Page last updated: 2024-10-24

bicarbonate transport

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) transport is a fundamental biological process that plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular pH, blood pH, and various physiological functions. It involves the movement of bicarbonate ions across cell membranes, driven by a complex interplay of active and passive mechanisms.

1. **Active Transport:**
- **Sodium-Bicarbonate Cotransporter (NBC):** NBC proteins mediate the coupled transport of sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate ions across cell membranes. They are found in various tissues, including the kidneys, small intestine, and brain, and contribute to bicarbonate reabsorption and secretion.
- **Sodium-Bicarbonate Exchanger (NBCe):** NBCe proteins are electroneutral exchangers that move sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for bicarbonate ions. They are particularly important in the regulation of pH in the intracellular space.
- **Carbonic Anhydrase (CA):** This enzyme catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to form bicarbonate ions. CA activity is essential for bicarbonate transport as it facilitates the rapid production and removal of bicarbonate ions.

2. **Passive Transport:**
- **Diffusion:** Bicarbonate ions can passively move across cell membranes down their concentration gradient. This process is relatively slow and contributes less significantly to overall bicarbonate transport.
- **Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchange (Cl-/HCO3- exchanger):** This exchange mechanism involves the movement of chloride ions (Cl-) into the cell in exchange for bicarbonate ions. It is crucial for maintaining the electrochemical balance across cell membranes and is particularly active in red blood cells.

3. **Regulation of Bicarbonate Transport:**
- **Hormonal Control:** Hormones such as aldosterone and insulin can influence bicarbonate transport by regulating the expression and activity of transporters.
- **pH Changes:** Cellular and blood pH fluctuations directly affect bicarbonate transport. For example, acidosis stimulates bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys.
- **Metabolic Activity:** Metabolic processes like respiration and cellular metabolism constantly produce and consume bicarbonate ions, influencing their transport.

Bicarbonate transport is tightly regulated to maintain appropriate pH homeostasis. Disruptions in bicarbonate transport can lead to various pathological conditions, including metabolic acidosis, alkalosis, and electrolyte imbalances. It is a vital process for cellular function, blood pH regulation, and overall physiological well-being.'
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Proteins (2)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Carbonic anhydrase 4A carbonic anhydrase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P22748]Homo sapiens (human)
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorA cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA, UniProtKB:P13569]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (222)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.

protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
bromideBromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acidHydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.

hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.

hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride
mouse metabolite
cadaverinealkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamyl phosphateCarbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catecholcatecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
chlorinechloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acidHydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.

hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride
mouse metabolite
coumarin2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivativecoumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acidScalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acidgallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfidehydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride
Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.

4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd
aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
guaiacolguaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.

Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747)

methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.
guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
cyanic acidone-carbon compound;
pseudohalogen oxoacid
carbonic acidCarbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid
mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanidehydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom

Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
hydracid;
one-carbon compound
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonateBicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histaminearalkylamino compound;
imidazoles
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acidthiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.hydracid;
one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
Escherichia coli metabolite
hydroquinonebenzenediol;
hydroquinones
antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indoleindole;
polycyclic heteroarene
Escherichia coli metabolite
naringenin4'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
nitratesNitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acidnitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.

Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitritesNitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
human metabolite
phenolphenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrogallolbenzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.benzenetriol;
phenolic donor
plant metabolite
sulfurous acidsulfur oxoacid
spermidinepolyazaalkane;
triamine
autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
sperminepolyazaalkane;
tetramine
antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
sulfuric acidsulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
catechinhydroxyflavan
acetaminophenAcetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.
acetamides;
phenols
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamideAcetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
bumetanideamino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide
diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
celecoxiborganofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorthalidoneChlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
clioquinol5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.
monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
coumaphosCoumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide
acaricide;
agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dichlorphenamideDichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.

diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.
dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide
antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
ethoxzolamideethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.

Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.
aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide
antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
foscarnetFoscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.

phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.
carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemidefurosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide
environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
glyburideglyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.

Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea
anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
hydrochlorothiazidehydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.
benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazidehydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.

Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)
benzothiadiazine;
thiazide
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyureaone-carbon compound;
ureas
antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
indapamideindapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.

Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
mafenideMafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.aromatic amine
methazolamideMethazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
metolazonemetolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.

Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
potassium chloridepotassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.

Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.
inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
fertilizer
potassium iodidepotassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.

Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
resorcinolresorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.

resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951
benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols
erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
resveratrolpolyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol
antioxidant;
geroprotector;
glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor;
phytoalexin
saccharinsaccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.

Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
1,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide
environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
imatinibaromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sulfanilamidesubstituted aniline;
sulfonamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulthiamesulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94organic molecular entity
trichlormethiazidetrichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.

Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)
benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
trientine2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.

TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.

Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.
polyazaalkane;
tetramine
copper chelator
wb 4101N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound
alpha-adrenergic antagonist
zonisamidezonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.

Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.
1,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
cyanidescyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.

cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.

Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).
pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sulfamic acidsulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.

sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
sulfamic acids
carbostyrilquinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.

Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopaL-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease

Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tyrosinetyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.
amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine
EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phenylalanineL-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.

phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.

Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.
amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sodium citrate, anhydroussodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.

Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.
organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
histidinehistidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.

Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.
amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophantryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan;
tryptophan zwitterion
antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazonequinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.

quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation
quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
veratroledimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.

veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.

veratrole: structure
dimethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
4-phenylphenol4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation

biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.
hydroxybiphenyls
veratric acid3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.

veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
benzoic acidsallergen;
plant metabolite
benzenearsonic acidbenzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structurearsonic acids;
organoarsonic acid
benzenesulfonamidesulfonamide
anisoleanisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
diethylenetriaminediethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpdpolyazaalkane;
triamine
methyl anthranilatemethyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.benzoate esterflavouring agent;
metabolite
malic acid, disodium saltdisodium malate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-disodium malate.
aminoethylpiperazineaminoethylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant
D-tryptophanD-alpha-amino acid;
tryptophan;
tryptophan zwitterion
bacterial metabolite
catechin(+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.

catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.

Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.

rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin
catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiocyanatethiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.

thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd
pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity
human metabolite
ninhydrinninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.

Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.
aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate
colour indicator;
human metabolite
sodium carbonatesodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structurecarbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
syringic acidsyringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.

syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source
benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols
plant metabolite
herniarinherniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7.

herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure
coumarinsfluorochrome
coumarin-3-carboxylic acidcoumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first sourcecoumarins
2-methylcyclohexanone2-methylcyclohexanone : A member of the class of cyclohexanones that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl group at position 2.

2-methylcyclohexanone: structure in first source
cyclohexanonesflavouring agent;
plant metabolite
4-cyanophenol4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitorphenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
methylphosphonic acidmethylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
hydrofluoric acidHydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.

hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.

organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride
NMR chemical shift reference compound
n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamineN-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.N-substituted diamine
phenylphosphonic acidphenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1benzenes
methylene diphosphonatemedronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)bone density conservation agent;
chelator
1,6-diaminohexane1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.
alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2,4-dichloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid2,4-dichloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid: used in the manufacture of furosemide; occupational asthma and rhinitis was observed in workers from a lasamide production line
benzolamideBenzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.
2-(aminomethyl)pyridinepyridines
chloric acidchlorine oxoacid
carbonatescarbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.

Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
carbon oxoanion
benzeneseleninic acidbenzeneseleninic acid: structure given in first source
phosphoric acid, trisodium saltsodium phosphate
perchloric acidchlorine oxoacid
iodic acidiodic acid: RN given refers to parent cpdiodine oxoacidastringent
sodium pyrophosphatesodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.

sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure
inorganic sodium saltchelator;
food emulsifier;
food thickening agent
potassium nitratepotassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.

potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS
inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt
fertilizer
sodium sulfateinorganic sodium salt
bromic acidbromine oxoacid
nitrous acidNitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acidnitrogen hydride
hydroiodic acidhydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride
mouse metabolite
sodium selenatesodium selenate : An inorganic sodium salt having selenate as the counterion.inorganic sodium saltanticonvulsant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
fertilizer
fluorideshalide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
iodinehalide anion;
monoatomic iodine
human metabolite
sodium azidesodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).

Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azidesazide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.

Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.
pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
7-ethoxycoumarin7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.aromatic ether;
coumarins
dobutaminedobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.

Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
catecholamine;
secondary amine
beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
foscarnet sodiumtrisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt
antiviral drug
succinylsulfanilamide
sodium persulfatesodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt
metaperiodatePeriodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.iodine oxoacid
telmisartantelmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.

Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl
angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-chlorobenzenesulfonamidesulfonamide
benzeneboronic acidboronic acids
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide: metabolite of hydrochlorothiazidesulfonamide
plasmenylserineO-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.

O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.

plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer
O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brinzolamidebrinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agentsulfonamide;
thienothiazine
antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline: precursor of hydroflumethiazide
copper histidineD-alpha-amino acid;
histidine;
polar amino acid zwitterion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanineD-alpha-amino acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
phenylalanine
thioxolonetioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
epicatechin(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.catechin;
polyphenol
antioxidant
hesperetin3'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methanesulfonamide
2-aminobenzenesulfonamidebenzenes;
sulfonamide
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structureaminoalkylpyridine;
primary amine
histamine agonist;
metabolite
3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine2,3,2-tetramine: potent copruretic agent; RN given refers to parent cpdpolyazaalkane;
tetramine
sulfamidesulfamide : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to two amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.sulfamides
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source
D-dopaD-dopa : The D-enantiomer of dopa.amino acid zwitterion;
D-tyrosine derivative;
dopa
histidine methyl esterhistidine methyl ester : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of histidine.

histidine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source
histidine derivative
aminozolamideaminozolamide: used in therapy of ocular hypertension
6-hydroxyethoxzolamide6-hydroxyethoxzolamide: structure given in first source
hydrogen sulfitesulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanatescyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.

Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.

isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).
tadalafilbenzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valdecoxibisoxazoles;
sulfonamide
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
estrone-3-o-sulfamateestrone-3-O-sulfamate: a steroid sulfatase inhibitor
1-naphthylacetylsperminenaphthalenes
4-aminophenylalanine4-amino-L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of 4-aminophenylalanine.

4-aminophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying an amino group at position 4 on the benzene ring.

4-aminophenylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
4-aminophenylalanine;
amino acid zwitterion
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide
lacosamideLacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.N-acyl-amino acid
epitrate(S)-adrenaline : The S-enantiomer of adrenaline.4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
potassium bromidepotassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.potassium salt
u-104SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source
bortezomibamino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
4-2-Aminoethyl-morpholinemorpholines
carnosinepolaprezinc: stimulates bone growthamino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
naringenin(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin
expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.taxifolinmetabolite
eriodictyoleriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.

eriodictyol: structure
3'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
resveratroltrans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
rwj 37947
ferulic acidferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
7-n-butyl-6-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5h-pyrrolo(2,3b)pyrazine
sodium thiocyanatesodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.

sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt
organic sodium salt
sodium bicarbonateSodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt
antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrousSodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoatesodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.

Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.
organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
potassium fluoridepotassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.fluoride salt;
potassium salt
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
ditiocarb sodiumorganic molecular entity
hydroxyphenethylferulatehydroxyphenethylferulate: from the roots of Atropa acuminata (Solanaceae); structure in first sourcehydroxycinnamic acid
2-hydroxycinnamic acid2-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-2 of the phenyl ring.

trans-2-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid.
2-coumaric acid;
phenols
antioxidant;
metabolite
trans-4-coumaric acid4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.

hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.

trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.
4-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
s 1033(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acidtrans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
7-methoxy-2-oxo-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl estercoumarins
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source
formic acid, sodium saltsodium formate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid.organic sodium saltastringent;
buffer
uccf-029organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound
sitagliptinsitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sodium hexafluorophosphatesodium hexafluorophosphate : An inorganic sodium salt having hexafluorophosphate(1-) as the counterion. It is an electrolyte used in sodium-ion batteries.inorganic sodium salt
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
biochanin a4'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin3'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranosidequercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells

quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source
beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antipruritic drug;
bone density conservation agent;
geroprotector;
histamine antagonist;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rutinHydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol7-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
chrysinchrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.7-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
galangin5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source

galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.
7-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetinisorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.7-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone
anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
morinmorin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.

morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria)
7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
daidzein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid asalvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhiziastilbenoid
puerarinC-glycosyl compound;
hydroxyisoflavone
plant metabolite
ellagic acidcatechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol
antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
astragalinkaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.

kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source
beta-D-glucoside;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone
plant metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
dorzolamidedorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer
sulfonamide;
thiophenes
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
topiramatetopiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.

Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.
cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester
anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
irosustatirosustat: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; a tricyclic sulfamate ester; structure in first source
tilirosidetiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigeruscinnamate ester;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone
plant metabolite
3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin: structure given in first source
famotidine1,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
lithospermic acid
6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide: structure given in first source
sodium bisulfate
vx-770ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone
CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
lumacaftorlumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source
aromatic amide;
benzodioxoles;
benzoic acids;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines
CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
cryolitecryolite : A mineral originally discovered in Greenland (first described 1799). The name is derived from the Greek kapparhoupsilonomicronsigma (frost) and lambdaiotathetaomicronsigma (stone).

cryolite: structure
inorganic sodium salt;
perfluorometallate salt
sodium lactatesodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.

Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.
lactate salt;
organic sodium salt
food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium nitritesodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.

Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.
inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt
antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
dodoneinedodoneine: has hypotensive activity; isolated from Agelanthus dodoneifolius; structure in first source
sildenafil citratesildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.

Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.
citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent