furosemide has been researched along with Arrhythmias, Cardiac in 53 studies
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac: Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"In a prospective controlled study the frequency of arrhythmias during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated in 73 consecutive patients randomly assigned to either high or low dose furosemide prophylaxis." | 9.06 | Influence of prophylactic furosemide on arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction--a controlled study. ( Larsen, FF; Mogensen, L, 1986) |
"Twenty-four-hour Holter electrocardiographic recordings were used to measure the effects of a converting-enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, given for 12 weeks, on the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in 10 patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class II to III) receiving maintenance therapy with digoxin and furosemide." | 9.05 | Effect of enalapril on ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure. ( Fitzpatrick, MA; Ikram, H; Nicholls, MG; Webster, MW; Wells, JE, 1985) |
"We studied the effects of cicletanine, a furopyridine antihypertensive drug, and furosemide, a loop diuretic, on ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT), and myocardial ion content in Langendorff rat hearts subjected to 30 min global ischaemia then 10 min reperfusion." | 7.68 | Effect of cicletanine on reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and myocardial ion contents: a comparison with furosemide. ( Berthet, P; Braquet, P; Esanu, A; Koltai, M; Tarrade, T; Tosaki, A, 1992) |
" Rats were divided into four groups as follows: normokalemic control (group I, n = 10), acute hypokalemia with furosemide (group II, n = 16), acute hypokalemia with hyperventilation (group III, n = 18), and chronic hypokalemia induced by a low potassium (K+) diet (group IV, n = 22)." | 7.67 | Hypokalemia in rats produces resistance to dysrhythmias under halothane anesthesia. ( Farina, JP; Kwon, NJ; Stolte, AL, 1989) |
"Ventricular arrhythmias detected on 24 hour Holter monitoring didn't differ between the study groups." | 6.69 | [Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide in patients with severe congestive heart failure]. ( Bednarz, B; Chamiec, T; Cybulski, J, 2000) |
"In a prospective controlled study the frequency of arrhythmias during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was evaluated in 73 consecutive patients randomly assigned to either high or low dose furosemide prophylaxis." | 5.06 | Influence of prophylactic furosemide on arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction--a controlled study. ( Larsen, FF; Mogensen, L, 1986) |
"Twenty-four-hour Holter electrocardiographic recordings were used to measure the effects of a converting-enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, given for 12 weeks, on the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias in 10 patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class II to III) receiving maintenance therapy with digoxin and furosemide." | 5.05 | Effect of enalapril on ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure. ( Fitzpatrick, MA; Ikram, H; Nicholls, MG; Webster, MW; Wells, JE, 1985) |
"We studied the effects of cicletanine, a furopyridine antihypertensive drug, and furosemide, a loop diuretic, on ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT), and myocardial ion content in Langendorff rat hearts subjected to 30 min global ischaemia then 10 min reperfusion." | 3.68 | Effect of cicletanine on reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and myocardial ion contents: a comparison with furosemide. ( Berthet, P; Braquet, P; Esanu, A; Koltai, M; Tarrade, T; Tosaki, A, 1992) |
" Rats were divided into four groups as follows: normokalemic control (group I, n = 10), acute hypokalemia with furosemide (group II, n = 16), acute hypokalemia with hyperventilation (group III, n = 18), and chronic hypokalemia induced by a low potassium (K+) diet (group IV, n = 22)." | 3.67 | Hypokalemia in rats produces resistance to dysrhythmias under halothane anesthesia. ( Farina, JP; Kwon, NJ; Stolte, AL, 1989) |
" In 4 of the 11 patients, when thioridazine, diuretic drugs and antiarrhythmic agents were withdrawn and hypokalemia or hypocalcemia corrected, ventricular tachyarrhythmias did not recur." | 3.66 | Management of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with Q-T prolongation. ( Adgey, AA; Khan, MM; Logan, KR; McComb, JM, 1981) |
"Ventricular arrhythmias detected on 24 hour Holter monitoring didn't differ between the study groups." | 2.69 | [Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide in patients with severe congestive heart failure]. ( Bednarz, B; Chamiec, T; Cybulski, J, 2000) |
"In 50 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CCHF, III or IV class), aged 62." | 2.67 | [Effect of vasodilator agents on the character and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia in chronic heart failure]. ( Bechler-Lisińska, J; Cholewa, M; Górski, L; Markiewicz, K, 1990) |
"A continuous infusion of furosemide is an effective and safe method of diuresis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery." | 2.43 | Efficacy and safety of a furosemide continuous infusion following cardiac surgery. ( Gulbis, BE; Spencer, AP, 2006) |
"Propranolol was preferred to diltiazem for treating feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." | 1.29 | Preferences of veterinarians for drugs to treat heart disease in dogs and cats. ( Church, DB; Watson, AD, 1995) |
"Hypokalemia resulted in ventricular arrhythmias in only 6 dogs, 2 of them exhibiting runs of ventricular tachycardia and even "torsade de pointes" as their potassium levels fell below 2 mmol/L." | 1.28 | Methods and limitations of an experimental model of long QT syndrome. ( Cheymol, G; Chezalviel, F; Cynober, L; Davy, JM; Engel, F; Guhennec, C; Lainée, P; Motté, G; Penin, E; Weissenburger, J, 1991) |
"Cardiac arrhythmias are a potential complication in phenol face peeling." | 1.27 | Cardiac arrhythmias in phenol face peeling: a suggested protocol for prevention. ( Botta, SA; Goodwin, HH; Straith, RE, 1988) |
"The furosemide-pretreated group tended to succumb at a lower serum potassium concentration (12." | 1.26 | Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs. ( Hodges, MR; Kawamura, R; Sullivan, SP; Wong, KC, 1977) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 38 (71.70) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 7 (13.21) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 4 (7.55) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 3 (5.66) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 1 (1.89) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Hadova, K | 1 |
Kmecova, J | 1 |
Ochodnicka-Mackovicova, K | 1 |
Kralova, E | 1 |
Doka, G | 1 |
Bies Pivackova, L | 1 |
Vavrinec, P | 1 |
Stankovicova, T | 1 |
Krenek, P | 1 |
Klimas, J | 1 |
Lybecker, MB | 1 |
Madsen, HB | 1 |
Bruun, JM | 1 |
Karmakar, S | 1 |
Padman, A | 1 |
Swamy Mane, N | 1 |
Sen, T | 1 |
Johns, SM | 1 |
Stern, JA | 1 |
Nelson, OL | 1 |
Kharash, LM | 1 |
Chenzbraun, AI | 1 |
Gulbis, BE | 1 |
Spencer, AP | 1 |
Khan, MM | 1 |
Logan, KR | 1 |
McComb, JM | 1 |
Adgey, AA | 1 |
Hancock, EW | 2 |
Herlitz, J | 1 |
Hjalmarson, A | 1 |
Rudoph, W | 1 |
Dirschinger, J | 1 |
Popnikolov, S | 1 |
Tsenov, I | 1 |
Urumov, G | 1 |
Shakhov, B | 1 |
Shubarov, K | 1 |
Watson, AD | 1 |
Church, DB | 1 |
Gavaghan, BJ | 1 |
Kittleson, MD | 1 |
McAloose, D | 1 |
Kearney, K | 1 |
Bednarz, B | 1 |
Cybulski, J | 1 |
Chamiec, T | 1 |
Klein, MS | 1 |
Sobel, BE | 1 |
Périat, M | 1 |
Lawson, DH | 1 |
Hutcheon, AW | 1 |
Jick, H | 2 |
Fanelli, R | 1 |
Piemontese, M | 1 |
Di Michele, M | 1 |
De Matteis, D | 1 |
Wong, KC | 1 |
Kawamura, R | 1 |
Hodges, MR | 1 |
Sullivan, SP | 1 |
Rahimtoola, SH | 1 |
Gunnar, RM | 1 |
Madsen, EB | 1 |
Koltai, M | 1 |
Tosaki, A | 1 |
Berthet, P | 1 |
Tarrade, T | 1 |
Esanu, A | 1 |
Braquet, P | 1 |
Weissenburger, J | 1 |
Chezalviel, F | 1 |
Davy, JM | 1 |
Lainée, P | 1 |
Guhennec, C | 1 |
Penin, E | 1 |
Engel, F | 1 |
Cynober, L | 1 |
Motté, G | 1 |
Cheymol, G | 1 |
Yano, K | 1 |
Matsumoto, Y | 1 |
Hirata, M | 1 |
Hirata, T | 1 |
Hano, O | 1 |
Mitsuoka, T | 1 |
Hashiba, K | 1 |
Weiss, M | 1 |
Hess, T | 1 |
Bechler-Lisińska, J | 1 |
Cholewa, M | 1 |
Górski, L | 1 |
Markiewicz, K | 1 |
Abrahamsson, T | 1 |
Almgren, O | 1 |
Carlsson, L | 1 |
Svensson, L | 1 |
Kwon, NJ | 1 |
Stolte, AL | 1 |
Farina, JP | 1 |
Webster, MW | 1 |
Fitzpatrick, MA | 1 |
Nicholls, MG | 1 |
Ikram, H | 1 |
Wells, JE | 1 |
Daniels, AR | 1 |
Botta, SA | 1 |
Straith, RE | 1 |
Goodwin, HH | 1 |
Larsen, FF | 1 |
Mogensen, L | 1 |
Tackett, RL | 1 |
Nordrehaug, JE | 1 |
Roux, M | 1 |
Herne, N | 1 |
Gilly, R | 1 |
Michaud, J | 1 |
Le Gall, F | 1 |
Lvoff, R | 1 |
Wilcken, DE | 1 |
Steiness, E | 1 |
Leemhuis, MP | 1 |
Struyvenberg, A | 1 |
Viles, PH | 1 |
Manning, JA | 1 |
Agrawal, BV | 1 |
Singh, RB | 1 |
Vaish, SK | 1 |
Edin, H | 1 |
Stock, E | 1 |
Cohen, H | 1 |
Langendorf, R | 1 |
Pick, A | 1 |
Gould, DB | 1 |
Sorrell, MR | 1 |
Lupariello, AD | 1 |
Filias, N | 1 |
Jornod, J | 1 |
Nassar, BA | 2 |
Manku, MS | 2 |
Reed, JD | 2 |
Tynan, M | 2 |
Horrobin, DF | 2 |
Breslin, AB | 1 |
Morgan, JJ | 1 |
Seldon, WA | 1 |
Shanahan, MX | 1 |
McLean, KH | 1 |
Wynn, A | 1 |
Sjögren, A | 1 |
Shapiro, S | 1 |
Slone, D | 1 |
Lewis, GP | 1 |
Mahabir, RN | 1 |
Laufer, ST | 1 |
5 reviews available for furosemide and Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Article | Year |
---|---|
Efficacy and safety of a furosemide continuous infusion following cardiac surgery.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; Furosemide; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous | 2006 |
Medical management of myocardial infarction.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anticoagulants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Assiste | 1976 |
Digitalis in acute myocardial infarction: help or hazard?
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Depression, Chemical; | 1975 |
Significance of hypokalaemia due to diuretics.
Topics: Amiloride; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Chlorothiazide; Diuretics; Ethacrynic Acid; Extracellular Space; Fu | 1973 |
Recent advances in the treatment of congenital heart disease.
Topics: Age Factors; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorothiazide; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; | 1974 |
4 trials available for furosemide and Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Article | Year |
---|---|
[Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide in patients with severe congestive heart failure].
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diuretics; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; Female; Furosemide; Heart Fa | 2000 |
[Effect of vasodilator agents on the character and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia in chronic heart failure].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Captopril; Cardiac Output | 1990 |
Effect of enalapril on ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Digoxin; Dipeptides; Electrocardiography; Enalapr | 1985 |
Influence of prophylactic furosemide on arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction--a controlled study.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrocardi | 1986 |
44 other studies available for furosemide and Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Article | Year |
---|---|
Rapid changes of mRNA expressions of cardiac ion channels affected by Torsadogenic drugs influence susceptibility of rat hearts to arrhythmias induced by Beta-Adrenergic stimulation.
Topics: Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Calcium Channels; Clarithromycin; DNA-Binding Prot | 2023 |
Severe hypokalaemia as a cause of acute transient quadriparesis.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diuretics; Furosemide; Humans; Hypokalemic Period | 2017 |
Hypokalemia: a potent risk for QTc prolongation in clarithromycin treated rats.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Clarithromycin; Dietary Supplements; Disease M | 2013 |
ECG of the month. Hyperkalemia.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diuretics; Electrocardiography; Female; Furosemid | 2011 |
[Pacemaker syndrome in the absence of artificial pacemaker (pseudopacemaker syndrome)].
Topics: Aged; Amiodarone; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Diagnosis, Differential; Echocar | 2004 |
Management of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with Q-T prolongation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Calcium Gluconate; Cardiac Pacing, Artifi | 1981 |
Bigeminal rhythm on multiple cardiac drug therapy.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiovascular Agents; Digoxin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrocardiography | 1984 |
Relationship between electrocardiographically estimated infarct size and clinical findings in inferior myocardial infarction.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Hemodynamics; Hum | 1984 |
[The immediate treatment of acute myocardial infarct].
Topics: Acute Disease; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; First Aid; Furosemide; Hemodynamics; Humans; Isosorbide Dinitra | 1981 |
[Determination of the effect of furanthril on myocardial infarct lesion size according to precordial electrocardiogram (mapping) and enzyme activity findings].
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Creatine Kinase; Electrocardiography; Furos | 1982 |
Preferences of veterinarians for drugs to treat heart disease in dogs and cats.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Australia; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular | 1995 |
Persistent atrial standstill in a cat.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antihypertensive Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Asp | 1999 |
Emergency. Digitalis toxicity.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Output, Low; Digoxin; Diuretics; Emergencies; Furosemide; Humans | 2000 |
[Heart and sarcoidosis (author's transl)].
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bundle-Branch Block; Female; Furosemide; Heart | 1979 |
Life threatening drug reactions amongst medical in-patients.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bethanidine; Digoxin; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; F | 1979 |
[Verapamil and torsade de pointe (author's transl)].
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Digitalis Glycosides; Electrocardiography; Female; Furosemide; Humans; H | 1979 |
Acute intravenous administration of potassium chloride to furosemide pretreated dogs.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Dogs; Furosemide; Heart Rate; Male; P | 1977 |
[Acute pulmonary edema without simultaneous acute myocardial infarct].
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Female; Furosemide; Heart Arrest; Humans; Hyperten | 1976 |
Effect of cicletanine on reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and myocardial ion contents: a comparison with furosemide.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Body Water; Diuretics; Dose-Response Relation | 1992 |
Methods and limitations of an experimental model of long QT syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrioventricular Node; Benzothiadiazines; Creatinine; Databases, Bibl | 1991 |
Influence of sympathetic nerve activity on ventricular arrhythmogenicity in the dog with chronic hypokalemia.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Chronic Disease; Dogs; Electrophysiology; | 1991 |
[Hyperkalemia].
Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Calcium Gluconate; Female; Furosemide; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Male; Midd | 1991 |
Antiarrhythmic effect of reducing myocardial noradrenaline stores with alpha-methyl-meta-tyrosine.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Furosemide; Hemodynamics; Male; Methyltyrosin | 1985 |
Hypokalemia in rats produces resistance to dysrhythmias under halothane anesthesia.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; | 1989 |
Long Q-T interval in an Asian immigrant.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Electrocardiography; Female; Furosemide; Humans | 1989 |
Arrhythmias during concurrent therapy with captopril and frusemide.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Captopril; Drug Therapy, Combination; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Humans; | 1987 |
Cardiac arrhythmias in phenol face peeling: a suggested protocol for prevention.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Chemexfoliation; Diuresis; Fluid Therapy; Furosemide; Humans; Lidocaine; Monit | 1988 |
Enhanced sympathetic activity as a mechanism for cardiac glycoside toxicity in hypomagnesemia.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardiac Glycosides; Dogs; Female; Furosemide; Magnesium; Male; Myocar | 1986 |
Malignant arrhythmia in relation to serum potassium in acute myocardial infarction.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Female; Furosemide; Heart Block; Humans; Hypokalemia; Mal | 1985 |
[Clinical study of amiloride hydrochloride, a diuretic with low potassium loss].
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Diuretics; Drug Synergism; | 1970 |
Glucagon in heart failure and in cardiogenic shock. Experience in 50 patients.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Digital | 1972 |
Incidence of electrolyte disturbances on the effect of digitalis.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Benzothiadiazines; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Furosemide; Heart Diseases | 1973 |
Cardiac asystole due to lignocaine in a patient with digitalis toxicity.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Digoxin; Female; Furosemide; Heart Arrest; Heart Failure; Humans; Lidocaine; M | 1974 |
Prophylactic total coronary care.
Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atropine; Diet Therapy; Digoxin; Electrocardiography; Female; Furosemide; Hear | 1973 |
Intermittent parasystole--mechanism of protection.
Topics: Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arteriosclerosis; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coron | 1973 |
Barium sulfide poisoning. Some factors contributing to survival.
Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Barium; Diuresis; Furosemide; Hair Removal; Humans; Hypokalemia; Male; | 1973 |
[Cardiovascular complications of tricyclic anti-depressants. Apropos of a case of acute poisoning].
Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bundle-Branch Block; Diazepam; Digitalis Glycosides; Electrocardiograph | 1973 |
Actions of prolactin and frusemide on heart rate and rhythm.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Furosemide; Heart; Heart Rate | 1974 |
Actions of prolactin and frusemide on cardiac rate and rhythm.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Furosemide; Heart Rate; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Perfusion; Prolact | 1974 |
A heart transplantation. 5. Postoperative medical aspects.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antilymphocyte Serum; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Australia; Azathioprine; Betameth | 1969 |
A coronary care unit: results of the first year of operation.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Digitoxin; Electrocardiography; Fe | 1968 |
Left heart failure in acute myocardial infarction. A clinical, haemodynamic and therapeutic study.
Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Arteries; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Pressure; Cl | 1970 |
The epidemiology o digoxin. A study in three Boston hospitals.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aminophylline; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Body Weight; Digoxin; Epidemiologic Methods; | 1969 |
Clinical evaluation of diuretics in congestive heart failure. A detailed study in four patients.
Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Chlorides; Diuretics; Drug Synergism; Furosemide; Heart Failure; Humans; | 1969 |