC	1
Cerro, V	1
Abrard, S	1
Subtil, F	1
Rimmelé, T	1
Zickerman, C	1
Brorsson, C	1
Hultin, M	1
Johansson, G	1
Winsö, O	1
Haney, M	1
Goswami, D	1
Yadav, P	1
Bhatt, R	1
Lakshmanan, S	1
Roychoudhury, A	1
Bhutia, O	1
Sanchez Munoz, MC	1
De Kock, M	2
Forget, P	1
Afshari, A	2
Escamilla, Y	1
Cardesín, A	1
Samara, L	1
López, S	1
Izquierdo, A	1
Fradera, M	1
Vives, R	1
Bernal-Sprekelsen, M	1
Pontes, C	1
Mariappan, R	1
Ashokkumar, H	1
Kuppuswamy, B	1
Li, CJ	1
Zhou, M	1
Li, HG	1
Lv, Q	1
Xu, XL	1
Guo, LJ	1
Zhang, C	1
Li, J	1
Zhao, D	1
Wang, Y	3
Mitra, S	1
Kazal, S	1
Anand, LK	1
Blackburn, L	2
Ottaway, K	2
Anderson, BJ	3
Mavropoulos, G	1
Minguet, G	1
Brichant, JF	1
Rohan, B	1
Singh, PY	1
Gurjeet, K	1
Pretto, G	1
Westphal, GA	1
Silva, E	1
Macala, K	1
Tabrizchi, R	1
Lv, M	1
Wang, X	1
Qu, W	1
Liu, M	1
Kolettis, TM	1
La Rocca, V	1
Psychalakis, N	1
Karampela, E	1
Kontonika, M	1
Tourmousoglou, C	1
Baltogiannis, GG	1
Papalois, A	1
Kyriakides, ZS	1
Ydemann, M	1
Nielsen, BN	1
Wetterslev, J	1
Henneberg, S	1
Lauritsen, T	1
Steen, N	1
Edström, B	1
Paris, A	1
Kaufmann, M	1
Tonner, PH	1
Renz, P	1
Lemke, T	1
Ledowski, T	1
Scholz, J	1
Bein, B	1
Zalunardo, MP	2
Ivleva-Sauerborn, A	1
Seifert, B	2
Spahn, DR	2
Rocha, AP	1
Barros, GA	1
Nascimento, Jdos S	1
Santos, KP	1
Vasconcelos, LM	1
Castro, PA	1
Jöhr, M	1
Mohseni, M	1
Ebneshahidi, A	1
Alef, M	1
Ohashi, K	1
Nishikawa, K	1
Hatano, M	1
Mori, T	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Clonidine for Tourniquet-related Pain in Children: A Pilot Study[NCT04564430]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Recruiting
Recovery Profiles After c Spine Surgery: With or Without Dexmedetomidine as an Anesthetic Adjuvant[NCT02819089]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Recruiting
Comparative Study Between Nefopam and Ondansteron for Prevention of Post Spinal Shivering. A Randomized Controlled Trial.[NCT04870541]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Recruiting
Does Intraoperative Clonidine Reduce Post Operative Agitation in Children Anaesthetised With Sevoflurane? A RCT Including Pharmacokinetic Investigation.[NCT02361476]	Phase 4	379 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Effects of Premedication by Midazolam on Preoperative Anxiety for Emergency Surgery[NCT02213302]	Phase 4	59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Hemodynamic Effect of Intrathecal Clonidine in Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study to Assess Its Effectiveness in Hypertensive Subjects With Poor Blood Pressure Control (Phase II)[NCT01297335]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
ROPIVACAINE WITH CLONIDINE FOR PEDIATRIC RECTUS SHEATH BLOCKS- THE MAGIC COMBINATION? - A Double Blinded Prospective Study[NCT02439281]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to The patients were discharged on the day of the surgery.)
Effects on Recovery of Children Undergoing Elective Surgery: Comparison of Intravenous Formulation of Fentanyl Citrate and Midazolam Administered Orally for Premedication[NCT05500599]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-01	Active, not recruiting
Effects of Clonidine and Midazolam Premedication on Bispectral Index and Recovery After Elective Surgery[NCT00638729]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Amount used (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: Recorded during the stay in the postoperative recovery room

First Administration of Fentanyl or Morphine

Pain Assessment

Intervention	mg morphine equivalents (Mean)
Intervention	0.46
Placebo	0.7

Intervention	MEDIAN time (min) to administration (Median)
Intervention	105
Placebo	60

"Pain score used:~FLACC score = Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Score ranges from 0 to 10 (severity increases with increasing score) Pain is FLACC score more than 3" (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: recovery room - hours

Postoperative Agitation

Intervention	Pain Score (Mean)
Intervention	1.57
Placebo	2.45

Measured by Watchae Scale (score 1-4), scores 1-2 = no agitation and scores 3-4 = agitated (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: 1 day

Adverse Events

Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.

Intervention	participants with agitation (Number)
Intervention	46
Placebo	86

Intervention	participants (Number)
	adverse events	serious adverse events	Treated for low blood pressure
Intervention	0	2	0
Placebo	5	2	0

"Subjects baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), and blood pressures after clonidine injection was compared against baseline to assess efficacy of clonidine in refractory hypertensive subjects. Subject's blood pressure was monitored continuously after intrathecal injection of clonidine until subjects blood pressure nadir and return to pre clonidine injection level. The mean value reported below are the average changes in blood pressure from baseline (pre clonidine injection) in both SBP and DBP during post clonidine injection blood pressure monitoring for 4 hours.~Blood pressure measurements were collected every 10 minutes for first hour after injection, and every 15 minutes after the first hour, up to 4 hours were averaged to report the change from baseline." (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Baseline, Every 10 Minutes for first hour after clonidine injection, and every 15 minutes after first hour, until 4 hours after clonidine injection

Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Change in mean SBP after clonidine injection	Change in DBP after clonidine injection
Intrathecal Clonidine	79	37

Subjects were asked to rate severity of two of the most common side effects of clonidine, sedation and sensation of dry mouth, at pre and post (1 hour after) intrathecal administration of clonidine. The mean changes between pre and post injection VAS ratings of sedation and sensation of dry mouth are reported below. The VAS scale ranges from 1 to 10 cm, with higher values indicating higher level of sedation and higher level of dry mouth. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Before clonidine injection (Baseline), and at 1 hour after clonidine injection.

Likert Scale Pain Rating

Intervention	cm (Mean)
	Change in level of sedation	Change in sensation of dry mouth
Intrathecal Clonidine	3.36	3.47

Likert scale is 11 point digital pain rating system that asks subjects to rate their pain from 0 to 10. Rating of 0 means no pain at all, and in increasing order, 10 would mean worst pain imaginable/ unbearable pain. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 1 hour post injection.

Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pre-injection average Likert score	Post-injection average Likert score
Intrathecal Clonidine	6.5	3.6

Numeric Rating Pain Scores ( 0-10), will be obtained every 2 hours after PACU discharge up to 18 hours or until hospital discharge, whichever occurs first. The pain score of 0, means no pain, is a good outcome , and a pain score of 10 is excruciating pain, a very bad outcome. The average of these scores will be evaluated.The pain scores will not longer be documented after the numbness went away. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Logistic regression of the 4 th pain score assessment

Change in Anxiety Scores

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group	2
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	1.5

The investigators hypothesize that patient postoperative anxiety scores are lower in the Ropivacaine/Clonidine group and postoperative anxiety scores decrease more in Ropivacaine /Clonidine Group, than in Ropivacaine Group. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 6 hours after block placement

Complications Rate

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group	30
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	29

The investigators expect no difference in incidence of complications (e.g. oversedation, hypotension, bradycardia episodes, etc.). (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: until study completion

Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	1
Ropivacaine Group	1

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in longer duration of analgesia and decreased pain scores compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: indicated by the first request for pain medication at umbilicus site

Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	230
Ropivacaine Group	240

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine and clonidine result in longer duration of sensory block (paresthesia) compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Indicated by return of normal sensation (expected average of 12 hours after block placement).

Medication Consumption

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	823.5
Ropivacaine Group	540

Total intravenous morphine equivalents mg/kg (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 18 hours after surgery

Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient

Intervention	mg/kg (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	0.20
Ropivacaine Group	0.22

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in better satisfaction with pain control. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Prior to hospital discharge (up to 24 hours after surgery)

Article	Year
What is the place of clonidine in anesthesia? Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2017, Volume: 38 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Heart; Hemodynamics; Humans	2017
Clonidine in pediatric anesthesia: the new panacea or a drug still looking for an indication? Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Age Factors; Anesthesia; Child; Clonidine; Emergence Delirium;	2019
Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Clinical therapeutics, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2013
[Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine]. Revue medicale de Liege, 2014, Volume: 69, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Dexmed	2014
Nefopam for the prevention of perioperative shivering: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC anesthesiology, 2015, Jun-09, Volume: 15 Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Nefopam; Rand	2015
[α2-agonists in veterinary medicine]. Pharmazie in unserer Zeit, 2011, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Animals, Wild; Clonidine; Hi	2011
[Clonidine and anesthesia]. La Tunisie medicale, 2004, Volume: 82, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia; Anesthetics,	2004
[Efficacy of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2005, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Child; Clonidine; Humans; Pain, Postop	2005
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
The hypertensive surgical patient. Controversies in management. The Surgical clinics of North America, 1983, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive A	1983
Combined alpha- and beta-receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs, 1984, Volume: 28 Suppl 2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Antihyp	1984
[Alpha 2-agonists in anesthesia and intensive medicine]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 1993, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Critical Care; Epinephrine; GTP-Binding P	1993
[The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Ethanol; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Pain, Postoperative; Po	1993
[Alpha2 agonists and their clinical use in anesthesia]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 50 Suppl Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Blood Circulation; Cardiov	2001
Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists in cardiovascular anesthesia. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 1992, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clonidine; Dogs; Humans; St	1992
New advances in anesthesia. The Nursing clinics of North America, 1991, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Clonidine; Humans; Narcotics; Neuromusc	1991
[Clonidine: from the treatment of hypertension to its use in anesthesia. I. Main effects and mechanism of action of clonidine]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1990, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Autonomic Nervous System; Clonidine; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Halo	1990
[Clonidine: from the treatment of hypertension to its use in anesthesia. II: Perioperative use]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1990, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Clonidine; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotens	1990

Article	Year
Comparison of Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine Infusion to Produce Hypotensive Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Orthognathic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2022, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Hemodynamics; Humans; Orthognathic Surg	2022
Randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy to improve the quality of surgical field of hypotensive anesthesia with clonidine or dexmedetomidine during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2019, Volume: 276, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Blood Loss, Surgical; Chronic Disease; Clonidine;	2019
Comparing the effects of oral clonidine premedication with intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion on anesthetic requirement and recovery from anesthesia in patients undergoing major spine surgery. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics; Clonidi	2014
Intranasal clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children: a randomized controlled trial. Indian pediatrics, 2014, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Cloni	2014
Addition of clonidine or lignocaine to ropivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a comparative study. Singapore medical journal, 2014, Volume: 55, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Antihypertensive Agents; Brac	2014
Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2014, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anti-Anxiety Age	2014
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effect of clonidine to prevent agitation in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial. Danish medical journal, 2016, Volume: 63, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Ch	2016
Effects of clonidine and midazolam premedication on bispectral index and recovery after elective surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Anesthesia; Ane	2009
[Quality of premedication and patient satisfaction after premedication with midazolam, clonidine or placebo : Randomized double-blind study with age-adjusted dosage]. Der Anaesthesist, 2010, Volume: 59, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aging; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Blood Gas Analysis;	2010
Sedation with sufentanil and clonidine in patients undergoing heart catheterization. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 2011, Volume: 96, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid	2011
The effect of oral clonidine premedication on blood loss and the quality of the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of anesthesia, 2011, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Blood Loss, Surgical; Clonidine; Endoscopy; Female; Humans; Male; Placebos; Preme	2011
Intrathecal and oral clonidine as prophylaxis for postoperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized double-blinded study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Alcoholism; Anesthesia; Central Nervous Syste	2004
Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 101, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anesthesia; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Diseases; Catechol	2004
Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Behavior; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine;	2004
Effect of clonidine pre-medication on propofol requirements during lower extremity vascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial. British journal of anaesthesia, 2005, Volume: 95, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Drug A	2005
Steal-induction after clonidine premedication: a comparison of the oral and nasal route. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Chi-Square Distribution; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Drug A	2007
Both clonidine and metoprolol modify anesthetic depth indicators and reduce intraoperative propofol requirement. Journal of anesthesia, 2008, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Intravenous;	2008
Effect of clonidine on ICP and on the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli in patients with brain tumors. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Brain Neoplasms; Clonidine; Female; Hemodynamics	1995
Oral clonidine does not alter vecuronium neuromuscular blockade in anaesthetized patients. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuromu	1995
Premedication with oral and transdermal clonidine provides safe and efficacious postoperative sympatholysis. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1994, Volume: 79, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Aged; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Coronary Disease; Doub	1994
[The effect of clonidine on the duration of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in humans]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Femal	1995
Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1996, Volume: 82, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cl	1996
Effect of oral clonidine premedication on anesthetic requirement, hormonal response, hemodynamics, and recovery in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1996, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass	1996
Intravenous clonidine decreases minimum end-tidal isoflurane for induction of electroencephalographic burst suppression. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 85, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation;	1997
Physostigmine prevents postanesthetic shivering as does meperidine or clonidine. Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 88, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Meperidine; Mi	1998
Clonidine added to the anesthetic solution enhances analgesia and improves oxygenation after intercostal nerve block for thoracotomy. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Blood Pressure; Bupivaca	1998
The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Bloo	1998
The effects of intraoperative intravenous clonidine on gastric intramucosal PCO2. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Aged; Anesthesia; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Clo	1998
Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthesia; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Fem	1998
Alternative strategies of opiate detoxification: evaluation of the so-called ultra-rapid detoxification. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1998, Volume: 31, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone	1998
[Cardiovascular stress protection following anesthesia induction. Comparison of clonidine and esmolol]. Der Anaesthesist, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Double-Blind M	2001
The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 93, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Child, Presc	2001
Dolasetron for preventing postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 94, Issue:1 Topics: Abdomen; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Body Temperature; Clonidine; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; I	2002
Sympathetic neural activation evoked by mu-receptor blockade in patients addicted to opioids is abolished by intravenous clonidine. Anesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 96, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Electrocardiography; Hemody	2002
[Clonidine: from the treatment of hypertension to its use in anesthesia. II: Perioperative use]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1990, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Clonidine; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotens	1990
[Clonidine modifies the hemodynamic profile in coronary bypass: double-blind, randomized study]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Double-Blind Method; Hemodynamics; Humans; Midd	1989
[Clonidine aggravates the postoperative hemodynamic profile after coronary bypass: randomized, double-blind study]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Coronary Artery Bypass; Double-Blind Method; Hemodynamics; Humans; Midd	1989
Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in the elderly: the effects of clonidine on intraocular pressure, perioperative hemodynamics, and anesthetic requirement. Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 68, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonidine; Di	1988
Effects of clonidine on narcotic requirements and hemodynamic response during induction of fentanyl anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Drug Interactions; Electroencephalography; Female; Fentanyl; Hem	1986

Article	Year
Effects of opioid-free anesthesia on postoperative morphine consumption after bariatric surgery. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2022, Volume: 81 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Bariatric Surgery; Clonidine; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Morphine; Pai	2022
Preoperative anxiety level is not associated with postoperative negative behavioral changes in premedicated children. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2023, Volume: 67, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Anxiety; Child; Clonidine; Humans; Midazolam; Postoperative Period	2023
Clonidine suppresses the induction of long-term potentiation by inhibiting HCN channels at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse in anesthetized adult rats. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:8 Topics: Aging; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Cells, Cultured; Clonidine; Glu	2013
Night terrors and emergence delirium. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidin	2014
The impact of clonidine on sedation after adenotonsillectomy: a prospective audit. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:12 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Child;	2014
The effect of fat emulsion on hemodynamics following treatment with propranolol and clonidine in anesthetized rats. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2014, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; D	2014
Effects of central sympathetic activation on repolarization-dispersion during short-term myocardial ischemia in anesthetized rats. Life sciences, 2016, Jan-01, Volume: 144 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Ligation; Male; Myocardial Ischemia	2016
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Local; Child; Clonidine; Humans; Nerv	2011
Dose-related attenuation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and intracardiac conduction with thoracic epidural clonidine in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Osaka city medical journal, 2002, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cats; Chloralose; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2002
Comparison of the visceral antinociceptive effects of spinally administered MPV-2426 (fadolmidine) and clonidine in the rat. Anesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Colitis; Colon; Dose-Response	2003
The CRF1 receptor antagonist, DMP695, abolishes activation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurones by CRF in anesthetized rats. European journal of pharmacology, 2003, Mar-19, Volume: 464, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Dose-Res	2003
Anaesthesia for the diabetic patient. British journal of anaesthesia, 2003, Volume: 90, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, General; Blood Glucose; Clonidine; Diabe	2003
Diabetes attenuates the hemodynamic stabilizing effects of oral clonidine during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2003, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Anesthesia; Blood Glucose; Clonidine;	2003
Cardiovascular effects of agmatine within the rostral ventrolateral medulla are similar to those of clonidine in anesthetized rats. Experimental brain research, 2005, Volume: 160, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Agmatine; Anesthesia; Animals; Baroreflex;	2005
Intrathecal neostigmine prevents intrathecal clonidine from attenuating hypercapnic cerebral vasodilation in rabbits. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Arterioles; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cholinester	2005
Clonidine-evoked respiratory effects in anaesthetized rats. Experimental physiology, 2006, Volume: 91, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Benzazepines; Blood Pr	2006
The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome after fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture: a prospective observational study of four anesthetic techniques. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 102, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Arm; Axilla;	2006
Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2006, Volume: 318, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Autoreceptors;	2006
Comparative study of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors involved in cardiovascular inhibition produced by imidazoline-like drugs in anaesthetized rats. Experimental physiology, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure;	2007
Clonidine disposition in children; a population analysis. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Age Factors; Anesthesia; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child;	2007
Reduced blood pressure lability during emergence from anaesthesia in rats: a pilot study using clonidine. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2008
Role of brain adrenoceptors in the corticortopin-releasing factor-induced central activation of sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow in rats. Life sciences, 2008, Feb-27, Volume: 82, Issue:9-10 Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonist	2008
Hypotensive and sedative effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists: relationship to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor potency. British journal of pharmacology, 1981, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agent	1981
Hypotensive action and alpha-adrenolytic properties of a new dopaminergic agonist, CU 32-085, in the rat. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1984, Volume: 272, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Bl	1984
Effects of thymoxamine and its metabolites on clonidine-induced hypotension and bradycardia in rats. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1982, Volume: 258, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Heart Rate; Hypotension; Male; Moxisyly	1982
Possible role of an endogenous opiate in the cardiovascular effects of central alpha adrenoceptor stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1980, Volume: 214, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions;	1980
Hypotensive activity of tetrandrine in rats. Investigation into its mode of action. Pharmacology, 1983, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Alkaloids; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Azepines; Benzylisoquinolines; Blood Pressu	1983
Blockade of clonidine potentiation of baroreceptor responses by carotid occlusion in the anesthetized rat. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1984, Volume: 269, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries; Clonidine; Heart Rate; Male; Methoxamine; Pre	1984
Central cardiovascular action of penicillin in anaesthetized dogs and rats. Neuropharmacology, 1983, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dogs; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	1983
[Influence of a muscle relaxant, tizanidine, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcer in rats]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1983, Volume: 82, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Bethanechol Compounds; Cimetidine; Clonidine; Dose-Response	1983
Pharmacological characterization of dopamine-4-O-sulfate. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1984, Volume: 267, Issue:2 Topics: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Dioxanes; Dogs; Dopamine; Ear; Female;	1984
No evidence for involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in effects of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma norepinephrine in anesthetized rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1984, Volume: 229, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endorphins; Heart	1984
[Antihypertensive effect of guanfacine in rats]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1981, Volume: 77, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Consciousness; Decerebrate	1981
A new centrally acting antihypertensive (ICI 106270) which separates antihypertensive effects from sedation. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1981, Volume: 31, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Female; Heart Rate; Hyperte	1981
Effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on clonidine-induced diuresis in rats. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1981, Volume: 249, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Diuresis; Male; Potassium; Prostaglandins; Rats; Sodium	1981
Direct vasodilatation by labetalol in anaesthetized dogs. British journal of pharmacology, 1980, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Dogs; Ethanolamines; Female; Hemodynamics;	1980
Hypotensive effect of clonidine is not mediated by enhanced baroreflex gain in rats. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Depression, Chemical; Heart R	1993
Locus coeruleus-induced modulation of forebrain electroencephalographic (EEG) state in halothane-anesthetized rat. Brain research bulletin, 1994, Volume: 35, Issue:5-6 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arousal; Bethanechol; Clonidine; Electroencephalography; Halothane; Injections;	1994
Pressor response to microinjection of clonidine into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in conscious rats. Brain research, 1993, Oct-08, Volume: 624, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Clonidine;	1993
Modulation of respiratory rhythm by alpha 2-adrenoceptors in awake and anesthetized goats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 1994, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Benzazepine	1994
[Comments on the work of H.W. Striebel et al. The role of clonidine in anesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Humans	1993
MR-14134, a new benzothiazepine with central hypotensive action. Pharmacology, 1995, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Binding, Competitive; Bl	1995
Clonidine--and adjunct in isoflurane N2O/O2 relaxant anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Clonidine; Humans; Injections, Intr	1996
Hypotensive and hypertensive effects of catecholamines intrathecally injected in anesthetized rats. Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 1996, Jun-10, Volume: 59, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines; Cl	1996
Mivazerol, a new alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, blunts cardiovascular effects following surgical stress in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1997, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure	1997
Catecholamine activation in the vasomotor center on emergence from anesthesia: the effects of alpha2 agonists. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 86, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Catecholamines	1998
Rapid opioid detoxification. JAMA, 1998, Jun-17, Volume: 279, Issue:23 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Clonidine; Humans; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Opioid-Rel	1998
Antagonist precipitated clonidine withdrawal in rat: effects on locus coeruleus neurons, sympathetic nerves and cardiovascular parameters. Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 1998, Jul-15, Volume: 71, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiova	1998
Aqueous humor dynamics in anesthetized rats infused with intracameral apraclonidine. Pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Animals; Anterior Chamber; Aqueous Humo	1999
Cardiopulmonary effects of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists medetomidine and ST-91 in anesthetized sheep. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1999, Volume: 289, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Carbon Dioxide	1999
Determination of the somatodendritic alpha2-adrenoceptor subtype located in rat locus coeruleus that modulates cortical noradrenaline release in vivo. European journal of pharmacology, 1999, Aug-20, Volume: 379, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Brimonidine Tartrate;	1999
Regulation of aquaporin-2 expression by the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine in the rat. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1999, Volume: 291, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Aquaporin 2; Aquaporin 6; Aquaporins; Blotting, West	1999
Baroreflex activity in hypertensive patients. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Antihypertensive Agents; Baroreflex; Clonidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypertension	2000
Actions of L-NAME and methylene blue on the hypotensive effects of clonidine and rilmenidine in the anesthetized rat. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2000, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Cyclic GMP; Drug Interactio	2000
Interaction of the antidepressant mirtazapine with alpha2-adrenoceptors modulating the release of 5-HT in different rat brain regions in vivo. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2000, Volume: 362, Issue:4-5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antidepr	2000
Activation of medullary post-inspiratory related neurons during clonidine-induced central apnea in anesthetized goats. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2001, Volume: 499 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Female;	2001
The interaction between clonidine and various neuroleptic agents and some benzodiazepine tranquillizers. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1977, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Pressure; Cat	1977
[Hypertension and anesthesia (author's transl)]. MMW, Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 1977, Aug-26, Volume: 119, Issue:34 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Antihypertensive Agents; Clonidine; Diazoxide; Dihydralazin	1977
Hypotensive action of clonidine after adrenalectomy in the rat. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1977, Volume: 29, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Depression, Chemical; Heart Rate; Mal	1977
A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of centrally administered clonidine and adrenaline in the anaesthetized rat. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1979, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Injections, I	1979
Anaesthetised normotensive rats for the detection of hypotensive activity of a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and other antihypertensive agents. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1978, Volume: 28, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Barbiturates; Chloralose;	1978
The interaction between prazosin and clonidine at alpha-adrenoceptors in rats and cats. European journal of pharmacology, 1979, Apr-01, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonidine; Drug Interactions; Female; Hemodynamics; Male;	1979
Studies on orthostatic cardiovascular responses in anaesthetized cats. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 1975, Volume: Suppl 2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Bretylium Compounds; Cats; Clonidine; Guanethidine;	1975
The role of monoamines for the central effects of Baclofen on behavior of rats. Journal of neural transmission, 1979, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Ataxia; Baclofen; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Dopamine; Injections, Intraventric	1979
The effect of clonidine on the fastigial pressor response in dogs. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1978, Volume: 205, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cerebellar Nuclei; Clonidine; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Femal	1978
Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. European journal of pharmacology, 1978, Oct-15, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Electric Stimulation; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Hyp	1978
Prevention of some complications of essential hypertension. The Journal of family practice, 1977, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Antihypertensive Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Clonidine; Diabetes Complications; Drug Incom	1977
Effect of clonidine on blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature in conscious rats. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1977, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Chlorpromazine; Clonidine; Desipram	1977
The effect of clonidine on gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 1977, Volume: 297, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Carbachol; Clonidine; Dogs; Drug Interactions; Female; Gastric Fistula; Gastric	1977
Central hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of imidazolidines, structurally related to clonidine. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1977, Volume: 228, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonidine; Female; Heart Rate; M	1977
Effects of clonidine on baroreceptor function in anesthetized dogs. European journal of pharmacology, 1975, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Aorta; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Sinus; Clonidine; Denervation; Depression, Che	1975
Effects of clonidine on morphine withdrawal signs in the rat. European journal of pharmacology, 1975, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Body Temperature; Cerebral Ventricles; Clonidine; Escape Reaction; Exophthalmos	1975
Pharmacological properties of 2-(2-chloro-p-toluidino)-2-imidazoline-nitrate (Tolonidine), a new antihypertensive agent. I. Action on blood pressure and heart rate. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1975, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonidine; Dogs; Dose-Response R	1975
Central alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor response to clonidine in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 59, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Furosemide; Heart	1992
Alpha 2-receptor-mediated inhibition of intraluminal release of gastric somatostatin in anaesthetized rats. Acta physiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 144, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Electric Stimulation; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Hydrogen-Ion Concent	1992
Influence of anaesthesia on the cardiovascular effects of rilmenidine and clonidine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. British journal of pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 105, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics;	1992
The antinociceptive actions of dexmedetomidine on dorsal horn neuronal responses in the anaesthetized rat. European journal of pharmacology, 1992, Apr-29, Volume: 215, Issue:1 Topics: Action Potentials; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Dose-Re	1992
Inhibitory effect of a novel antianginal agent, E4080, on ST segment elevation induced by vasopressin in anesthetized guinea pigs. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Benzopyrans; Cardiovascular Agents; Catechols; Clonidine; Coronary Vessels; Cro	1992
Ventilatory effects of clonidine. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1992, Volume: 75, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Humans; Premedication; Respiration	1992
Central presynaptic alpha 2-autoreceptors are involved in the blood pressure-lowering effect of moxonidine. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Cerebral Cortex; Cisterna Magna; Clonidine; Hydroxydop	1990
Naloxone-induced cardiovascular depression in rats that had received chronic morphine-treatment. British journal of pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 103, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arteries; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Clonidine; He	1991
Implication of the central nervous system in the systemic and regional hemodynamics of two centrally acting hypotensive drugs, flesinoxan and clonidine, in the rat. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Central Nervous System	1991
Clonidine--a horse or an ass? Anaesthesia, 1991, Volume: 46, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Drug Synergism; Humans	1991
The mechanism of the sympathoinhibitory action of urapidil: role of 5-HT1A receptors. British journal of pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 102, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonidine; Heart; Heart Rate; Kidney; Male; Piperazines;	1991
Inhibitory effects of catecholamines in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the anesthetized dog. European journal of pharmacology, 1990, Aug-21, Volume: 185, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines; Clonidine; Dogs; Gan	1990
AANA journal course. 13. New technologies in anesthesia: update for nurse anesthetists--clonidine: an established drug with futuristic indications. AANA journal, 1991, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; Clonidine; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Humans; Nurse Anesthetists; S	1991
Investigation of the mechanism(s) of 8-OH-DPAT-mediated inhibition of plasma insulin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. British journal of pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Clonidin	1990
The role of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. European journal of pharmacology, 1990, May-16, Volume: 180, Issue:2-3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Binding Sites; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relati	1990
CNS alpha 2-adrenoceptor induced mydriasis in conscious rats. Journal of ocular pharmacology, 1990,Summer, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide; Central Nervous System; C	1990
Comparison of renal and vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity to clonidine in the rat. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 1990, Volume: 33 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Decerebrate State; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	1990
[Clonidine in anesthesia and in intensive care: rejuvenation of a compound?]. La Revue du praticien, 1990, Oct-01, Volume: 40, Issue:22 Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Critical Care; Humans; Premedication	1990
Mechanism of the hypotensive effect of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, arotinolol (S-596) in anesthetized rabbits. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1985, Volume: 277, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Clonidine	1985
The mechanism for the clonidine-induced coronary artery dilatation in the canine heart. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1988, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Platelets; Blood Pres	1988
Alinidine reduces the incidence of ischemic ventricular fibrillation in a conscious canine model, a protective effect antagonized by overdrive atrial pacing. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Clonidine; Death, Sudden; D	1989
Continuous monitoring of ventilation in spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 11, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Agents; Clonidine; Codeine; Heart Rate; Injectio	1989
Clonidine and morphine increase atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in anesthetized rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1989, Volume: 191, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Clonidine; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Morph	1989
Evidence that different regional sympathetic outflows vary in their sensitivity to the sympathoinhibitory actions of putative 5-HT1A and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthetized cats. British journal of pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 98, Issue:4 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Cats; Clonid	1989
[Alindine reduces decreased ventricular conduction induced by large doses of bupivacaine in the anesthetized dog]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Bupivacaine; Clonidine; Dogs; Heart Conduction System	1989
[The effect of clonidine on resuscitation from anesthesia]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1989, Volume: 8 Suppl Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Humans; Resuscitation	1989
Failure of reversal of cardiovascular responses of clonidine by centrally administered naloxone in anaesthetised rats. Indian journal of experimental biology, 1989, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Desoxycorticosterone; Female; Heart Rate; Hypertensi	1989
Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol as a tool to assess the role of neuronal uptake in the anaesthetized rabbit. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 340, Issue:6 Pt 2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Female; Glycols; Half-Life; Kinetics; Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglyc	1989
The effects of clonidine on the kidney function in the anesthetized dog. Acta physiologica Hungarica, 1989, Volume: 74, Issue:3-4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Diuresis; Dogs; Female; Glomer	1989
Modulation of cardiovascular depressant action of clonidine by pentobarbital anesthesia in rats. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 1989, Volume: 157, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hemodynamics; Inje	1989
Clonidine and enphenamic acid interaction study in dogs. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1986, Volume: 280, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Blood Pressure; Cats; C	1986
Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of rilmenidine (S 3341) in rats. The American journal of cardiology, 1988, Feb-24, Volume: 61, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenalectomy; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Catecholamines; Centr	1988
Chronic prazosin attenuates the natriuretic response to a modest saline load in anaesthetized rats. British journal of pharmacology, 1988, Volume: 93, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Kidney; Natriuresis; P	1988
Central and peripheral inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in the rat. Pharmacological research communications, 1988, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Male; Pancreas; Prazosin; Rats; Rats, Inb	1988
Pharmacological, hemodynamic and biochemical mechanisms involved in the blood pressure lowering effects of pergolide, in normotensive and hypertensive dogs. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 235, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Denervation; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Ergolines;	1985
Evidence that the putative 5-HT1A receptor agonists, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, have a central hypotensive action that differs from that of clonidine in anaesthetised cats. European journal of pharmacology, 1987, Jun-19, Volume: 138, Issue:2 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Atropine; Bloo	1987
Possible function of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the CNS in anaesthetized and conscious animals. European journal of pharmacology, 1985, Jan-08, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Catalepsy; Cats; Clonidine; Dogs; Exploratory Behavior;	1985
Neuronal and postjunctional components in the blood pressure effects of dopamine and bromocriptine in rabbits. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 234, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Benzazepines; Blood Pressure; Bromocriptine; Clonidine; Decerebrate State; Desi	1985
Dual effects of clonidine on micturition reflex in urethane anesthetized rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 235, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Electric Stimulation; Hydroxydopamines; Injections, Intraventricular	1985
Alpha adrenoceptor subtype mediating sympathetic mobilization of blood from the hepatic venous system in anesthetized cats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1986, Volume: 236, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Volume; Cats; Clonidine; Electric Stimulation; Hepatic Veins; Nordefrin;	1986
Neuronal source of plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1987, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenalectomy; Adrenergic Fibers; Adult; Aged; alpha-Methyltyrosine; Anesthesia; Animals	1987
Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inhibition of growth hormone release via increased central noradrenaline neuronal activity by urethane anaesthesia in the rat: blockade by clonidine. Australian journal of biological sciences, 1987, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anesthesia; Animals; Clonidine; Dopamine; Endocrine Glands; Growth Horm	1987
Prazosin produces a sustained and reflex-mediated increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized dogs. European journal of pharmacology, 1988, Jun-22, Volume: 151, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Clonidine; Denervation; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Infusions, In	1988
Interactions of clonidine with phencyclidine and ketamine: studies of radial maze performance and righting reflex in rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1987, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Clonidine; Drug Interactions; Ketamine; Learning; Male; Phenc	1987
Haemodynamic effects of clonidine injected epidurally in halothane-anaesthetized dogs. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1987, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Clonidine; Dogs; Halothane; Heart Rate; Hemodyn	1987
Reduction of centrally-stimulated gastric acid secretion by tizanidine, a new imidazoline derivative, in anesthetized rats. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1985, Volume: 277, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atropine; Bethanechol Compounds; Clonidine; Deoxyglucose; Electric Stimulation;	1985
Effects of urapidil, clonidine, prazosin and propranolol on autonomic nerve activity, blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized rats and cats. European journal of pharmacology, 1985, Apr-02, Volume: 110, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonid	1985
Further similarities between the action of clonidine and a central activation of the depressor baroreceptor reflex. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 1974, Volume: 285, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cats; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Sti	1974
[Catapresan and anesthesia. Complications illustrated by a case]. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 1974, Aug-20, Volume: 94, Issue:23 Topics: Anesthesia; Clonidine; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroleptanalgesia	1974
Effect of clonidine on heart rate in dogs with acute or chronic heart block. European journal of pharmacology, 1974, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atropine; Chloralose; Clonidine; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female	1974
Central and peripheral mechanisms in the maintenance of experimental hypertension in the rabbit. Clinical science and molecular medicine, 1973, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Aorta; Carotid Sinus; Cellophane; Central Nervous System; Cisterna Magna; Cloni	1973

clonidine and Anesthesia