Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.49]
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the first committed step in the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt), an alternative route for glucose metabolism. This pathway is essential for the production of NADPH and the precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis, ribose-5-phosphate.
G6PD utilizes glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and NADP+ as substrates. It oxidizes G6P to 6-phosphogluconolactone, while reducing NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a critical reducing agent in various cellular processes, including:
- **Defense against oxidative stress:** NADPH is essential for the function of the enzyme glutathione reductase, which reduces oxidized glutathione to its reduced form. Reduced glutathione is crucial for detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during normal metabolism and environmental exposure. G6PD deficiency, leading to reduced NADPH levels, can result in increased oxidative stress and hemolytic anemia.
- **Lipid biosynthesis:** NADPH is required for fatty acid biosynthesis and cholesterol synthesis.
- **Steroid hormone biosynthesis:** NADPH is a cofactor for steroid hormone biosynthesis, such as the production of cortisol and testosterone.
- **Immune response:** NADPH is used by immune cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, to produce superoxide radicals, which are essential for killing pathogens.
- **Red blood cell function:** G6PD activity is particularly important in red blood cells, where it provides the NADPH needed to maintain a reducing environment and protect the cells from oxidative damage.
- **Other metabolic processes:** NADPH is also involved in various other metabolic processes, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, the detoxification of drugs, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
In summary, G6PD plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism by generating NADPH, a vital reducing agent involved in diverse cellular processes, including oxidative stress defense, lipid and steroid biosynthesis, immune function, and red blood cell integrity.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase | A glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11413] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein | A GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95479] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| furosemide | furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| ketotifen | ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect. Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis. | cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| thymidine | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
| methylprednisolone acetate | methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid. Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug |
| androsterone | 17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid | androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone | |
| dehydroepiandrosterone | dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion. | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pregnenolone | 20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite | |
| 16-bromoepiandrosterone | 16alpha-bromo-3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one: a synthetic adrenal hormone that reduced the incidence of tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections in AIDS patients | ||
| brexanolone | brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women. brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression | 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one | antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone | tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer | 21-hydroxy steroid | |
| 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone | 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone: RN refers to (3beta,16alpha)-isomer | 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methotrexate | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent | |
| 21-hydroxypregnenolone | 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21. 21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; | 21-hydroxy steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | mouse metabolite |
| epiandrosterone | epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite |
| paricalcitol | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane | antiparathyroid drug | |
| polydatin | trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. | beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid | anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; nephroprotective agent; potassium channel modulator |
| wedelolactone | wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3. wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source | aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite |
| quercetin | |||
| indigo carmine | 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities. | ||
| thiocolchicoside | thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure | glycoside | |
| rucaparib | AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source | azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| ml276 | |||
| mobic | meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| olanzapine | olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy. | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |