Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose. [ISBN:0198506732]
The D-gluconate catabolic process is a key pathway in the metabolism of glucose. It involves the conversion of D-gluconate, a six-carbon sugar acid, to pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule that can enter the citric acid cycle for energy production. This process is particularly important in bacteria and fungi, which often use D-gluconate as a primary carbon source.
The D-gluconate catabolic process proceeds in several steps:
1. **Oxidation of D-gluconate to 2-keto-D-gluconate:** This step is catalyzed by the enzyme gluconate dehydrogenase, which uses NAD+ as an electron acceptor.
2. **Decarboxylation of 2-keto-D-gluconate to 6-phospho-D-gluconate:** This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-keto-D-gluconate decarboxylase, which removes carbon dioxide from 2-keto-D-gluconate.
3. **Conversion of 6-phospho-D-gluconate to D-ribulose 5-phosphate:** This step is catalyzed by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, which uses NADP+ as an electron acceptor.
4. **Isomerization of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate:** This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase.
5. **Conversion of D-xylulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose:** This step is catalyzed by the enzyme xylulose 5-phosphate phosphatase.
6. **Cleavage of D-xylulose to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate:** This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme xylulose 1-phosphate/fructose 1-phosphate phosphoketolase.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can enter the glycolytic pathway for further energy production, while pyruvate can enter the citric acid cycle.
The D-gluconate catabolic process is tightly regulated to ensure that the organism can efficiently utilize D-gluconate as a carbon source. The expression of the enzymes involved in this process is often regulated by the availability of D-gluconate and other carbon sources.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating | A 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P52209] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| furosemide | furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| ketotifen | ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect. Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. | cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| metoclopramide | metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| epicatechin | (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration. | catechin; polyphenol | antioxidant |
| gallocatechol | (-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration. | catechin; flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol | antioxidant; food component; plant metabolite |
| (-)-catechin | (-)-catechin : The (-)-enantiomer of catechin. | catechin | metabolite |
| epicatechin gallate | (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida. epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea | catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite |
| methotrexate | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent | |
| (-)-gallocatechin gallate | (-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea. | catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 4-phospho-d-erythronohydroxamic acid | |||
| 4-phosphoerythronate | 4-phospho-D-erythronic acid : The D-enantiomer of 4-phosphoerythronic acid. 4-phosphoerythronate: inhibits ribose-5-phosphate isomerase | 4-phosphoerythronic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| (-)-catechin-3-O-gallate | (-)-catechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-catechin. | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | metabolite |
| mobic | meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |