Page last updated: 2024-10-24
high-density lipoprotein particle
Definition
Target type: cellularcomponent
A lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE; found in blood and carries lipids from body tissues to the liver as part of the reverse cholesterol transport process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:expert_pt, GOC:mah, GOC:pde, GOC:rl]
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are complex structures composed of lipids and proteins, specifically apolipoproteins, that play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport. The cellular component of HDL particles is primarily composed of the following:
* **Apolipoproteins:** These are proteins that bind to lipids and form the outer shell of the HDL particle. The major apolipoproteins associated with HDL are ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-I, ApoC-II, ApoC-III, and ApoE. ApoA-I is the most abundant apolipoprotein in HDL and plays a critical role in cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues.
* **Phospholipids:** These are lipids containing a phosphate group, such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. They form a monolayer on the surface of the HDL particle, providing a hydrophilic barrier that allows the particle to interact with the aqueous environment of the blood.
* **Cholesterol:** HDL particles transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, where it can be excreted in bile. Cholesterol is present both in the free and esterified forms within the HDL particle.
* **Triglycerides:** While HDL primarily functions in cholesterol transport, it also carries a small amount of triglycerides.
* **Enzymes:** Some HDL particles contain enzymes like lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which is responsible for esterifying cholesterol within the HDL particle.
The specific composition and arrangement of these components within the HDL particle can vary depending on the size, density, and origin of the particle. However, the general structure of HDL particles involves an outer shell composed of apolipoproteins and phospholipids, surrounding a core containing cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids.'
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Proteins (5)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase | A platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13093] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 | A serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P27169] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Cholesteryl ester transfer protein | A cholesteryl ester transfer protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11597] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Hepatic triacylglycerol lipase | A hepatic triacylglycerol lipase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11150] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase | A phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04180] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (58)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-nitrophenylphosphate | 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol. nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid | aryl phosphate | mouse metabolite |
| niacin | Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms). | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| acetazolamide | Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| diclofenac sodium | diclofenac(1-) : The conjugate base of diclofenac. | monocarboxylic acid anion | |
| furosemide | furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| ifosfamide | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic | |
| indomethacin | indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic; xenobiotic metabolite |
| ketoprofen | ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ly 171883 | LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity. | acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles | anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| mafenide | Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy. | aromatic amine | |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| raloxifene | raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane | 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase | carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound | |
| vorinostat | vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| sulfacetamide | sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen. Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections. | N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor |
| 5,5-dimethylhydantoin | 5,5-dimethylhydantoin: RN given refers to parent cpd | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| benzenesulfonamide | sulfonamide | ||
| plumbagin | plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively. plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols | anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite |
| phenylphosphate | phenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with phenol. phenylphosphate: structure given in first source | aryl phosphate | mouse metabolite |
| paclitaxel | Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor | |
| wy 48252 | Wy 48252: leukotriene D4 antagonist | ||
| 4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol | stilbenoid | ||
| ursolic acid | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | geroprotector; plant metabolite | |
| spiroglumide | spiroglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; antigastrin; structure given in first source | ||
| 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide | 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source | ||
| docetaxel anhydrous | docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| torcetrapib | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines | anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor | |
| sb 203580 | imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide | EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent | |
| clindamycin phosphate | |||
| delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol | 1-benzopyran | ||
| tamoxifen | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator | |
| lincomycin | lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. | carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| orlistat | orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity. | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| arachidonyltrifluoromethane | AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2 | fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor |
| 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin | 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group. | 1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | Hsp90 inhibitor |
| manoalide | manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2. manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source | butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite |
| tanespimycin | CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A | 1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor |
| dalcetrapib | dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) | anilide | |
| am-411 | |||
| sc 795 | |||
| 3-((3-(4-chloro-3-ethylphenoxy)phenyl)(3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)benzyl)amino)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol | 3-((3-(4-chloro-3-ethylphenoxy)phenyl)(3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)benzyl)amino)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein; structure in first source | ||
| darapladib | darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk | ||
| amg 3 | AMG 3: structure in first source | ||
| km-233 | KM-233: used for the treatment of high-grade glioma; structure in first source | ||
| sb-435495 | SB-435495: structure in first source | ||
| mk 0354 | |||
| anacetrapib | |||
| humanin | humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source | ||
| 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene | 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene: has antineoplastic activity; also inhibits Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3; structure in first source | ||
| t-tucb | |||
| gdc 0941 | pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring. | indazoles; morpholines; piperazines; sulfonamide; thienopyrimidine | EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor |
| skepinone-l | skepinone-L: a dibenzosuberone-type p38 MAPK inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| evacetrapib | benzazepine | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous | oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. | ||
| mobiflex | tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries. | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| lornoxicam | lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations. | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| xen445 |