Page last updated: 2024-10-24

pilomotor reflex

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The reflex process in which the arrectores pilorum (hair follicle) muscles contract and cause the hair to stand erect. [GOC:BHF, PMID:21335239, Wikipedia:Pilomotor_reflex]

The pilomotor reflex, also known as goosebumps or horripilation, is an involuntary physiological response to cold temperatures, emotional stress, or fear. This reflex is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and involves the contraction of tiny muscles called arrectores pilorum muscles, which are attached to the hair follicles.

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, these muscles contract, causing the hairs to stand on end. This creates the characteristic "goosebumps" appearance on the skin.

The pilomotor reflex serves several purposes:

* **Thermoregulation:** In cold environments, the raised hairs trap a layer of air close to the skin, providing a small degree of insulation and helping to maintain body temperature.
* **Defense mechanism:** In animals, the raised hairs can make them appear larger and more intimidating to potential predators.
* **Emotional response:** The pilomotor reflex can be triggered by emotional stress or fear, leading to goosebumps. This response is thought to be related to the release of adrenaline, which also plays a role in the "fight or flight" response.

The pilomotor reflex is a complex physiological response involving the interaction of the sympathetic nervous system, arrectores pilorum muscles, and hair follicles. It serves several important functions, including thermoregulation, defense, and emotional expression.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorAn alpha-1A adrenergic receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35348]Homo sapiens (human)
Serine protease hepsinA serine protease hepsin that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P05981]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (143)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.

8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively
phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins
serotonergic antagonist
6-fluoronorepinephrine6-fluoronorepinephrine: agonist for activation of alpha & beta adrenergic-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designationcatechols
alfuzosinalfuzosin: structure given in first sourcemonocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alprenololalprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.

Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
amlodipineamlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.

Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
apraclonidineapraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd
dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
atenololatenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.

Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azelastineazelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.

azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia
monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
bmy 7378piperazines
bunazosinbunazosin: structurequinazolines
camostatcamostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
cirazolinecirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpdaromatic ether
cisapridecisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.

Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
benzamides
clonidineclonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
clonidine;
imidazoline
doxazosindoxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.

Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.
aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
ebastineorganic molecular entity
gabexateGabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.benzoate ester
haloperidolhaloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.

Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
isoproterenolisoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.

Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
labetalol2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.

labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.

Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.
benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
bunololBunolol: A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma.naphthalenone
mianserinmianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.

Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
mirtazapineMirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
nafamostatnafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplasticbenzoic acids;
guanidines
naftopidilpiperazines
nan 1901-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit

NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides
serotonergic antagonist
naphazolineNaphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.naphthalenes
oxymetazolineoxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.

Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251)
carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
moxonidinemoxonidine: structure given in first sourceorganohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pindololpindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.

Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
indoles;
secondary amine
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
practololpractolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.
acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazosinprazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.

Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.
aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
propranololpropranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.

Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
quetiapinedibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
risperidonerisperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.

Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
1,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptanrizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoatetryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
sumatriptansumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.

Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
sulfonamide;
tryptamines
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
terazosinTerazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasiafurans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terfenadineTerfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.diarylmethane
5-methylurapidil
n-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-n-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidepiperazines
wb 4101N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylometazolinexylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structurealkylbenzene
zotepinezotepine: structuredibenzothiepine;
tertiary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic drug
phentolaminephentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.

Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.
imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
piperoxanPiperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.
phenylephrinephenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.

Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methoxaminemethoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .

Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.
amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
azapetineazapetine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structurebenzazepine
yohimbineyohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.

Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.
methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
indopanalpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.

indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation
tryptamines
nuciferinenuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure
phenylpropanolamine(-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.

phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.

Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.
amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid
plant metabolite
dihydroergotaminedihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.

Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative
dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
canadine, (s)-isomer(S)-canadine : The (S)-enantiomer of canadine.an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
canadine
plant metabolite
pizotylinepizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.

Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.
benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
metergolinemetergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.

Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.
carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
indoraminIndoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.tryptamines
st 1059deglymidodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. The immediate and active metabolite of midrodine, it is a direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity. Midrodine is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for deglymidodrine, which acts as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states.

ST 1059: metabolite of midodrine (ST-1085); RN given refers to parent cpd
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary alcohol
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
idazoxanidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.

Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.
benzodioxine;
imidazolines
alpha-adrenergic antagonist
ipsapironeN-arylpiperazine
sertindolesertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
niguldipinediarylmethane
aripiprazolearipiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.

Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.
aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
ziprasidoneziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.

ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone
1,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
propranolol hydrochlorideInderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertensionhydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloridesalicylamides
leupeptinaldehyde;
tripeptide
bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
corynanthineCorynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.yohimban alkaloid
way 100635
gr 127935GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.

GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist
1,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
roemerineroemerine: from root tubers of Stephania kwangsiensis H.S. Lo; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; synonym aporeine refers to (S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #779isoquinoline alkaloid
pramipexolepramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.

Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.
benzothiazoles;
diamine
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
sk&f 104078benzazepine
5-amidinoindole
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.

N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist
adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound
adenosine A3 receptor agonist
sk&f 86466benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first sourcebenzazepine
sk&f 104856SK&F 104856: structure given in first source
5,6-dihydroxy-1-(2-imidazolinyl)tetralin2-(5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; RN for compound without isomeric designation not available 8/88
sk&f 89748SK&F 89748: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer & is given in first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source
tamsulosin5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
cyclazosincyclazosin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of furoic acid with the secondary amino group of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(4aR,8aS)-octahydroquinoxalin-1-yl]quinazolin-4-amine.

cyclazosin: an alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given for (cis)-isomer
aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
quinoxaline derivative
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist
sc 53116SC 53116: serotonin agonist; pyrrolizidine cpd but not alkaloid; structure given in first source
rec 15-2739Rec 15-2739: an alpha-1 antagonist selective for the lower urinary tract; structure given in first source
asenapine(S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.

asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.
5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
abanoquil
3-fluoronorepinephrine3-fluoronorepinephrine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 8/83
1-(3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine1-(3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd
nantenine, (+-)-isomer
nanteninenantenine: from Nandina domestica Thundberg; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first sourceoxoaporphine alkaloidmetabolite
latrepirdinelatrepirdine: structuremethylpyridines;
pyridoindole
geroprotector
eptapironeeptapirone: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first sourceN-arylpiperazine
bmy 7378
dabigatrandabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.

Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines
anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
dabuzalgrondabuzalgron : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide which carries a chloro group at position 2, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. Its is a selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonist that is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence.

dabuzalgron: an alpha(1A/1L)-adrenoceptor partial agonist; structure in first source
aromatic ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
alpha-adrenergic agonist
benzamidinecarboxamidinium ion
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.
adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide
adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rauwolscineRauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
mitragyninemonoterpenoid indole alkaloid
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source
bp 897BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first sourcenaphthalenecarboxamide
rs 100329RS 100329: an alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure in first sourcepiperazines
rs 17053indoles
3-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-1,5-dihydropyrimido[5,4-b]indole-2,4-dionepiperazines;
pyrimido-indole
a 61603A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first sourcetetralins
le 300indoles
harmineharmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.

Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.
harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
l 7458703-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first sourcepiperazines
cl 316243disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source
silodosinsilodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first sourceindolecarboxamide
ag 556AG 556: structure given in first source
nylidrin hydrochloridealkylbenzene
phentolamine
ro 25-6981Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.

Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source
benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
dexniguldipineniguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistancediarylmethane
vilazodonevilazodone : A 1-benzofuran that is 5-(piperazin-1-yl}-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide having a (5-cyanoindol-3-yl)butyl group attached at position N-4 on the piperazine ring. Used for the treatment of major depressive disorder.1-benzofurans;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
nitrile
antidepressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
n-demethylloperamidedesmethyl loperamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the methylamide of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid.

N-demethylloperamide: loperamide metabolite; structure in first source
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol
drug metabolite
abt 866ABT 866: an alpha1-adrenoceptor ligand; structure in first source
brl 37344BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomermonocarboxylic acid
ro 70-0004
10,10-bis((2-fluoro-4-pyridinyl)methyl)-9(10h)-anthracenoneDMP 543: neurotransmitter release enhancer; structure given in first sourceanthracenes
fauc 346FAUC 346: a D3 dopamine receptor antagonist; structure in first source
4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one: structure in first source
pnu 96415epiperazines
n-(4-((4-(dimethylamino)quinazolin-2-yl)amino)cyclohexyl)-3,4-difluorobenzamide hydrochloride
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
vortioxetinevortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.

Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.
aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
sb-656104-aSB-656104-A: structure in first source
tert-butyl peroxybenzoate
snap 6201
77-lh-28-177-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source
fauc 365FAUC 365: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source
fauc 113
snap7941SNAP7941: structure in first source
sp 2033-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source
gsk 1004723GSK 1004723: structure in first source
cep 26401pyridazines;
ring assembly
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
2-((r-5-chloro-4-methoxymethylindan-1-yl)-1h-imidazole)
n,n-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamineN,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine: structure in first sourcetryptamines
bix 02565
clozapineclozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.

Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound
adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapineolanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.

Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor